附錄AbouthydraulicexcavatorThehydraulicexcavatorplaysagreatroleasrepresentativesofengineeringmachineryproductsinthesocialconstruction,whichiswidelyusedintheworkingstrength,theconstructionqualityandimprovedlaborproductivityhavingaverysignificantrole,especiallyfullyhydraulicexcavator.Itisthekeyfactorthatexcavatorworkingdeviceperformancedecidetoworkefficiency.Itsdesigndirectlydeterminesthelevelofperformanceoftheexcavator.Themachineisatypicalworkdeviceaccordingtomechanicalandhydrauliccomponents.Fromthetwoaspectsofcomprehensiveconsiderationundoubtedly,improvingitsperformanceisreasonableandmethodofwisdom.Hydraulicsystemandpowersystemarethemostimportanthydraulicexcavator,itscoresystemisthebiggestinthecostoftheproportion.Hydraulicsystemisasatransmissionandenergydistributionsystemtodeterminethedrivermostoftheoperatingexperiencedirectly.Currentlymainlyfocuseonindustryinhydraulicsysteminseveralaspectsoftheroleinexcavators:(1)thehandlingcharacteristicsandflowdistribution；(2)savingenergy；(3)theenergydensityandreliability.Acompletehydraulicsystemconsistsoffiveparts,namely,powercomponents,theimplementationofcomponents,controlcomponents,auxiliarycomponents(Annex)andthehydraulicoil.Theroleofdynamiccomponentsistheoriginalmotivationofthemechanicalenergyintofluidpressureenergy,thehydraulicsystemofpumps,whichprovidepowertotheentirehydraulicsystem.Structureofhydraulicpumpsgenerallyhavegearpumps,vanepumpsandpistonpumps.Implementationofcomponents(suchashydrauliccylindersandhydraulicmotors)istopressuretheliquidcanbeconvertedtomechanicalenergytodrivetheloadforalinearreciprocatingmovementorrotationalmovement.Controlcomponents(ieallkindsofhydraulicvalves)inthehydraulicsystemcontrolandregulationoffluidpressure,flowanddirection.Accordingtothedifferentcontrolfunctions,hydraulicvalvescanbedividedintopressurecontrolvalves,flowcontrolvalvesanddirectionalcontrolvalve.Pressurecontrolvalveisdividedintobenefitsflowvalve(safetyvalve),pressurereliefvalve,sequencevalve,pressureswitch,etc.；flowcontrolvalvesincludingthrottle,adjustingvalves,flowdiversionvalveassembly；directionalcontrolvalveincludesacheckvalve,checkvalve,shuttlevalve,valveandsoon.Underthecontrolofdifferentways,hydraulicvalvescanbedividedintoswitchingcontrolvalves,controlvalvesandthefixedvalueproportionalcontrolvalve.Auxiliarycomponents,includingfueltanks,filters,tubingandpipejoints,seals,quickcouplings,highpressureballvalve,hoseassembly,pressurefittings,pressuregauge,oillevel,oiltemperaturemeterandsoon.Hydraulicsystemofhydraulicoilistheworkoftheenergytransfermedium,avarietyofmineraloil,emulsion,oilhydraulicmoldingHopcategories.Thequalityofahydraulicsystemdependsnotonlyontherationaldesignandperformanceofthemeritsofsystemcomponents,butalsobecauseofthepollutionpreventionandtreatmentsystem,thesystemofpollutiondirectlyaffectsthereliabilityofhydraulicsystemsandcomponentsofworklife,accordingtoStatistics,thehydraulicsystemfailureathomeandabroadabout70%wereduetopollutioncaused.Oilpollutiondamagefollowingmainelementsofthesystem：1)Thecomponentsofthepollutionofwearandtear，Oilcomponentsofvariouspollutantscausevariousformsofwear,thesolidparticlesintomotionpairgap,cuttingthepartsurfacewearorfatiguewear.High-speedflowofsolidparticlesonthesurfaceofcomponentscausedbytheimpactoferosion.Oilinthewaterandtheresultantdeteriorationofoiloxidationcorrosionofthecomponentsproduced.Inaddition,thesystemsoilintheaircausedcavitation,resultinginsurfaceerosionanddestructionofcomponents.2)Blockandtheclampingdevicefailure，Solidparticlesplugthegapandthehydraulicvalveorifice,causingobstructionandclampingthespoolandaffectperformance,orevenresultinseriousaccidents.3)Toacceleratethedeteriorationofoilproperties，Oilinthewaterandairforitsthermaloxidationofthemainconditionsistheoil,andoilintheoxidationofmetalparticlesontheoilplayanimportantcatalyticrole,inaddition,theoilbubblesinthewaterandsuspendeddeputycampaignsignificantlyreducedBetweenthefilmsstrength,thelubricationperformance.Beforeasystemisputintothegeneraltogothroughthewash,rinseaimistoremoveresidualcontaminantsinthesystem,metalscrap,fibercompounds,core,etc.,inthefirsttwohoursofwork,evenifnotcompletelycorruptsystem,alsoCauseaseriesoffailures.Therefore,thefollowingstepsshouldbeoilcleaningsystem：1)Withaeasytocleandrycleaningsolventtank,andthenfilteredcleanairsolventresidue；2)Allpipecleaningsystem,insomecasesneedtobeimpregnatedpipeandfittings；3)Areinstalledwiththeoilfilterinthepipelinetoprotecttheoilpipelinevalvesandpressurelines；4)Setawashcoatconverterboardtoreplacetheprecisionvalves,suchaselectro-hydraulicservovalve；5)Checkallpipingsizeisappropriate,theconnectioniscorrect.Ifthesystemusedhydraulicservovalve,Imightsayafewwords,theservovalvewaswashedplatetomaketheflowofoilfromtheoilpipelinesetofconverters,anddirectreturntotank,sothatoilcanflowagaintoFlushingsystem,sothattheoilfiltertofilteroutsolidparticles,washingprocess,notevery1to2hourstochecktheoilfilter,oilfiltertopreventcloggingbycontaminants,donotopenthebypassatthistime,ifthestartingblocktofindtheoilfilterFilteroilchangesoon.Rinsecyclebythesystemsstructureandsystemstodeterminethedegreeofpollution,ifthefiltermediaisabsentorveryfewspecimensofexternalcontaminants,theninstalledanewoilfilter,removetheflushplate,fittedwithvalvework!Plannedmaintenance:Regularmaintenanceofthesystemcreateasystemforbettermaintenanceofthehydraulicsystemfollowingrecommendations:1)upto500hoursorthreemonthswillcheckandreplacefluids.2)Regularwashingoftheimportedoilfilterpump.3)Checkthehydraulicoilorotherpollutantsbyacidificationofthesituation,thesmellofhydraulicoilcangenerallyidentifywhetherthedeterioration.4)Repairleakinyoursystem5)ensurethatnoforeignparticlesfromthefueltankbreathercap,oilfilterintheplugseat,returnlinegasket,andotheropeningsintothefueltankfueltank.Leakageofthehydraulicsystemandcontrolofhazards:First,thereasonsfortheleakageofhydraulicsystem:(1)designandmanufacturingdefectscausedby；(2)shockandvibrationcausedbyloosefittings；(3)dynamicsealsandweareachotherwiththepieces(particularlythehydrauliccylinder)；(4)highoilandrubbersealdeteriorationandhydraulicoilincompatibility.Thefollowingcombinationoftheaboveaspectstolookatthecontrolofleakagemeasures.Second,controltheleakageofthehydraulicsystemcontrolscheme.Choiceofhydrauliccomponentsoutsidethepackageleakinthehydraulicsystemoftenplaysadecisiveimpact.Thisdeterminesourtechnicalstaffinthenewproductdesign,improvementofoldproducts,totanks,pumps,valves,seals,hydraulicaccessoriessuchasthechoiceofselectingthebesttothespiritofgood,excellentchoiceofcheaperprudentprinciple,Acomparisonto.Intherigidstaticsealstopreventoilleakagebetweenthefixedsurface.Rationaldesignofsealinggroovedimensionsandtolerances,sothatafterinstallationofthesealtobesqueezedinordertostuffwiththedeformationmicrostructureofthesurfacedepression,andtosealtheinternalstressincreasedtohigherthanthepressuretobesealed.Whenthepartstiffnessisnotbigenoughorwhentheboltpreload,withthesurfaceunderpressureintheseparationofoil,causingthesealingsurfaceofthegaporincreasethelevelmaynotexistfromthebeginningtothegap.Aswiththesurfaceofthemovement,becameadynamicsealstaticseal.Roughsurfacewillbewornwiththeseal,thegapchangeswillerodetheedgeseal.Prematuresealdeteriorationmaybecausedbymanyfactors,oneimportantfactoristheoiltemperatureistoohigh.10thetemperatureincreasesseallifewillbehalved,itshouldberationalandefficientdesignofhydraulicsystemsorcoolingdevice,theoptimaloiltemperatureiskeptbelow65；constructionmachineryshouldneverexceed80；anotherfactorMaybeusedinoilandsealingmaterialcompatibilityissues,shouldbeselectedusingthemanualorthemanualhydraulicoilandsealsofthetypeandmaterial,toaddresscompatibilityissues,extendtheseallife.Thehandlingcharacteristicsandflowdistributionareacoupleofmutualinfluencefactors.Inthepilotfluidcontrolcondition,eachoftheflowofoilindependenceandcontrolpropertieseffecteachother.Thereareoftengeneralrequirementliquidpilothandlewithcorrespondingintuitivefeelingsormotoroilcylinder,whichisthemovementoflinearrelationship,suchoperatorisveryeasytouse.Ontheotherhand,asetofsystemintheimplementationofthenumberaregreaterthanthenumberofindependentoilsource.Connectingthesameoilsourceofactuatorswillhavemutualinfluenceanddestroytheindependentcontrolpropertieswhentheyaremutualmovement.JapanKOMATSU1990shasbeencommittedtothedevelopmentoftheopensystem,usingathreesix-wayvalveofthetwostepsoilinletofchannelandbypassoilingofchannelforthrottlingcontrol.Bypassvalvecoredisplacementofthesystemwithactualoutputflow,andalsothecomplexrelationshipbyloadandoilsource,thatcontrolsandmicroperformancearenotgood,andcantsolvetheactualuseofcompositeactionneeds.Becauseoftheinputandoutputflowhandlescannotkeepcertainchangesintheopensystem.Equipmentforexcavatorskilleddriversoperateupisnotaeasything.Duetoopensystemisnotsuitableforexcavator,thenappearclose-typesprinklersystem,whichusepressurecompensationmethodforrealizationofoilpressureandcanuseapooroilsourcetosupplyallactuators.Eachactuatorwiththespeedofonlymanoeuvringvalvestemtravelrelated.Whiletheyarecompositeaction,theyareeachmutualsmallinterference.Intheactuatorflowofoil,fueloilusingsupplementacceleratethespeedofoiltankforoilregeneration.Formoreseniororhavespecialdemand,oftenbyuseofsystem、electromagnetism、pneumaticservocontrolcomputerprogramcontrolofmoreadvancedcontrolmeanstorealizehydraulicleadinglevelreplacementmoreautomationandmorecomplexoperationneeds.Currentexcavatorhydraulicsystemistoadjustthemainideaoftheenergyflowofthepumpasclosetoloaddemandsothatitisnottoomanyoverflowloss.Typicallyusingloadpressurechangesfeedbacktoadjustthevariablepumpastheangleofincliningdishofpumpflowcontroloutput.ForpumpfromthemouthPactuatorusedshouldbeloadsoffeedbackcontroloilpumppressurepositionforenergysavingsystemalsohaseffectontheperformanceofcommonloadsensorsystem,isdirectlyPumpoutletpressurecontrol,thesystemoftheinclinedplateisveryclosetopumppressurefeedbackfromthefeedbackloopmaybemadewiththepumpof),makespeedthrottlinglossofpressuredifferenceissmall,microtrainPgoodperformance.Anotherkindofpowercontrolfeedbackcontrolvalve,pressurefromfromactuators,representedbyJapanesemanufacturerofnegativeflowsystemisusingthisform,itsadvantageismainlytotheloadquickerresponse,butbecausethefeedbackfromthethrottlepressureisestablishedinlow-speed,whentheresponseissensitive,controllablepoorer.Facingtheincreasinglyhighpowerdemand,duetothelargeflowwillleadtolossofvolumeincreasedandthesystem,hydraulicdrivingsystemistochoosetoflowdirectiondevelopment,highdemandingbymultiplepumpparalleltosolve,foreignadvancedexcavatorhydrauliccomponentsinabout30MPapressureratingfortheseal,andthecleannessoilandputforwardhigherrequest.Inreliability,throughtheoreticalandexperimentalmethodismainlyforpump,valvewithhighinthefacewithfriction.Investigate,basedontheanalysisofoilparticlesconstantlyoptimizethecomponentdesign.Asthehydraulictechnology,the20thcentury,40yearsonatractorequippedwithhydraulicsuspension-typebackhoeexcavators,the20thcentury,theearlyandmid50shave