1、最新最實用廈門英語文化學習：歐洲文化入門”聽課筆記-廈門韋博英語培訓提供最新最實用廈門英語文化學習：歐洲文化入門”聽課筆記-廈門韋博英語培訓提供最新最實用廈門英語文化學習：歐洲文化入門”聽課筆記-廈門韋博英語培訓提供廈門韋博英語：歐洲文化入門”聽課筆記1希臘羅馬Homer Author of epicsSappho Lyric poet三大悲劇家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatistSophocles Tragic dramatistEuripides Tragic dramatist喜劇家：Aristophanes Comedy writer歷史學家：Herodotus wr

2、ote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of historyThucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracusethe greatest historian that have ever lived哲學和科學：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematicsHeracleitue Fire is the primary elementDemocri

3、tus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theorySocrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical methodPlato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made

4、concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometryArchimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and Ill move the World”O(jiān)thers Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno (

5、the Stoics)4th century B.C.后半葉希臘在Alexander, king of Macedon的領(lǐng)導下，5th century B.C.達到頂峰，146 B.C.被羅馬攻克2.基督教和圣經(jīng)Jews以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿過中東沙漠，1300B.C.Moses帶領(lǐng)Hebrews離開埃及，開始他們的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament, 6th

6、century B.C.,他們在Babylon形成synagogue（憂太集會）來發(fā)揚他們的教義。Jesus Christ生活在第一個羅馬帝國Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教為國教。-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，舊約主要由Hebrew寫成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本書，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻譯成了英語，Greek Bible叫Septuagint3

7、.中世紀開始于476年西羅馬帝國的衰敗5-11世紀a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054,教堂分裂為the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反擊Moslems，開始了CrusadesCharles Martel給士兵們estates known as fiefs in 732St. Thomas Aquinas(Scholasticism)寫了 Summa Theologica，這本書sums up all the knowl

8、edge of medieval theology他認為feudal hierarchy(層次，等級) of society is Gods rule The power of feudal rulers is Gods will Pope is Christs PlenipotentiaryCharlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works in

9、to the venacularRoger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research, called for careful observationDante(但丁) 神曲 one of the landmarks of world literatureChaucer first modern poet in English literature4.文藝復興與宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venic

10、eBoccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世紀Petrarch Sonnet, father of modern poetry文藝復興早期的藝術(shù)家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspectiveDonatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomyGiorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify hi

11、s pictures意大利文藝復興全盛時期的四位藝術(shù)家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western WorldPre-Luther Religious ReformersJohn Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first t

12、ime in 1382Jan Hus Czech Religious leaderJohn Calvin 基督教教義 one of the most influential theological works CalvinismRabelais 拉伯雷 <巨人傳> french writerRonsard Pleiade七星詩社代表人 法國第一個近代抒情詩人Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French WriterCervantes father of modern European novel spainThomas More British writer Shakespear

13、e 作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麥克白>><<奧瑟羅>><<李爾王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大歡喜>><<羅密歐與朱麗葉>><<安東尼與克莉奧佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>> crowned literature of England 代表歐洲文藝復興的最高成就Copernicus The father o

14、f modern astronomy 現(xiàn)代天文學之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy (解剖學) founder of modern medicineAldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492, Columbus發(fā)現(xiàn)了America1487,Dias發(fā)現(xiàn)了the cape of good hope1497,da Gama發(fā)現(xiàn)了the route to In

15、dia round the Cape of Good Hope5. 17世紀Copernicus 天體運行論 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicineKepler Keplers Law (the three laws of planetary motion)德 國 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newtons discovery of t

16、he laws of gravitationGalileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics, the law of inertia, the law of falling bodies動力加速度，慣性定律，落體定律Newton 英國Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding: self-conscious(自我意識)conscious(意識)unconscious/subconscious (潛意識)他和牛頓都是caculus的創(chuàng)始人Milton Areopagitica， English revolutio

17、nBacon Knowledge is power 英國 反對deductive method，創(chuàng)立了inductive method 認為哲學應該與神學分開Hobbes 利維坦 Materialist (knowledge come from experience) Social Contract 英國 認為最好的統(tǒng)治方式是monarchyLocke 政治論 Materialist views (ideas derived from sensation or from reflection) Social Contract 英國在英國革命中有兩個領(lǐng)袖，Cromwell 和John Milto

18、nCromwell the man of actionJohn Milton the man of thought 在英國文學史上ranks with Shakespear and ChaucerDescartes 笛卡爾 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法國 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in FranceCorneille 高乃依熙得 法國第一部古典主義悲劇，表現(xiàn)責任與愛情的沖突Racine t

19、he greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表現(xiàn)情感和理性的沖突Moliere 達爾杜夫憤世嫉俗吝嗇鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科學器械在被發(fā)明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高無上的權(quán)利法國最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garde

20、n FrontEast Front of the Louvre英國最著名建筑：St. Pauls Cathedral6.啟蒙運動 the age of reason18th century intellectual movement starting from Francethe most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Lockes materialist theory and Newtons theory of gr

21、avitationMajor force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世紀兩大著名運動：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.獨立宣言The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人權(quán)宣言French Philosophy and LiteratureMontesq

22、uieu Separation of powers 法國啟蒙運動的先驅(qū)Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenmentDiderot English LiteraturePope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅長英雄雙韻體 Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of t

23、he 18th century England 魯濱遜漂流記Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18世紀英國文學最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator, Addison

24、和 Steele經(jīng)常在上面寫文章German Literature and PhilosophyLessing German dramastist German classicismGoethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German PoetsSchiller a founder of modern German literatureKant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the H

