六級考試標準閱讀60篇I第一篇UNITONEPASSAGE1ILIVEINTHELANDOFDISNEY,HOLLYWOODANDYEARROUNDSUNYOUMAYTHINKPEOPLEINSUCHAGLAMOROUS,FUNFILLEDPLACEAREHAPPIERTHANOTHERSIFSO,YOUHAVESOMEMISTAKENIDEASABOUTTHENATUREOFHAPPINESSMANYINTELLIGENTPEOPLESTILLEQUATEHAPPINESSWITHFUNTHETRUTHISTHATFUNANDHAPPINESSHAVELITTLEORNOTHINGINCOMMONFUNISWHATWEEXPERIENCEDURINGANACTHAPPINESSISWHATWEEXPERIENCEAFTERANACTITISADEEPER,MOREABIDINGEMOTIONGOINGTOANAMUSEMENTPARKORBALLGAME,WATCHINGAMOVIEORTELEVISION,AREFUNACTIVITIESTHATHELPUSRELAX,TEMPORARILYFORGETOURPROBLEMSANDMAYBEEVENLAUGHBUTTHEYDONOTBRINGHAPPINESS,BECAUSETHEIRPOSITIVEEFFECTSENDWHENTHEFUNENDSIHAVEOFTENTHOUGHTTHATIFHOLLYWOODSTARSHAVEAROLETOPLAY,ITISTOTEACHUSTHATHAPPINESSHASNOTHINGTODOWITHFUNTHESERICH,BEAUTIFULINDIVIDUALSHAVECONSTANTACCESSTOGLAMOROUSPARTIES,FANCYCARS,EXPENSIVEHOMES,EVERYTHINGTHATSPELLS“HAPPINESS”BUTINMEMOIRAFTERMEMOIR,CELEBRITIESREVEALTHEUNHAPPINESSHIDDENBENEATHALLTHEIRFUNDEPRESSION,ALCOHOLISM,DRUGADDICTION,BROKENMARRIAGES,TROUBLEDCHILDRENANDPROFOUNDLONELINESSASKABACHELORWHYHERESISTSMARRIAGEEVENTHOUGHHEFINDSDATINGTOBELESSANDLESSSATISFYINGIFHESHONEST,HEWILLTELLYOUTHATHEISAFRAIDOFMAKINGACOMMITMENTFORCOMMITMENTISINFACTQUITEPAINFULTHESINGLELIFEISFILLEDWITHFUN,ADVENTUREANDEXCITEMENTMARRIAGEHASSUCHMOMENTS,BUTTHEYARENOTITSMOSTDISTINGUISHINGFEATURESSIMILARLY,COUPLESTHATCHOOSENOTTOHAVECHILDRENAREDECIDINGINFAVOROFPAINLESSFUNOVERPAINFULHAPPINESSTHEYCANDINEOUTEVERTHEYWANTANDSLEEPASLATEASTHEYWANTCOUPLESWITHINFANTCHILDRENARELUCKYTOGETAWHOLENIGHTSSLEEPORATHREEDAYVACATIONIDONTKNOWANYPARENTWHOWOULDCHOOSETHEWORDFUNTODESCRIBERAISINGCHILDRENUNDERSTANDINGANDACCEPTINGTHATTRUEHAPPINESSHASNOTHINGTODOWITHFUNISONEOFTHEMOSTLIBERATINGREALIZATIONSWECANEVERCOMETOITLIBERATESTIMENOWWECANDEVOTEMOREHOURSTOACTIVITIESTHATCANGENUINELYINCREASEOURHAPPINESSITLIBERATESMONEYBUYINGTHATNEWCARORTHOSEFANCYCLOTHESTHATWILLDONOTHINGTOINCREASEOURHAPPINESSNOWSEEMSPOINTLESSANDITLIBERATESUSFROMENVYWENOWUNDERSTANDTHATALLTHOSERICHANDGLAMOROUSPEOPLEWEWERESOSUREAREHAPPYBECAUSETHEYAREALWAYSHAVINGSOMUCHFUNACTUALLYMAYNOTBEHAPPYATALL1WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISTRUEAFUNCREATESLONGLASTINGSATISFACTIONBFUNPROVIDESENJOYMENTWHILEPAINLEADSTOHAPPINESSCHAPPINESSISENDURINGWHEREASFUNISSHORTLIVEDDFUNTHATISLONGSTANDINGMAYLEADTOHAPPINESS2TOTHEAUTHOR,HOLLYWOODSTARSALLHAVEANIMPORTANTROLETOPLAYTHATISTO_ARITEMEMOIRAFTERMEMOIRABOUTTHEIRHAPPINESSBTELLTHEPUBLICTHATHAPPINESSHASNOTHINGTODOWITHFUNCTEACHPEOPLEHOWTOENJOYTHEIRLIVESDBRINGHAPPINESSTOTHEPUBLICINSTEADOFGOINGTOGLAMOROUSPARTIES3INTHEAUTHORSOPINION,MARRIAGE_AAFFORDSGREATERFUNBLEADSTORAISINGCHILDRENCINDICATESCOMMITMENTDENDSINPAIN4COUPLESHAVINGINFANTCHILDREN_AARELUCKYSINCETHEYCANHAVEAWHOLENIGHTSSLEEPBFINDFUNINTUCKINGTHEMINTOBEDATNIGHTCFINDMORETIMETOPLAYANDJOKEWITHTHEMDDERIVEHAPPINESSFROMTHEIRENDEAVOR5IFONEGETTHEMEANINGOFTHETRUESENSEOFHAPPINESS,HEWILL_ASTOPPLAYINGGAMESANDJOKINGWITHOTHERSBMAKETHEBESTUSEOFHISTIMEINCREASINGHAPPINESSCGIVEAFREEHANDTOMONEYDKEEPHIMSELFWITHHISFAMILY第二篇UNITONEPASSAGE2ONCEITWASPOSSIBLETODEFINEMALEANDFEMALEROLESEASILYBYTHEDIVISIONOFLABORMENWORKEDOUTSIDETHEHOMEANDEARNEDTHEINCOMETOSUPPORTTHEIRFAMILIES,WHILEWOMENCOOKEDTHEMEALSANDTOOKCAREOFTHEHOMEANDTHECHILDRENTHESEROLESWEREFIRMLYFIXEDFORMOSTPEOPLE,ANDTHEREWASNOTMUCHOPPORTUNITYFORWOMENTOEXCHANGETHEIRROLESBUTBYTHEMIDDLEOFTHISCENTURY,MENSANDWOMENSROLESWEREBECOMINGLESSFIRMLYFIXEDINTHE1950S,ECONOMICANDSOCIALSUCCESSWASTHEGOALOFTHETYPICALAMERICANBUTINTHE1960SANEWFORCEDEVELOPEDCALLEDTHECOUNTERCULTURETHEPEOPLEINVOLVEDINTHISMOVEMENTDIDNOTVALUETHEMIDDLECLASSAMERICANGOALSTHECOUNTERCULTUREPRESENTEDMENANDWOMENWITHNEWROLECHOICESTAKINGMOREINTERESTINCHILDCARE,MENBEGANTOSHARECHILDRAISINGTASKSWITHTHEIRWIVESINFACT,SOMEYOUNGMENANDWOMENMOVEDTOCOMMUNALHOMESORFARMSWHERETHEECONOMICANDCHILDCARERESPONSIBILITIESWERESHAREDEQUALLYBYBOTHSEXESINADDITION,MANYAMERICANSDIDNOTVALUETHETRADITIONALMALEROLEOFSOLDIERSOMEYOUNGMENREFUSEDTOBEDRAFTEDASSOLDIERSTOFIGHTINTHEWARINVIETNAMINTERMSOFNUMBERS,THECOUNTERCULTUREWASNOTAVERYLARGEGROUPOFPEOPLEBUTITSINFLUENCESPREADTOMANYPARTSOFAMERICANSOCIETYWORKINGMENOFALLCLASSESBEGANTOCHANGETHEIRECONOMICANDSOCIALPATTERNSINDUSTRIALWORKERSANDBUSINESSEXECUTIVESALIKECUTDOWNON“OVERTIME”WORKSOTHATTHEYCOULDSPENDMORELEISURETIMEWITHTHEIRFAMILIESSOMEDOCTORS,LAWYERS,ANDTEACHERSTURNEDAWAYFROMHIGHPAYINGSITUATIONSTOPRACTICETHEIRPROFESSIONSINPOORERNEIGHBORHOODSINTHE1970S,THEFEMINISTMOVEMENT,ORWOMENSLIBERATION,PRODUCEDADDITIONALECONOMICANDSOCIALCHANGESWOMENOFALLAGESANDATALLLEVELSOFSOCIETYWEREENTERINGTHEWORKFORCEINGREATERNUMBERSMOSTOFTHEMSTILLTOOKTRADITIONALWOMENSJOBSASPUBLICSCHOOLTEACHING,NURSING,ANDSECRETARIALWORKBUTSOMEWOMENBEGANTOENTERTRADITIONALLYMALEOCCUPATIONSPOLICEWORK,BANKING,DENTISTRY,ANDCONSTRUCTIONWORKWOMENWEREASKINGFOREQUALWORK,ANDEQUALOPPORTUNITIESFORPROMOTIONTODAYTHEEXPERTSGENERALLYAGREETHATIMPORTANTCHANGESARETAKINGPLACEINTHEROLESOFMENANDWOMENNATURALLY,THEREAREDIFFICULTIESINADJUSTINGTOTHESETRANSFORMATIONS1WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGBESTEXPRESSTHEMAINIDEAOFPARAGRAPH1AWOMENUSUALLYWORKEDOUTSIDETHEHOMEFORWAGESBMENANDWOMENSROLESWEREEASILYEXCHANGEDINTHEPASTCMENSROLESATHOMEWEREMOREFIRMLYFIXEDTHANWOMENSDMENANDWOMENSROLESWEREUSUALLYQUITESEPARATEDINTHEPAST2WHICHSENTENCEBESTEXPRESSESTHEMAINIDEAOFPARAGRAPH2ATHEFIRSTSENTENCEBTHESECONDANDTHETHIRDSENTENCESCTHEFOURTHSENTENCEDTHELASTSENTENCE3INTHEPASSAGETHEAUTHORPROPOSESTHATTHECOUNTERCULTURE_ADESTROYEDTHEUNITEDSTATESBTRANSFORMEDSOMEAMERICANVALUESCWASNOTIMPORTANTINTHEUNITEDSTATESDBROUGHTPEOPLEMORELEISURETIMEWITHTHEIRFAMILIES4ITCOULDBEINFERREDFROMTHEPASSAGETHAT_AMENANDWOMENWILLNEVERSHARETHESAMEGOALSBSOMEMENWILLBEWILLINGTOEXCHANGETHEIRTRADITIONALMALEROLESCMOSTMENWILLBEHAPPYTOSHARESOMEOFTHEHOUSEHOLDRESPONSIBILITIESWITHTHEIRWIVESDMOREAMERICANHOUSEHOLDSAREHEADEDBYWOMENTHANEVERBEFORE5THEBESTTITLEFORTHEPASSAGEMAYBE_ARESULTSOFFEMINISTMOVEMENTSBNEWINFLUENCEINAMERICANLIFECCOUNTERCULTUREANDITSCONSEQUENCEDTRADITIONALDIVISIONOFMALEANDFEMALEROLES第三篇UNITONEPASSAGE3RECENTRESEARCHHASCLAIMEDTHATANEXCESSOFPOSITIVEIONSINTHEAIRCANHAVEANILLEFFECTONPEOPLESPHYSICALORPSYCHOLOGICALHEALTHWHATAREPOSITIVEIONSWELL,THEAIRISFULLOFIONS,ELECTRICALLYCHARGEDPARTICLES,ANDGENERALLYTHEREISAROUGHBALANCEBETWEENTHEPOSITIVEANDTHENEGATIVECHARGEDBUTSOMETIMESTHISBALANCEBECOMESDISTURBEDANDALARGERPROPORTIONOFPOSITIVEIONSAREFOUNDTHISHAPPENSNATURALLYBEFORETHUNDERSTORM,EARTHQUAKESWHENWINDSSUCHASTHEMISTRAL,HAMSINORSHARAVAREBLOWINGINCERTAINCOUNTRIESORITCANBECAUSEDBYABUILDUPOFSTATICELECTRICITYINDOORSFROMCARPETSORCLOTHINGMADEOFMANMADEFIBRES,ORFROMTVSETS,DUPLICATORSORCOMPUTERDISPLAYSCREENSWHENALARGENUMBEROFPOSITIVEIONSAREPRESENTINTHEAIRMANYPEOPLEEXPERIENCEUNPLEASANTEFFECTSSUCHASHEADACHES,FATIGUE,IRRITABILITY,ANDSOMEPARTICULARLYSENSITIVEPEOPLESUFFERNAUSEAOREVENMENTALDISTURBANCEANIMALSAREALSOAFFECTED,PARTICULARLYBEFOREEARTHQUAKES,SNAKESHAVEBEENOBSERVEDTOCOMEOUTOFHIBERNATION,RATSTOFLEEFROMTHEIRBURROWS,DOGSHOWLANDCATSJUMPABOUTUNACCOUNTABLYTHISHASLEDTHEUSGEOGRAPHICALSURVEYTOFUNDANETWORKOFVOLUNTEERSTOWATCHANIMALSINANEFFORTTOFORESEESUCHDISASTERSBEFORETHEYHITVULNERABLEAREASSUCHASCALIFORNIACONVERSELY,WHENLARGENUMBERSOFNEGATIVEIONSAREPRESENT,THENPEOPLEHAVEAFEELINGOFWELLBEINGNATURALCONDITIONSTHATPRODUCETHESELARGEAMOUNTSARENEARTHESEA,CLOSETOWATERFALLSORFOUNTAINS,ORINANYPLACEWHEREWATERISSPRAYED,ORFORMSASPRAYTHISPROBABLYACCOUNTSFORTHEBENEFICIALEFFECTOFAHOLIDAYBYTHESEA,ORINTHEMOUNTAINSWITHTUMBLINGSTREAMSORWATERFALLSTOINCREASETHESUPPLYOFNEGATIVEIONSINDOORS,SOMESCIENTISTSRECOMMENDTHEUSEOFIONISERSSMALLPORTABLEMACHINES,WHICHGENERATENEGATIVEIONSTHEYCLAIMTHATIONISERSNOTONLYCLEANANDREFRESHTHEAIRBUTALSOIMPROVETHEHEALTHOFPEOPLESENSITIVETOEXCESSPOSITIVEIONSOFCOURSE,THEREARETHEDETRACTORS,OTHERSCIENTISTS,WHODISMISSSUCHCLAIMSANDARESKEPTICALABOUTNEGATIVE/POSITIVEIONRESEARCHTHEREFOREPEOPLECANONLYMAKEUPTHEIROWNMINDSBYOBSERVINGTHEEFFECTSONTHEMSELVES,ORONOTHERS,OFANEGATIVERICHORPOORENVIRONMENTAFTERALLITISDEBATABLEWHETHERDEPENDINGONSEISMICREADINGSTOANTICIPATEEARTHQUAKESISMOREEFFECTIVETHANWATCHINGTHECAT1WHATEFFECTDOESEXCEEDINGPOSITIVEIONIZATIONHAVEONSOMEPEOPLEATHEYTHINKTHEYAREINSANEBTHEYFEELRATHERBADTEMPEREDANDSHORTFUSSEDCTHEYBECOMEVIOLENTLYSICKDTHEYARETOOTIREDTODOANYTHING2INACCORDANCEWITHTHEPASSAGE,STATICELECTRICITYCANBECAUSEDBY_AUSINGHOMEMADEELECTRICALGOODSBWEARINGCLOTHESMADEOFNATURALMATERIALSCWALKINGONARTIFICIALFLOORCOVERINGSDCOPYINGTVPROGRAMSONACOMPUTER3AHIGHNEGATIVEIONCOUNTISLIKELYTOBEFOUND_ANEARAPOUNDWITHAWATERPUMPBCLOSETOASLOWFLOWINGRIVERCHIGHINSOMEBARRENMOUNTAINSDBYAROTATINGWATERSPRINKLER4WHATKINDOFMACHINECANGENERATENEGATIVEIONSINDOORSAIONISERSBAIRCONDITIONERSCEXHAUSTFANSDVACUUMPUMPS5SOMESCIENTISTSBELIEVETHAT_AWATCHINGANIMALSTOANTICIPATEEARTHQUAKESISMOREEFFECTIVETHANDEPENDINGONSEISMOGRAPHYBTHEUNUSUALBEHAVIOROFANIMALSCANNOTBETRUSTEDCNEITHERWATCHINGNORUSINGSEISMOGRAPHSISRELIABLEDEARTHQUAKE第四篇UNITONEPASSAGE4ASTUDYOFARTHISTORYMIGHTBEAGOODWAYTOLEARNMOREABOUTACULTURETHANISPOSSIBLETOLEARNINGENERALHISTORYCLASSESMOSTTYPICALHISTORYCOURSESCONCENTRATEONPOLITICS,ECONOMICS,ANDWARBUTARTHISTORYFOCUSESONMUCHMORETHANTHISBECAUSEARTREFLECTSNOTONLYTHEPOLITICALVALUESOFAPEOPLE,BUTALSORELIGIOUSBELIEFS,EMOTIONS,ANDPSYCHOLOGYINADDITION,INFORMATIONABOUTTHEDAILYACTIVITIESOFOURANCESTORSOROFPEOPLEVERYDIFFERENTFROMOUROWNCANBEPROVIDEDBYARTINSHORT,ARTEXPRESSESTHEESSENTIALQUALITIESOFATIMEANDAPLACE,ANDASTUDYOFITCLEARLYOFFERUSADEEPERUNDERSTANDINGTHANCANBEFOUNDINMOSTHISTORYBOOKSINHISTORYBOOKS,OBJECTIVEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEPOLITICALLIFEOFACOUNTRYISPRESENTEDTHATIS,FACTSABOUTPOLITICSAREGIVEN,BUTOPINIONSARENOTEXPRESSEDART,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISSUBJECTIVEITREFLECTSEMOTIONSANDOPINIONSTHEGREATSPANISHPAINTERFRANCISCOGOYAWASPERHAPSTHEFIRSTTRULY“POLITICAL”ARTISTINHISWELLKNOWNPAINTINGTHETHIRDOFMAY1808,HECRITICIZEDTHESPANISHGOVERNMENTFORITSMISUSEOFPOWEROVERPEOPLEOVERAHUNDREDYEARSLATER,SYMBOLICIMAGESWEREUSEDINPABLOPICASSOSGUERNICATOEXPRESSTHEHORROROFWARMEANWHILE,ONANOTHERCONTINENT,THEPOWERFULPAINTINGSOFDIEGORIVERA,JOSECLEMENTEOROZCO,ANDDAVIDALFAROSIQUEIROSASWELLASTHEWORKSOFALFREDORAMOSMARTINESDEPICTEDTHESEMEXICANARTISTSDEEPANGERANDSADNESSABOUTSOCIALPROBLEMSINTHESAMEWAY,ARTCANREFLECTACULTURESRELIGIOUSBELIEFSFORHUNDREDSOFYEARSINEUROPE,RELIGIOUSARTWASALMOSTTHEONLYTYPEOFARTTHATEXISTEDCHURCHESANDOTHERRELIGIOUSBUILDINGSWEREFILLEDWITHPAINTINGSTHATDEPICTEDPEOPLEANDSTORIESFROMTHEBIBLEALTHOUGHMOSTPEOPLECOULDNTREAD,THEYCOULDSTILLUNDERSTANDBIBLICALSTORIESINTHEPICTURESONCHURCHWALLSBYCONTRAST,ONEOFTHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFARTINTHEMIDDLEEASTWASANDSTILLISITSABSENCEOFHUMANANDANIMALIMAGESTHISREFLECTSTHEISLAMICBELIEFTHATSTATUESAREUNHOLY1MORECANBELEARNEDABOUTACULTUREFROMASTUDYOFARTHISTORYTHANGENERALHISTORYBECAUSEARTHISTORY_ASHOWUSTHERELIGIOUSANDEMOTIONSOFAPEOPLEINADDITIONTOPOLITICALVALUESBPROVIDEUSWITHINFORMATIONABOUTTHEDAILYACTIVITIESOFPEOPLEINTHEPASTCGIVEUSANINSIGHTINTOTHEESSENTIALQUALITIESOFATIMEANDAPLACEDALLOFTHEABOVE2ARTISSUBJECTIVEINTHAT_AAPERSONALANDEMOTIONALVIEWOFHISTORYISPRESENTEDTHROUGHITBITCANEASILYROUSEOURANGERORSADNESSABOUTSOCIALPROBLEMSCITWILLFINDAREADYECHOINOURHEARTSDBOTHBANDC3WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSISTRUEACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGEAUNLIKEFRANCISCOGOYA,PABLOANDSEVERALMEXICANARTISTSEXPRESSEDTHEIRPOLITICALOPINIONSINTHEIRPAINTINGSBHISTORYBOOKSOFTENREVEALTHECOMPILERSPOLITICALVIEWSCRELIGIOUSARTREMAINEDINEUROPEFORCENTURIESTHEONLYTYPEOFARTBECAUSEMOSTPEOPLEREGARDEDTHEBIBLEASTHEHOLYBOOKDALLTHEABOVEMENTIONED4THEPASSAGEISMAINLYDISCUSSING_ATHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENGENERALHISTORYANDARTHISTORYBTHEMAKINGOFARTHISTORYCWHATCANWELEARNFROMARTDTHEINFLUENCEOFARTISTSONARTHISTORY5INMAYBECONCLUDEDFROMTHISPASSAGETHAT_AISLAMICARTISTSHAVEHADTOCREATEARCHITECTURALDECORATIONSWITHIMAGESOFFLOWERSORGEOMETRICFORMSBHISTORYTEACHERSAREMOREOBJECTIVETHANGENERALHISTORYCITISMOREDIFFICULTTOSTUDYARTHISTORYTHANGENERALHISTORYDPEOPLEANDSTORIESFROMTHEBIBLEWEREPAINTEDONCHURCHESANDOTHERBUILDINGSINORDERTOPOPULARIZETHEBIBLE第五篇UNIT2PASSAGE1IFTHEOLDMAXIMTHATTHECUSTOMERISALWAYSRIGHTSTILLHASMEANING,THENTHEAIRLINESTHATPLYTHEWORLDSBUSIESTAIRROUTEBETWEENLONDONANDPARISHAVEAFLIGHTONTHEIRHANDSTHEEUROSTARTRAINSERVICELINKINGTHEUKANDFRENCHCAPITALSVIATHECHANNELTUNNELISWINNINGCUSTOMERSININCREASINGNUMBERSINLATEMAY,ITCARRIEDITSONEMILLIONTHPASSENGER,HAVINGRUNONLYALIMITEDSERVICEBETWEENLONDON,PARISANDBRUSSELSSINCENOVEMBER1994,STARTINGWITHTWOTRAINSADAYINEACHDIRECTIONTOPARISANDBRUSSELSBY1997,THECOMPANYBELIEVESTHATITWILLBECARRYINGTENMILLIONPASSENGERSAYEAR,ANDCONTINUETOGROWFROMTHEREFROMJULY,EUROSTARSTEPSITSSERVICETONINETRAINSEACHWAYBETWEENLONDONANDPARIS,ANDFIVEBETWEENLONDONANDBRUSSELSEACHTRAINCARRIESALMOST800PASSENGERS,210OFTHEMINFIRSTCLASSTHEAIRLINESESTIMATETHATTHEYWILLINITIALLYLOSEAROUND1520OFTHEIRLONDONPARISTRAFFICTOTHERAILWAYSONCEEUROSTARSTARTSAFULLSERVICELATERTHISYEAR1995,WITH15TRAINSADAYEACHWAYASIMILARSERVICEWILLSTARTTOBRUSSELSTHEDAMAGEWILLBELIMITED,HOWEVER,THEAIRLINESBELIEVE,WITHPASSENGERNUMBERSRETURNINGTOPREVIOUSLEVELSWITHINTWOTOTHREEYEARSINTHESHORTTERM,THEDAMAGECAUSEDBYTHE1MILLIONPEOPLELEVELSTRAVELINGBETWEENLONDONANDPARISANDBRUSSELSONEUROSTARTRAINSMEANSTHATSOMEAIRSERVICESAREALREADYSUFFERINGSOMEOFTHEMAJORCARRIERSSAYTHATTHEIRPASSENGERNUMBERSAREDOWNBYLESSTHAN5ANDPOINTTOTHEIRRIVALSPARTICULARLYAIRFRANCEASHAVINGSUFFEREDTHEPROBLEMSONTHEBRUSSELSROUTE,THERAILWAYCOMPANYHADLESSSUCCESS,ANDTHEAIRLINESREPORTANYTHINGFROMAROUNDA5DROPTONOVISIBLEDECLINEINTRAFFICTHEAIRLINESOPTIMISMONRETURNINGTRAFFICLEVELSISBASEDONHISTORICALPRECEDENTBRITISHMIDLAND,FOREXAMPLE,POINTSTOITSEXPERIENCEONHEATHROWLEEDSBRADFORDSERVICEWHICHSAWPASSENGERNUMBERSFOLDBY15WHENBRITISHRAILELECTRIFIEDANDMODERNIZEDTHERAILWAYLINEBETWEENLONDONANDYORKSHIRETWOYEARSLATER,TRAVELHADRISENBETWEENTHETWODESTINATIONSTOTHEPOINTWHERETHEAIRLINEWASCARRYINGRECORDNUMBERSOFPASSENGERS1BRITISHAIRLINESCONFIDEINTHEFACTTHAT_ATHEYAREMOREPOWERFULTHANOTHEREUROPEANAIRLINESBTHEIRTOTALLOSSWONTGOBEYONDADROPOF5PASSENGERSCTHEIRTRAFFICLEVELSWILLRETURNIN23YEARSDTRAVELINGBYRAILCANNEVERCATCHUPWITHTRAVELINGBYAIR2THEAUTHORSATTITUDETOWARDSTHEDROPOFPASSENGERSMAYBEDESCRIBEDAS_AWORRIEDBDELIGHTEDCPUZZLEDDUNRIVALED3INTHEPASSAGE,BRITISHRAILPARA6ISMENTIONEDTO_APROVIDEACOMPARISONWITHEUROSTARBSUPPORTTHEAIRLINESOPTIMISMCPROVETHEINEVITABLEDROPOFAIRPASSENGERSDCALLFORELECTRIFICATIONANDMODERNIZATIONOFTHERAILWAY4THERAILWAYSBRUSSELSROUTEISBROUGHTFORTHTOSHOWTHAT_ATHEEUROSTARTRAINSERVICEISNOTDOINGGOODBUSINESSBTHEAIRLINESCANWELLCOMPETEWITHTHERAILWAYCTHEEUROSTARTRAINSERVICEONLYCAUSEDLITTLEDAMAGEDONLYSOMEAIRLINES,SUCHASAIRFRANCE,ARESUFFERING5THEPASSAGEISTAKENFROMTHEFIRSTOFANESSAY,FROMWHICHWEMAYWELLPREDICTTHATINTHEFOLLOWINGPARTTHEAUTHORISGOINGTO_APRAISETHEAIRLINESCLEARMINDEDNESSBWARNTHEAIRLINESOFHIGHSPEEDRAILSERVICESCPROPOSEAREDUCTIONOFLONDON/PARISFLIGHTSDADVISETHEAIRLINESTOFOLLOWBRITISHMIDLANDASTHEIRMODEL第六篇UNIT2PASSAGE2WITHOUTREGULARSUPPLIESOFSOMEHORMONESOURCAPACITYTOBEHAVEWOULDBESERIOUSLYIMPAIREDWITHOUTOTHERSWEWOULDSOONDIETINYAMOUNTSOFSOMEHORMONESCANMODIFYMOODSANDACTIONS,OURINCLINATIONTOEATORDRINK,OURAGGRESSIVENESSORSUBMISSIVENESS,ANDOURREPRODUCTIVEANDPARENTALBEHAVIORANDHORMONESDOMORETHANINFLUENCEADULTBEHAVIOREARLYINLIFETHEYHELPTODETERMINETHEDEVELOPMENTOFBODILYFORMANDMAYEVENDETERMINEANINDIVIDUALSBEHAVIORALCAPACITIESLATERINLIFETHECHANGINGOUTPUTSOFSOMEENDOCRINEGLANDSANDTHEBODYSCHANGINGSENSITIVITYTOSOMEHORMONESAREESSENTIALASPECTSOFTHEPHENOMENAOFAGINGCOMMUNICATIONWITHINTHEBODYANDTHECONSEQUENTINTEGRATIONOFBEHAVIORWERECONSIDEREDTHEEXCLUSIVEPROVINCEOFTHENERVOUSSYSTEMUPTOTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEPRESENTCENTURYTHEEMERGENCEOFENDOCRINOLOGYASASEPARATEDISCIPLINECANPROBABLYBETRACEDTOTHEEXPERIMENTSOFBAYLISSANDSTARLINGONTHEHORMONESECRETIONTHISSUBSTANCEISSECRETEDFROMCELLSINTHEINTESTINALWALLSWHENFOODENTERSTHESTOMACHITTRAVELSTHROUGHTHEBLOODSTREAMANDSTIMULATESTHEPANCREASTOLIBERATEPANCREATICJUICE,WHICHAIDSINDIGESTIONBYSHOWINGTHATSPECIALCELLSSECRETCHEMICALAGENTSTHATARECONVEYEDBYTHEBLOODSTREAMANDREGULATEDISTANTTARGETORGANSORTISSUESBAYLISSANDSTARLINGDEMONSTRATEDTHATCHEMICALINTEGRATIONCOULDOCCURWITHOUTPARTICIPATIONOFTHENERVOUSSYSTEMTHETERM“HORMONE”WASFIRSTUSEDWITHREFERENCETOSECRETIONSTARLINGDERIVEDTHETERMFROMTHEGREEKHORMONE,MEANING“TOEXCITEORSETINMOTIONTHETERM“ENDOCRINE”WASINTRODUCEDSHORTLYTHEREAFTER“ENDOCRINE”ISUSEDTOREFERTOGLANDSTHATSECRETPRODUCTSINTOTHEBLOODSTREAMTHETERM“ENDOCRINE”CONTRASTSWITH“EXOCRINE”,WHICHISAPPLIEDTOGLANDSTHATSECRETTHEIRPRODUCTSTHOUGHDUCTSTOTHESITEOFACTIONEXAMPLESOFEXOCRINEGLANDSARETHETEARGLANDS,THESWEATGLANDS,ANDTHEPANCREAS,WHICHSECRETSPANCREATICJUICETHROUGHADUCTINTOTHEINTESTINEEXOCRINEGLANDSAREALSOCALLEDDUCTGLANDS,WHILEENDOCRINEGLANDSARECALLEDDUCTLESS1WHATISTHEAUTHORSMAINPURPOSEINTHEPASSAGEATOEXPLAINTHESPECIFICFUNCTIONSOFVARIOUSHORMONESBTOPROVIDEGENERALINFORMATIONABOUTHORMONESCTOEXPLAINHOWTHETERM“HORMONE”EVOLVEDDTOREPORTONEXPERIMENTSINENDOCRINOLOGY2THEPASSAGESUPPORTSWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGCONCLUSIONSATHEHUMANBODYREQUIRESLARGEAMOUNTSOFMOSTHORMONESBSYNTHETICHORMONESCANREPLACEAPERSONSNATURALSUPPLYOFHORMONESIFNECESSARYCTHEQUANTITYOFHORMONESPRODUCEDANDTHEIREFFECTSONTHEBODYARERELATEDTOAPERSONSAGEDTHESHORTCHILDOFTALLPARENTSVERYLIKELYHADAHORMONEDEFICIENCYEARLYINLIFE3ITCANBEINFERREDFROMTHEPASSAGETHATBEFORETHEBAYLISSANDSTARLINGEXPERIMENTS,MOSTPEOPLEBELIEVEDTHATCHEMICALINTEGRATIONOCCURREDONLY_ADURINGSLEEPBINTHEENDOCRINEGLANDSCUNDERCONTROLOFTHENERVOUSSYSTEMDDURINGSTRENUOUSEXERCISE4THEWORD“LIBERATE”COULDBESTBEREPLACEDBYWHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGAEMANCIPATEBDISCHARGECSURRENDERDSAVE5ACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGEANOTHERTERMFOREXOCRINEGLANDSIS_ADUCTGLANDSBENDOCRINEGLANDSCDUCTLESSGLANDSDINTESTINALGLANDS第七篇UNIT2PASSAGE3THEDISCOVERYOFTHEANTARCTICNOTONLYPROVEDONEOFTHEMOSTINTERESTINGOFALLGEOGRAPHICALADVENTURES,BUTCREATEDWHATMIGHTBECALLED“THEHEROICAGEOFANTARCTICEXPLORATION”BYTHEIRTREMENDOUSHEROISM,MENSUCHASSHAKLETON,SCOTT,ANDAMUNDSENCAUSEDANEWCONTINENTTOEMERGEFROMTHESHADOWS,ANDYETTHATHEROICAGE,LITTLEMORETHANACENTURYOLD,ISALREADYPASSINGMODERNSCIENCEANDINVENTIONSAREREVOLUTIONIZINGTHEENDURANCE,FUTUREJOURNEYSINTOTHESEICYWASTESWILLPROBABLYDEPENDONMOTORVEHICLESEQUIPPEDWITHCATERPILLARTRACTIONRATHERTHANONTHEDOGSTHATEARLIERDISCOVERERSFOUNDSOINVALUABLEANDHARDLYCOMPARABLEFEWREALIZETHATTHISANTARCTICCONTINENTISALMOSTEQUALINSIZETOSOUTHAMERICA,ANDENORMOUSFIELDOFWORKAWAITSGEOGRAPHERSANDPROSPECTORSTHECOASTSOFTHISCONTINENTREMAINTOBEACCURATELYCHARTED,ANDTHEMAPINGOFTHEWHOLEOFTHEINTERIORPRESENTSAFORMIDABLETASKTOTHECARTO