1、一、)名詞解析。1.軟件工程:指采用工程的概念、原理、技術(shù)、和方法來開發(fā)和維護(hù)軟件。其核心內(nèi)容是以工程化的方式組織軟件的開發(fā)，它借鑒了傳統(tǒng)工程的原則和方法，以求高效地開發(fā)高質(zhì)量的軟件。2.數(shù)據(jù)庫：存放在計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備中的一種合理的方法組織起來的，與公司或組織的業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)和組織結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)應(yīng)的各種相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的集合，該集合中的數(shù)據(jù)可以為公司或組織的各級(jí)經(jīng)過授權(quán)的人員或應(yīng)用程序以不同的權(quán)限所共享。3.物流信息：指反映物流各種活動(dòng)內(nèi)容的知識(shí)、資料、數(shù)據(jù)、文件的總稱。4.物流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化：按物流合理化的目的和要求，制定各類技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并形成全國乃至國際物流系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化體系的活動(dòng)過程。5.條碼.是由一組按一定編碼

2、規(guī)則排列的條、空符號(hào)組成的編碼符號(hào)，用以表示一定的字符、數(shù)字及符號(hào)組成的信息。6.射頻識(shí)別.是種非接觸式的自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)，是一項(xiàng)利用射頻信號(hào)通過空間耦合實(shí)現(xiàn)無接觸信息傳遞并通過所傳遞的信息達(dá)到識(shí)別目的的技術(shù)。7.應(yīng)用型地理信息系統(tǒng):根據(jù)用戶的需求和應(yīng)用目的而設(shè)計(jì)的除了具有地理信息系統(tǒng)基本功能外.應(yīng)用模型和方法。8.工具型地理信息系統(tǒng).具有地理信息系統(tǒng)基本功能,供其他系統(tǒng)調(diào)用或用戶進(jìn)行二次開發(fā)的操作平臺(tái).9.車輛線路模型:用于解決一個(gè)起始點(diǎn)、多個(gè)重點(diǎn)的貨物運(yùn)輸中，如何降低物流作業(yè)費(fèi)用，并保證服務(wù)質(zhì)量的問題。10.GPS.即全球定位系統(tǒng)，利用導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星口稱的全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)行測(cè)時(shí)和測(cè)距。11.電子

3、數(shù)據(jù)交換.是一種在公司之間傳輸訂單它通過計(jì)算機(jī)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò).實(shí)現(xiàn)各有關(guān)部門之間數(shù)據(jù)交換與處理結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物.12.倉儲(chǔ)管理系統(tǒng).使用來管理倉庫內(nèi)部的人員、庫存、工作時(shí)間、訂單和設(shè)備的軟件實(shí)施工具。13.運(yùn)輸管理系統(tǒng).主要利用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)，對(duì)運(yùn)輸?shù)挠?jì)劃、工具、人員和過程的跟蹤、調(diào)度指揮等管理業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行有效管理的人機(jī)系統(tǒng)。14.配送：指物流企業(yè)或部門采用網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代化的硬件設(shè)備、軟件系統(tǒng)及先進(jìn)的管理手段，針對(duì)社會(huì)需求，嚴(yán)格地、守信用地按用戶的訂貨要求，進(jìn)行一系列分類、編配、整理、分工、配貨等理貨工作，定時(shí)、定點(diǎn)、定量地交給沒有范圍限度的各類用戶，滿足其對(duì)商品的需求。15.共用物流信息

4、平臺(tái).也稱為區(qū)域物流為企業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)提供滿足需求,支撐企業(yè)信息功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。18.定性預(yù)測(cè)方法：是指主要依據(jù)調(diào)查研究，采用少量數(shù)據(jù)和直觀材料，預(yù)測(cè)人員再利用自己的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，從而對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)象作出預(yù)測(cè)。19.定量預(yù)測(cè)方法:依據(jù)必要的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料,借用一定的數(shù)學(xué)模型,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)象的未來狀態(tài)和性質(zhì)進(jìn)行定量測(cè)算等方法的總稱.20.決策支持系統(tǒng):是一種以計(jì)算機(jī)為工具,應(yīng)用決策科學(xué)及有關(guān)學(xué)科的理論與方法,以人機(jī)交互方法輔助決策者解決半結(jié)構(gòu)化合非結(jié)構(gòu)化決策問題的信息系統(tǒng).21.系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì):是信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)過程中的一個(gè)重要階段,是在系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃“做什么”.“怎么做”的物理設(shè)計(jì)問題。22.系統(tǒng)實(shí)施:是指將系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)階段的結(jié)果在計(jì)算機(jī)

5、上實(shí)現(xiàn),將原來紙面上的、類似于設(shè)計(jì)圖紙的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案轉(zhuǎn)換為可執(zhí)行的系統(tǒng)。(二)問答題:1.。常用的數(shù)據(jù)模型有哪些?1.概念數(shù)據(jù)模型。概念數(shù)據(jù)模型只描述信息的特性和強(qiáng)調(diào)語義，而不涉及信息在計(jì)算機(jī)中的表示，是實(shí)現(xiàn)世界到信息世界的第一層抽象。2.結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)模型。結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)模型直接描述數(shù)據(jù)庫中數(shù)據(jù)的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，這類模型涉及到計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，又稱為基本數(shù)據(jù)模型。2.。什么事數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)？它是由哪些部分組成？1.）數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)是采用數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，是可運(yùn)行的以數(shù)據(jù)庫方式存儲(chǔ)、維護(hù)和向應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)提供數(shù)據(jù)或信息支持的系統(tǒng)。2.）它由計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī)硬件、軟件、數(shù)據(jù)庫管理人員及其他人員所組成。3.。什么是物流信息？物流信息

6、的特點(diǎn)有哪些？1.物流信息指反映物流各種活動(dòng)內(nèi)容的知識(shí)、資料、圖像、數(shù)據(jù)、文件的總稱。它是物流活動(dòng)過程中各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)生成的信息，一般是隨著從生產(chǎn)到消費(fèi)的物流活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生的信息流，與物流過程中的運(yùn)輸、保管、裝卸、包裝等各種職能有機(jī)結(jié)合在一起，是整個(gè)物流活動(dòng)順利進(jìn)行所不可缺少的。2.物流信息除具有信息一般特點(diǎn)外，還具有分布性、動(dòng)態(tài)性、復(fù)雜性的特點(diǎn)。5.。物流信息技術(shù)主要包括哪些？1.EDI技術(shù)；2.GPS/GIS技術(shù)；3.條形碼/射頻技術(shù);4通信技術(shù);5數(shù)據(jù)庫/數(shù)據(jù)倉庫技術(shù);6網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全技術(shù)。6.。什么是自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)?自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)包括哪幾種類型?答: 1.自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)就是應(yīng)用一定的識(shí)別裝置,通過被識(shí)

7、別物品和識(shí)讀裝置之間的接近活動(dòng),自動(dòng)地獲取被識(shí)別物品的相關(guān)信息,并提供給后臺(tái)的計(jì)算機(jī)處理系統(tǒng)來完成相關(guān)后續(xù)處理的一種技術(shù)。2.種類:1條碼技術(shù)2光學(xué)字符識(shí)別3生物識(shí)別技術(shù)4磁條技術(shù)5.IC卡6射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)。7.。條碼技術(shù)按碼制分為幾類?:條碼按碼制分為九類.：UPC碼、EAN碼、交叉25碼、39碼、庫德巴碼、128碼、93碼、49碼、其他碼制。8.。簡述RFID技術(shù)的主要特點(diǎn)。答：RFID是一項(xiàng)易于操控，簡單實(shí)用且特別適合于自動(dòng)化控制的靈活性應(yīng)用技術(shù)，其所具備的獨(dú)特優(yōu)越性是其他識(shí)別技術(shù)無法企及的。它既可支持只讀工作模式也可支持讀寫工作模式，且無需接觸或瞄準(zhǔn)；可自由工作在各種惡劣環(huán)境下；可進(jìn)行高