25、eavens> reason> The Musical EnlightenmentJ.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical EnlightenmentHandel 亨德爾 being his crowning masterpieceBach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing bestThe Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly

26、between 1750 and 1820Haydn Classical period Viennese schoolMozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music7. 浪漫主義 Romanticismlate 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Move

27、ment in GermanyThe enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolutionNew economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book , which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.Romanticism in GermanyThe Storm

28、and Stress Movement prepared the way for European RomanticismGoethe combined Romanticism with ClassicismIt was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and StressThe Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and TieckHeine: 海涅在1836年發(fā)表<<論浪漫派>>，宣告浪漫主義在德國文學中的統(tǒng)治地位的

29、結(jié)束Romanticism in EnglandBlake: The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron: is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyrannyShelley noted for his lyricsKeats famous for hi

30、s sonnetsWalter Scott Romanticism in FranceChateaubriand :Victor Hugo: 法國浪漫主義文學的最重要的作家。他于1827年發(fā)表的 Cromwell>是法國浪漫主義運動的一篇重要宣言。他的長篇小說巴黎圣母院悲慘世界宣揚了“愛”與“仁慈”等人道主義精神。The greatest poet of his dayGeorge Sand:法國浪漫主義文學最杰出的女作家Romanticism in ItalyManzoni: 約婚夫婦是意大利文學史上第一部以愛壓迫的勞動人民為主人公的小說Leopardi: he was the gre

31、atest poet of Italy RomanticismRomanticism in RussiaRussia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetryPushkin: 俄國浪漫主義先鋒(van) a Byronic character his masterpiece is 創(chuàng)造了俄國文學中的第一個“多余的人“的典型Lermontov: draws a fine portrait of PushkinRomanticism in PolandAdam

32、 Mickiewicz: beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpieceArt and ArchitectureGoya Spanish painter and etcher(蝕刻家)歐洲浪漫主義先驅(qū) Execution of the Third of May> Children>David French Painter Delacroix 代表著法國浪漫主義繪畫的最高成就Gericault French painterTurner English landscape painterConstable English lands

33、cape painterTurner and Constable代表了浪漫主義畫派的最高成就Music早期浪漫主義音樂家：Beethoven(貝多芬) German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme musicSchubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann(舒曼)German composerMendelssohn（門德爾松）German composer后期浪漫主義音樂家：Berlioz（伯遼茲）French composerLis

34、zt（里斯特）Hungarian composerWagner（瓦格納）German composerBrahms（伯拉姆斯）German composerTchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer8. 馬克思主義和達爾文主義Marxism and DarwinismThe Three Sources and Three Component Parts of MarxismGerman Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy:Hegelian dialectics黑格爾辯證法Feuerbachs materialism費

35、爾巴哈唯物論Marxist PhilosophyDialectical materialism馬克思主義辯證唯物論Historical materialism 馬克思主義歷史唯物論English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political EconomyCapital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economicsSurplus value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capital

36、ist classDoctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marxs economic theoryUtopian Socialism and Scientific SocialismRobert Owen: English industrialist and social reformerHenri de Saint-Simon: French social philosopherCharles Fourier: French social philosopher DarwinismAs Newton domina

37、ted 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by C

38、opernicus, Galileo and Newton.Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolutionLamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist（自然主義者）Lyell English geologistKarl MarxDarwins works and Theories:On the origin of

39、Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for LifeThe Descent of Man9. 現(xiàn)實主義Realismarise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in FranceRealism in FranceStendhal 司湯達紅與黑是法國批判現(xiàn)實主義第一部成熟的作品 巴馬修道院Balzac巴爾扎克 Balzac has been called the French Di

40、ckens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert福樓拜 非常重視藝術(shù)形式he is often called the first French realist 包法利夫人Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school魯貢瑪馬卡爾家族史Maupassant 莫伯桑 Realism in RussiaGogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame, and hypocrisyTurgen

41、ev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the WestDostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪與罰卡拉馬佐夫兄弟Leo Tolstoy列夫托爾斯泰 戰(zhàn)爭與和平 安娜卡列尼娜 復活Chekhov契訶夫海歐萬尼亞舅舅 Sisters>三姐妹 櫻桃園Realism in Northern EuropeIbsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern dramaStrindberg

42、 The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in EnglandThis period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, 這時期意味著大英帝國的頂峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整個國家內(nèi)亂不斷，危機重重Charles Dickens 大衛(wèi)科波菲爾荒涼山莊 艱難時世其小說展現(xiàn)了廣闊的社會生活，真實情節(jié)與詩意氣氛的結(jié)合，幽默、風趣與悲劇的結(jié)合George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME) is

43、 regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray薩克雷 名利場他的寫作范圍多局限于上流社會Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge>Bernard Shaw蕭伯納 won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United StatesHarriet Beecher Stowe: greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoesWalt Whitman: Considere

44、d to be the greatest of all American poetsMark Twain: 哈克貝里芬歷險記 a masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been considered the first modern American novel 鍍金歲月Henry James出身世家，所以關(guān)注上層人物 the master beyond all masters 貴婦人畫像ArtCourbet庫爾貝 French artist 反映生活的真實是創(chuàng)作的最高原則石工 奧爾南的葬禮Millet米勒 French artist “農(nóng)民畫家”播種者拾穗者Impressionism in Art印象派藝術(shù)Manet 草地上的午餐福列斯貝熱爾酒吧間Monet 日出印象Post-Impressionism in Art后印象派藝術(shù)Paul Cezanne賽尚 Van Gogh凡高 dutch painterPaul Gauguin高更 French painter10. 現(xiàn)代主義及其它思潮Modernism and other trendsalso called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating