書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南寧學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Fourgeneralconditionsseentobenecessaryfortheaccumulationofrecoverablequantitiesofpetroleum:(1)stratacontainingorganicmattertoprovidesourcesforpetroleumformation,sinceoilisprobablyformedbythedecompositionofmarineorganisms;(2)rockswithopeningstoserveasporousreservoirsfororganicmatterwhichhasbeenburied;(3)impermeablelayersofrocksontopofthereservoirrockstopreventtheescapeofcrudeoil;and(4)suitableelevatedstructurefeaturestoallowtheoil,water,andgastoseparate.Anticlines,faults,unconformities,domes,saltorsculptureplugs,buriedcoralreefsandadditionalstratigraphictrapsarestructuralfeatureswhichmayincludeoilifthefirstthreeprerequisitesarealsomet.

Petroleumisamixtureofhydrocarbonsformedastinymarineanimalsarecoveredbymud,silt,andsands.Thesandsandmuds,whichweredepositedontheshoresofancientseas,thenweresubjectedthepressuresofotherdepositsabovethemandturnedintosand-stoneandshale.Themarineorganicmatterheldinthesandandmudslowlyturnedintocrudeoil.Moreorganicmatterispreservedinfinesedimentsbecausetheyweregenerallydepositedindeep,quietwater.Petroleumoftenaccumulatesinshale,butoilcannotordinarilybeextractedincommercialquantitiesfromshalebecauseitisnotporousenoughtofurnishanadequatereservoirforeasyrecovery.Therefore,petroleumismorecommonlypumpedfrompetroleumbearingporoussandstonesandlimestoneknownaspetroliferousbeds.

Petroleumfieldsandreserveareasareirregularlydistributedthroughouttheworld.Irregulardistributionofpetroleumfromplacetoplaceandeconomicdifferenceshavecombinedtoproduceaninterestingcontrastbetweenmajorproducingareasandregionswithgreatreserves.Forexample,aboutone-halfoftheworld’sestimatedpetroleumreserveslieintheNearEast(oftenreferredtoastheMiddleEastorMidEast)inIran,Iraq,Kuwait,Bahrein,Qatar,SaudiArabia,theNeutralZones,andTurkey.However,thesecombinedcountriesnormallyproduceaboutone-fourthofworld’soutput.Unstablepoliticalconditions,inaccessiblelocations,lackofcapitalandtechnicalknow-how,arestrictiveclimaticenvironment,amongotherhandicaps,havecombinedtoreducepotentialoutput.ThetruesignificanceoftheNearEastinthepetroleumindustryliesnotonlyinpresentproductionbutalsointhegreatreservesyettobedeveloped.

TheUnitedStatesisboththelargestproducerandlargestconsumerofpetroleum.TheMidContinentProvince,whichincludesmuchofTexas,Oklahoma,Kansas,andSoutheasternNewMexicoproducesalmostone-halfoftheUnitedStatesoutput.Otherimportantpetroleum-producingdistrictsinclude:theGulfCoastProvinceofTexasandLouisiana,theCaliforniaProvince,theRockyMountainProvince,theIllinois-IndianaProvince,andtheMichiganProvince.SomeauthorsconsiderthePermianBasinofWestTexasandNewMexicoasaseparatepetroleumprovince.

VenezuelanormallyrankssecondtotheUnitedStatesinpetroleumproduction.MostofitsproductionoccursaroundtheshoresofLakeMaracaibo,althoughrecentdiscoveriesnearthemouthandmiddlecourseoftheOrinocoRiverareimportant.Russiaisthethirdrankingproducerofpetroleum.RussianoilproductionisconcentratedonthewesternslopesoftheCaspianSeanearBakuandGrozny,andnearUfaintheVolgaRiverValleyandonthewesternslopesoftheUralMountains.

Iran,lrag,Arabia,Kuwait,Bahrein,Qatar,theNeutralZoneandTurkeytogetherproduceaboutone-fourthoftheworld’spetroleum.Mostoftheremainderoftheworld’soilisproducedinIndonesia,Mexico,andRumania.Manyothercountriesproducesmalleramounts,buttheyaregenerallyinsignificantintheiroverallcontributiontotheworldoilpicture.

