1、最新2022年雅思考試閱讀模擬試題及答案County continuation records has examined and approved the draft, spirit, believe, comprehensive Yearbook of zhuanglang already prepared draft, entered the phase of evaluation. Civil air defense workCounty continuation records has examined and approved the draft, spirit, believe,

2、comprehensive Yearbook of zhuanglang already prepared draft, entered the phase of evaluation. Civil air defense workCounty continuation records has examined and approved the draft, spirit, believe, comprehensive Yearbook of zhuanglang already prepared draft, entered the phase of evaluation. Civil ai

3、r defense work2022年雅思考試閱讀模擬試題及答案(一)Published online： Nov 9th 2022From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit peoples herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfarebut it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the

4、aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence (that is， ho

5、w ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to

6、increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani a

7、nd Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what ot

8、hers are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmanis supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a cus

9、tomer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmanis “swarm-moves model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need

10、 to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right productthat is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been install

11、ed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way.

12、Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， the

13、y followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shop

14、s called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exp

15、loit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can s

16、till be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops， products shelved at a more visible level sell better

17、even if they are more _.3. According to Mr. Usmani， with the use of “swarm intelligence phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store， shoppers might be tempted to buy _.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _ is high， other custome

18、rs tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves model， shopowners do not have to give customers _ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the st

19、atement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranke

20、d high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in e

21、veryday life.Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes

22、them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying

23、 using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting

24、goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmanis “swarm- mo

25、ves model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some

26、supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短語 “get under way的意思是“開始進行，在Wal-Mart的試驗要等到春天才開始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中沒有提及該信息)9. 答案：YES。 (第5段第3 句：The reseachers found that when people could s

27、ee the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded， they followed the crowd.)10. 答案：NO。 (第5段最后兩句：When the songs are not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus fo

28、llow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的詞義是“顯著的、明顯的)11. 答案：YES。 (第6段第1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)12. 答案：YES。 (最后一段最后一句：Even in the privacy

29、of your home， you can still be part of the swarm. home應該算是everyday life的一局部)2022年雅思考試閱讀模擬試題及答案(二)Rogue theory of smell gets a boost1. A controversial theory of how we smell， which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics， has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.2

30、. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.3. Thats still some way from proving that the theory， proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Tu

31、rin， is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.4. “This is a big step forward， says Turin， who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory， “it has been ignored rather than criticized.5. Most scientists h

32、ave assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules， which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular lock and key process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the bodys detection systems： it is how some parts of the immune system re

33、cognise invaders， for example， and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.6. But Turin argued that smell doesnt seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different such as alcohols， which smell like spirits， and thiols， which smell like rotten eggs. And m

34、olecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly， some molecules can smell different to animals， if not necessarily to humans simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass)。7. Turins explanation for these smell

35、y facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecules shape， but by its vibrations， which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could

36、initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different： their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turins mechanism， says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team， is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.9. Vi

37、bration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. “The question is whether this is possible in the nose， says Stonehams colleague， Andrew Horsfield.10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turins idea， while

38、 Turin was himself based at UCL， “I didnt believe it。 But， he adds， “because it was an interesting idea， I thought I should prove it couldnt work. I did some simple calculations， and only then began to feel Luca could be right. Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly， in a

39、paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known， but the researchers could estimate these

40、 parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.13. Bu

41、t Horsfield stresses that thats different from a proof of Turins idea. “So far things look plausible， but we need proper experimental verification. Were beginning to think about what experiments could be performed.14. Meanwhile， Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. “At Flexitral we have been

42、 designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations， he says. “Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition. At the very least， he is putting his money where his nose is.(668 words Nature)Questions 1-4Do the following statements a

43、gree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the writerFALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage1. The result of the study at UCL agrees with Turins theory.2. The study at UCL c

44、ould conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.3. Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory was ignored.4. The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.Questions 5-9Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE

45、 WORDS for each answer.5. The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by _.6. Turins company is based in _.7. Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our _.8. Different isotopes can smell different when _ weigh differently.9. According to Audrew H

46、orsfield， it is still to be proved that _ could really occur in human nose.Question 10-12Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.10. Whats the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?11. What is the next step of the UCL teams study?12.

47、 What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turins company?(by Zhou Hong)Answer Keys and Explanations1. T 見第一段?！癵ive sth the thumbs up為“接受“的意思。2. F 見第三段。 “Thats still some way from proving that the theory， proposed in the mid- 1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin， is correct.意即“現(xiàn)在尚無法證實生物物理學家

48、Luca在九十年代中期提出的理論是否正確。3. NG4. T 見第六段 “Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different such as alcohols， which smell like spirits， and thiols， which smell like rotten eggs.“identical 一詞是“完全相同的意思。這句話是說alcohols和thiols的分子結(jié)構(gòu)看起來一樣，但是它們的味道卻相去甚遠。5. Luca Turin 文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的理論即人類的鼻子是通過感覺氣味分子

49、的震動來分辨氣味的。6. Virginia 見第四段。7. tongue 見第五段 “This molecular lock and key process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the bodys detection systems： it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders， for example， and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.8. the atoms 見第八段 “This would expl

50、ain why isotopes can smell different： their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.9. vibration-assisted electron tunneling 見第九段 “The question is whether this is possible in the nose， says Stonehams colleague， Andrew Horsfield. 句中的代詞“this指句首的“vibration-assisted electron tunneling

51、。10. Andrew Horsfield 見第九段結(jié)尾。11.proper experimental verification 見第十三段。12.their computed vibrations 見第十四段。2022年雅思考試閱讀模擬試題及答案(三)1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confiden

52、t that drugs to boost levels of good cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib， a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins

53、(HDLs)。 In a trial of 15000 patients， a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because

54、earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. “There have been no red flags to my knowledge， says John Chapman， a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also st

55、udied torcetrapib. “This cancellation came as a complete shock.4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs， which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically， torcetrapib blocks a protei

56、n called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)， which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density， plaque-promoting ones. Statins， in contrast， mainly work by lowering the bad low-density lipoproteins.Under pressure5. Researchers are now trying to work out wh

57、y and how the drug backfired， something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of

58、the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation， it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs th

59、at are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed， says Moti Kashyap， who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach， California. When HDL

60、s excrete cholesterol in the liver， they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP， which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL， might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. “Youre blocking a physiologic mechanism