8、度的數(shù)據(jù)集成。另外，由于該技術(shù)很難被模仿、侵入、使RFID具備了極高的安全防護(hù)能力。9.地理信息系統(tǒng)由哪些部分組成？1計(jì)算機(jī)硬件系統(tǒng)2-軟件系統(tǒng)3地理空間數(shù)據(jù)4人員。10.應(yīng)用型地理信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容是什么？1系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)2數(shù)據(jù)庫詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)3系統(tǒng)功能設(shè)計(jì)4應(yīng)用模型和方法設(shè)計(jì)5輸入、輸出設(shè)計(jì)。11、GIS物流分析軟件集成了哪些模型？1車輛路線模型2網(wǎng)絡(luò)物流3分配集成4設(shè)施定位- 。12、網(wǎng)絡(luò)GPS的特點(diǎn)是什么？1成本較低2功能多、精度高、覆蓋面廣3定位速度快，有力地保障了物流運(yùn)輸企業(yè)能夠在業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)作上提高反應(yīng)速度，降低車輛空駛率、降低運(yùn)作成本，滿足客戶需要4.信息傳輸采用了GSM/GPRS公用數(shù)

9、字移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)，具有保密性高、系統(tǒng)容量大、抗干擾能力強(qiáng)、漫游性能好、移動(dòng)業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)可靠等優(yōu)點(diǎn)；同時(shí)容易實(shí)現(xiàn)有權(quán)限的信息透明化。5.構(gòu)筑在國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)這一最大的網(wǎng)上公共平臺(tái)上，具有開放度高、資源共享程度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。13、3G物流背誦監(jiān)護(hù)的功能有哪些？1.車輛跟蹤2路線的規(guī)劃和導(dǎo)航3指揮調(diào)度4信息查詢5緊急救援14.試述倉儲(chǔ)管理信息系統(tǒng)的作用。1為倉庫作業(yè)全過程提供自動(dòng)化的全面記錄的途徑2改變傳統(tǒng)上的固定貨位，實(shí)現(xiàn)全庫隨機(jī)儲(chǔ)存，從而最大限度利用倉容；3提高發(fā)貨的質(zhì)量和正確性，減少斷檔和退貨，提高顧客的滿意度4為倉庫的所有活動(dòng)、資源和庫存水平提供即時(shí)的正確信息。15.。試述運(yùn)輸管理信息系統(tǒng)的功能。1.配載調(diào)

10、度： 1)線路選擇 2)配載規(guī)劃 3)車輛調(diào)度。2.運(yùn)輸過程控制管理。3.運(yùn)輸資源管理。4.跟蹤調(diào)度：1)應(yīng)用MCA的車輛運(yùn)行管理系統(tǒng)2)應(yīng)用GPS等技術(shù)的車輛運(yùn)行管理系統(tǒng)。16.試述信息系統(tǒng)在供應(yīng)鏈管理中的作用。1.消除“牛鞭效應(yīng)”2可以使企業(yè)保持現(xiàn)有的客戶關(guān)系3促進(jìn)企業(yè)管理技術(shù)的推廣和管理思想的更新4使企業(yè)提高業(yè)務(wù)量5.可使企業(yè)吸引新客戶，拓展新業(yè)務(wù)。17.什么是物流信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)化？物流信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)化有什么特點(diǎn)？特點(diǎn)：1網(wǎng)絡(luò)專業(yè)性強(qiáng)2信息來源的廣泛性3地域的廣泛性4網(wǎng)上信息實(shí)時(shí)性、動(dòng)態(tài)性強(qiáng)。18.。試述電子自動(dòng)訂貨系統(tǒng)的流程。1.在零售店的終端利用條碼閱讀器獲取準(zhǔn)備采購的商品條碼，并在終端機(jī)上輸入

11、訂貨種類；利用電話線通過調(diào)制調(diào)解器傳到批發(fā)商的計(jì)算機(jī)中。2.批發(fā)商開出提貨傳票,并根據(jù)傳票,同時(shí)開出揀貨單,實(shí)施揀貨,然后根據(jù)送貨傳票進(jìn)行商品發(fā)貨。3.送貨傳票上的資料便稱為零售商的應(yīng)付賬款資料及批發(fā)商的應(yīng)收賬款資料。4.將送貨傳票上的資料并接到應(yīng)收賬款的系統(tǒng)中去。5.零售商對(duì)送到的貨物進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)后，便可以陳列與銷售了。19.。簡述POS的系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成。1.POS系統(tǒng)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)主要依賴于計(jì)算機(jī)處理信息的體系結(jié)構(gòu)。目前大多采用由收款機(jī)、微機(jī)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)成的POS系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)的硬件主要包括收款機(jī)、掃描器、顯示器、打印機(jī)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、微機(jī)與硬件平臺(tái)等。2.POS的軟件系統(tǒng)組成包括前臺(tái)POS銷售系統(tǒng)和后臺(tái)MIS信息管

12、理系統(tǒng)兩大部分。其中前臺(tái)POS銷售軟件具有的功能有：日常銷售、交班結(jié)算、退貨、支持各種付款方式及即時(shí)糾錯(cuò)等。后臺(tái)MIS軟件則具有以下功能：商品入庫管理、商品調(diào)價(jià)管理。商品銷售管理、單據(jù)票證管理、報(bào)表打印管理、完善的分析功能、數(shù)據(jù)維護(hù)管理及銷售預(yù)測(cè)等。20.。常用的定性預(yù)測(cè)方法有哪些？1一般預(yù)測(cè)2市場(chǎng)調(diào)查3小組共識(shí)4德爾菲法5情景分析法。22.。試述決策支持系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)組成部分及其功能。1.人機(jī)對(duì)話子系統(tǒng)2.數(shù)據(jù)庫子系統(tǒng)3.模型庫子系統(tǒng)4.方法庫子系統(tǒng)。23.。物流信息系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)方法有哪些？1.結(jié)構(gòu)化生命周期法2.原型開發(fā)法3.面對(duì)對(duì)象的開發(fā)法4.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助系統(tǒng)開發(fā)方法。24.。試述物流信息系統(tǒng)的

13、開發(fā)過程。1.系統(tǒng)開發(fā)準(zhǔn)備2.系統(tǒng)調(diào)查3.系統(tǒng)分析4.系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)5.系統(tǒng)實(shí)施與轉(zhuǎn)換 6.系統(tǒng)維護(hù)和評(píng)價(jià)。25.。物流信息系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行管理包括哪些內(nèi)容？1.日常管理與維護(hù)2.系統(tǒng)文檔規(guī)范管理3.系統(tǒng)安全與保密管理。Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as wel

14、l as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michae

15、l Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of t

16、he court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 2

17、9.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation

18、color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ba

19、ll) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the inte

20、nsity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the oppo

21、site ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport wit

22、h limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their

23、 friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, ligh

24、t, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball ha

25、d to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of p

26、layers; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymna

27、sium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the Un

28、ited States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The fi

29、rst basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; it

30、s construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups

31、 abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation

32、of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, baske

33、tball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963,

34、 and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their pr

35、ofessional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of t

36、he WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976.

37、 Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and thi

38、s league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on

39、a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost

40、 ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketbal

41、l Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soc

42、cer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game w

43、as played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble

44、 was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that fou

45、r fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and thro

46、ughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams

47、, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts

48、 in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, alth

49、ough it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philade

50、lphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics att

51、ention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh a

52、ll made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision

53、that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York

54、 its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot a

55、nd encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion.

56、Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige fo

57、r some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet ta

58、ll and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocki

59、ng a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seri

60、ously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a di