21.Petroliferousbeds（）.

22.TheLargestconsumerofpetroleumproductsis（）.

23.TheoutputoftheMiddleEastcountrieshasbeenlimitedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

24.LakeMaracaibo’soilreserves（）.

25.TheimportanceoftheMiddleEastoilfields（）.

26.Petroleumiscreatedby（）.

27.Sandstoneiscreatedby（）.

28.Wemayassumethatscientistsarelookingfor（）.

29.OnereasonwhytheUnitedStatesisthelargestconsumerofpetroleumproductsisthat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.arecomposedofshale

B.areusuallymadeofsandstoneandlimestone

C.containmarinelife

D.arenotdesirablebecausetheoilcannotbeextractedcommercially

E.areuniformlythroughouttheworld

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Venezuela

B.theUnitedStates

C.Russia

D.theMiddleEast

E.Indonesia

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.lackoftrainedengineers

B.politicalupheavals

C.lackofshippingfacilities

D.thehotclimate

E.shaledeposits

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.areVenezuela’sonlysourceofoil

B.areinferiortotheoildepositsneartheOrinocoRiver

C.makeVenezuelaagreateroilproducerthantheMiddleEastcountries

D.makeVenezuelaindependentoftheUnitedStates

E.arebeingdepleted

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.liesintheiruseafterlocalsuppliesareexhausted

B.willgrowwithgreatertechnology

C.makescordialinternationalrelationshipswiththeArabsdifficult

D.isdiminishedbytheamountofoilintheUnitedStates

E.islimitedbytheArabiandesert

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.manufactureofhydrocarbons

B.decompositionofmarinelife

C.impermeablelayersofrocks

D.sculptureplugs

E.theseparationofoil,water,andgas

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.pressure

B.heat

C.volcanicaction

D.earthquakes

E.impermeablelayers

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.newoildeposits

B.acheapandeffectivewayofextractingoilfromshale

C.newusesforpetroleumproducts

D.waysofimprovingrelationswiththeNearEast

E.anotherLakeMaracaibo

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.wehavemoreautomobilesthananyothercountry

B.weheatourhomeswithoil

C.wearethelargestproducers

D.fourstatesproducemorethanonehalfofouroutput

E.wedonotneedtotravelthousandsofmilestotheNearEastforouroil

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:E

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:B

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:C

【解析】21.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】根據(jù)第二段的首句Petroleumisamixtureofhydrocarbonsformedastinymarineanimalsarecoveredbymud,silt,andsands.Thesandsandmuds,whichweredepositedontheshoresofancientseas,thenweresubjectedthepressuresofotherdepositsabovethemandturnedintosand-stoneandshale.（石油是一種碳?xì)浠衔锏幕旌衔?，形成于微小的海洋?dòng)物被泥土、淤泥和沙子覆蓋的時(shí)候。沉積在古代海岸上的沙和泥，受到上面其他沉積物的壓力，變成了砂巖和頁(yè)巖）因此，選擇C選項(xiàng)“包含海洋生物”，A選項(xiàng)“由頁(yè)巖組成”，B選項(xiàng)“通常是由砂巖和石灰石構(gòu)成的”，D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)槭蜔o(wú)法進(jìn)行商業(yè)開(kāi)采而不受歡迎”，原文沒(méi)有提到，E選項(xiàng)“世界各地都是統(tǒng)一的”，根據(jù)原文第三段首句Petroleumfieldsandreserveareasareirregularlydistributedthroughouttheworld.（世界各地油田和儲(chǔ)量分布不均）可知E選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。因此，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

22.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第四段的首句TheUnitedStatesisboththelargestproducerandlargestconsumerofpetroleum.（美國(guó)既是最大的石油生產(chǎn)國(guó)，也是最大的石油消費(fèi)國(guó)）可知選擇B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)”，A選項(xiàng)“委內(nèi)瑞拉”，C選項(xiàng)“俄國(guó)”，D選項(xiàng)“中東”，E選項(xiàng)“印度尼西亞”，因此，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

23.【試題答案】E

【試題解析】根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第三段的倒數(shù)第二句Unstablepoliticalconditions,inaccessiblelocations,lackofcapitalandtechnicalknow-how,arestrictiveclimaticenvironment,amongotherhandicaps,havecombinedtoreducepotentialoutput.（不穩(wěn)定的政治條件、無(wú)法進(jìn)入的地點(diǎn)、缺乏資本和技術(shù)知識(shí)、限制性的氣候環(huán)境，以及其他障礙，綜合起來(lái)減少了可能的產(chǎn)出）因此，E選項(xiàng)符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“缺乏訓(xùn)練有素的工程師”，B選項(xiàng)“政治動(dòng)蕩”，C選項(xiàng)“缺少運(yùn)輸設(shè)施”，D選項(xiàng)“炎熱的氣候”，E選項(xiàng)“頁(yè)巖沉積”，因此，E選項(xiàng)符合題意。

24.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第五段的前兩句VenezuelanormallyrankssecondtotheUnitedStatesinpetroleumproduction.MostofitsproductionoccursaroundtheshoresofLakeMaracaibo,althoughrecentdiscoveriesnearthemouthandmiddlecourseoftheOrinocoRiverareimportant.（委內(nèi)瑞拉的石油產(chǎn)量通常僅次于美國(guó)。盡管最近在奧里諾科河河口和中游附近的發(fā)現(xiàn)很重要，但它的大部分產(chǎn)量都發(fā)生在馬拉開(kāi)波湖沿岸。）因此，C選項(xiàng)“使委內(nèi)瑞拉成為比中東國(guó)家更大的產(chǎn)油國(guó)”符合題意。

25.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】根據(jù)題干定位到第三段的最后一句ThetruesignificanceoftheNearEastinthepetroleumindustryliesnotonlyinpresentproductionbutalsointhegreatreservesyettobedeveloped.（近東在石油工業(yè)中的真正意義不僅在于現(xiàn)在，并且生產(chǎn)中還蘊(yùn)藏著巨大的資源有待開(kāi)發(fā)。）因此，可以推斷出科學(xué)家們想找到經(jīng)濟(jì)且有效的方式提取石油，開(kāi)發(fā)潛藏資源。因此，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

26.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第二段的前兩句Petroleumisamixtureofhydrocarbonsformedastinymarineanimalsarecoveredbymud,silt,andsands.Thesandsandmuds,whichweredepositedontheshoresofancientseas,thenweresubjectedthepressuresofotherdepositsabovethemandturnedintosand-stoneandshale.（石油是一種碳?xì)浠衔锏幕旌衔?，形成于微小的海洋?dòng)物被泥土、淤泥和沙子覆蓋的時(shí)候。沉積在古代海岸上的沙和泥，受到上面其他沉積物的壓力，變成了砂巖和頁(yè)巖。）可知泥沙中的海洋有機(jī)物慢慢地變成了原油。因此，B選項(xiàng)“海洋生物的分解”符合題意。

27.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】根據(jù)題干定位到原文的第二段的第二句Thesandsandmuds,whichweredepositedontheshoresofancientseas,thenweresubjectedthepressuresofotherdepositsabovethemandturnedintosand-stoneandshale.（沉積在古代海岸上的沙和泥，受到上面其他沉積物的壓力，變成了砂巖和頁(yè)巖）因此，A選項(xiàng)“由于壓力”符合題意。

28.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段的最后一句ThetruesignificanceoftheNearEastinthepetroleumindustryliesnotonlyinpresentproductionbutalsointhegreatreservesyettobedeveloped.（近東在石油工業(yè)中的真正意義不僅在于目前的產(chǎn)量，而且在于有待開(kāi)發(fā)的巨大儲(chǔ)量。）因此科學(xué)家們肯定是想找尋一種經(jīng)濟(jì)且有效的方式去提取石油，因此，B選項(xiàng)“一種從頁(yè)巖中提取石油的廉價(jià)而有效的方法”符合題意。

29.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第四段的首句，TheUnitedStatesisboththelargestproducerandlargestconsumerofpetroleum.（美國(guó)是最大的石油生產(chǎn)國(guó)，也是最大的石油消費(fèi)國(guó)。）因此，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.單選題

WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.

Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlymounttoabout7percentofitsover-allresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience…tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrun,ratherthantoimproveit.”

1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis________.

2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheImportanceofBasicResearch

B.Roentgen’sIgnoranceofX-rays

C.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearch

D.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.providesbetterunderstanding

B.offersimmediateprofit

C.drivesoutbasicresearch

D.solvespracticalproblems

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。

1.首尾段核心句

首段第一句提出問(wèn)題：WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?（為什么基金會(huì)集中支持基礎(chǔ)研究而不是應(yīng)用研究？），具體介紹基礎(chǔ)研究。尾段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.（應(yīng)用研究是為了解決具體的實(shí)際問(wèn)題而進(jìn)行的，它具有吸引力，因?yàn)榭梢灾苯涌吹胶拖硎艹晒?。），具體講述應(yīng)用研究。這篇文章分別介紹了這兩種研究并且進(jìn)行對(duì)比，由此推斷本文的主旨是“基礎(chǔ)研究與應(yīng)用研究”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.分析文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)

本文的行文邏輯是“A—B”，分別講述基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

排除干擾項(xiàng)

A選項(xiàng)“基礎(chǔ)研究的重要性”：基礎(chǔ)研究?jī)H僅是第一段的內(nèi)容，不足以概括全文，屬于以偏概全。

B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)X射線(xiàn)的不了解”：關(guān)鍵詞X-rays對(duì)應(yīng)第一段最后一句discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine，這個(gè)例子用來(lái)支持上一句thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated（往往無(wú)法預(yù)料基礎(chǔ)研究的實(shí)際應(yīng)用），不足以概括全文，屬于以偏概全。

C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)用研究的吸引力”：這里只總結(jié)了第二段，也屬于以偏概全。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

精確定位

根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第三句Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly（撇開(kāi)用于工業(yè)研究的資金不談——工業(yè)研究自然更關(guān)心應(yīng)用方面，因?yàn)檫@些能迅速帶來(lái)利益），可知工業(yè)界因?yàn)閼?yīng)用研究帶來(lái)的好處而關(guān)注它，B選項(xiàng)“立刻帶來(lái)利益”正確。

排除干擾項(xiàng)

A選項(xiàng)“幫助更好地理解”：根據(jù)第一段第三句Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.（基礎(chǔ)研究的目標(biāo)是為了理解而理解。），可知這指的是基礎(chǔ)研究而不是應(yīng)用研究，屬于張冠李戴。

C選項(xiàng)“排斥基礎(chǔ)研究”：根據(jù)第二段第五句Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.（除非提供充分的保障措施，應(yīng)用研究往往會(huì)排斥基礎(chǔ)研究。），這里指出的是基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究的關(guān)系，沒(méi)有解釋題干的原因，屬于偷換概念。

D選項(xiàng)“解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題”：根據(jù)第二段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractiveness（應(yīng)用研究是為了解決具體的實(shí)際問(wèn)題而進(jìn)行的，它具有直接的吸引力），這里講的是應(yīng)用研究的目的，也就是吸引研究人員的原因，并不等工業(yè)界喜歡應(yīng)用研究的原因，屬于偷換概念。

3.單選題

Thecountryisnowundergoinganeconomic（

）inwhichbusinessactivityisgreatlyreducedandtheunemploymentrateishigh.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.flourish

B.accession

C.sanction

D.recession

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。flourish意為“繁榮，昌盛”；accession意為“增加”；sanction意為“制裁，處罰”；recession意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，不景氣”。

句意：這個(gè)國(guó)家正遭受?chē)?yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，商業(yè)活動(dòng)大大減少，失業(yè)率很高。

4.單選題

Theproblemshouldbediscussedfirst,forittakes（）overalltheotherissues.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.presumption

B.prosperity

C.precedence

D.probability

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。presumption“放肆，傲慢；推測(cè)”；prosperity“繁榮，成功”；precedence“優(yōu)先；居先”；probability“可能性”。根據(jù)前半句“這個(gè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)該最先被討論”可知這個(gè)問(wèn)題優(yōu)先于其他的，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.單選題

Amongpicturebooksfor4-8yearsold,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith（）illustrations.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.imaginable

B.imaginative

C.imaging

D.imageless

【答案】B

【解析】imaginable可能的，可想象的；imaginative想象的，虛構(gòu)的；imaging成像；imageless無(wú)意象的。句意為“把故事原形與充分的想象相結(jié)合”。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

6.單選題

Thedoctorsdon’t（）thatthepatientwilllivemuchlonger.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.monitor

B.manifest

C.articulate

D.anticipate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)monitor“監(jiān)視”；B選項(xiàng)manifest“表明”；C選項(xiàng)articulate“清晰地表達(dá)”；D選項(xiàng)anticipate“預(yù)計(jì)”。句意：醫(yī)生們預(yù)計(jì)那位病人活不了太久了。本句表示預(yù)計(jì)病人的存活時(shí)間，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

EventhoughCochranbeatMcDanielbymore6,000votesinthenationalelection,thelatterdidn’t（）,complainingthatAfricanAmericansvotingforCochranlosthimtherace.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tangle

B.concede

C.torment

D.stalk

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)tangle表示“（和……）爭(zhēng)吵；打架；使纏結(jié)在一起”；B選項(xiàng)concede表示“讓步，承認(rèn)，退讓”；C選項(xiàng)torment表示“折磨，痛苦，捉弄”；D選項(xiàng)stalk表示“追蹤，偷偷接近”。根據(jù)eventhough可判斷前后兩句為讓步關(guān)系，由后文“complainingthatAfricanAmericansvotingforCochranlosthimtherace”可知，McDaniel抱怨是非洲裔美國(guó)人投票給Cochran才導(dǎo)致他輸?shù)袅烁?jìng)選，說(shuō)明他依然對(duì)這件事耿耿于懷，可見(jiàn)他并不承認(rèn)失敗。因此，本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

8.單選題

IX.ForensicAppraisal

Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.

Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.AccordingtotheconventionalunderstandingofSBS,theapplicationofrotationalaccelerationanddecelerationforcestotheinfant’sheadcausesthebraintorotateintheskull.Abruptdecelerationallowscontinuingbrainrotationuntilbridgingveinsarestretchedandruptured,causingathinlayerofsubduralhaemorrhageonthesurfaceofthebrain.Retinalhemorrhageswerethoughttoresultfromasimilarcausalmechanism.Mostsignificantly,thetriadofsymptomswasbelievedtobedistinctlycharacteristicofviolentshaking.

Despiteitslingeringpresenceinthepopularimagination,thescientificunderpinningsofSBShavecrumbledoverthepastdecadeasthemedicalestablishmenthasdeliberatelydiscardedadiagnosisdefinedbyshaking.Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace,doctorsarenowinwidespreadagreementthatSBSisanunhelpfulcharacterization,andthatthepresenceofretinalhemorrhagesandsubduralhematomacannotconclusivelyprovethatinjurywasinflicted.

Althoughitmaybetemptingtoconcludesimplythatscienceevolves,andleavetheinquirythere,thestoryismorecomplex;anobjectlessoninscientificoverreachingandthechallengeofcorrection.

AnumberofforcescoalescedtotransformSBSfromacertaindiagnosisintoitscurrentstateofflux.Mostimportantly,inthemid-tolate-1990s,medicalresearch,includingtheSBSliterature,becamesubjecttoaheightenedlevelofscrutiny.Thenewevidence-basedmedicinestandardsrequireddoctorstoderivetheirresearchfrommethodsthatarescientificandstatisticallyrigorous.Thechangetriggeredareviewoftheevidencesupportinganumberofareasofmedicine,andincludedacomprehensiveefforttoexaminethescienceunderlyingSBS.

Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.

83.OnelearnsfromtheparagraphsthatSBSis___.

84.Thepresenceofthefollowingsyndromesmakesthedoctorsbelievethatababywasshakenhard,except___.

85.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thefollowingstatementisNOTcorrect___.

86.Onecanforeseethataftertherecentresearchresultbasedonevidence,___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.adiseasethatcanbecaughtbyababy

B.asyndromethatcourtsusetochargeadefendantforababy’sdeath

C.asyndromethatdoctorslookattodeterminethecauseofababy’sdeath

D.anewdiscovery

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thebabywaslessthanoneyearold

B.retinalhemorrhaging

C.subduralhematoma

D.cerebraledema

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

B.thepreviousconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBSwasnotcorrect

C.theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinadifferentresult

D.themedicalliteraturepublishedafter1998containedadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theprosecutionofSBSdefendantwillnolongerexist

B.thepastconvictionofSBSwilldefinitelybeannouncedtobeerror

C.therewillprobablybechallengetopastconvictionforcorrection

D.doctorsaregoingtoabandonthetermSBS

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】83.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段第一句Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.（作為一個(gè)絕對(duì)的問(wèn)題，嬰兒搖晃綜合征的科學(xué)不再支持在三聯(lián)征案件中無(wú)可置疑地找到證據(jù)——這些案件代表了大量SBS起訴）以及最后一段Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.（將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)顯著的決定：1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問(wèn)題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知SBS是用來(lái)控訴被告造成嬰兒死亡的一種綜合征，選B選項(xiàng)“法庭用來(lái)指控被告造成嬰兒死亡的一種綜合癥”；A選項(xiàng)“一種可以被嬰兒傳染的疾病”，B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生通過(guò)觀察確定嬰兒死亡原因的一種綜合癥”和D選項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)”原文未涉及，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

84.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.（在過(guò)去，僅僅存在視網(wǎng)膜出血、硬膜下血腫和腦水腫就被認(rèn)為是嬰兒受到了足夠大的震動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生了所謂的鞭打力）可知B選項(xiàng)“視網(wǎng)膜出血”，C選項(xiàng)“硬膜下血腫”以及D選項(xiàng)“腦水腫”這些癥狀的存在使醫(yī)生相信嬰兒被用力搖晃，不符合題意，排除；A選項(xiàng)“嬰兒不到一歲”原文未涉及，符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

85.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問(wèn)題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知A選項(xiàng)“1998年以前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法得出確定的結(jié)論”和B選項(xiàng)“先前關(guān)于與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問(wèn)題的大多數(shù)方面的結(jié)論是不正確的”描述正確，最后一段開(kāi)頭Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination（將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)顯著的決定），結(jié)合下文可知這個(gè)顯著的決定和以往的內(nèi)容不同，因此C選項(xiàng)“將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)產(chǎn)生了不同的結(jié)果”描述正確；D選項(xiàng)“1998年之后出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了足夠的科學(xué)證據(jù)來(lái)得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論”在最后一段未提及，屬于過(guò)度推斷。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

86.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段最后一句Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.（簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，這里的變化增加了過(guò)去錯(cuò)誤的真正可能性）以及最后一段最后一句themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無(wú)法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問(wèn)題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知最近的研究結(jié)果可能會(huì)讓過(guò)去的定罪產(chǎn)生質(zhì)疑，選C選項(xiàng)“可能會(huì)對(duì)過(guò)去的定罪提出質(zhì)疑”，A選項(xiàng)“SBS被告的起訴將不復(fù)存在”和B選項(xiàng)“SBS過(guò)去的定罪肯定會(huì)被宣布為錯(cuò)誤”屬于過(guò)度推斷，排除；第三段Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace...（雖然沒(méi)有一個(gè)單獨(dú)的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)代替它……）只能推斷出沒(méi)有另外的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)代替SBS，無(wú)法得知SBS是否會(huì)被醫(yī)生放棄，D選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生們將放棄術(shù)語(yǔ)SBS”不符合原文，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Intheprocessofacquiringknowledge,asmuchcanbelearnedfromseekingasfromfinding,fromjourneysasfrom（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.travel

B.destination

C.instruction

D.seeking

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)句意可知,“seeking”和“finding”相對(duì),那么填空處的詞應(yīng)該與“journeys”相對(duì),首先排除選項(xiàng)D;其次選項(xiàng)A與之意思相同,也可排除;選項(xiàng)C不符合句意;只有選項(xiàng)B正確。

10.翻譯題

1.根據(jù)牛頓的發(fā)現(xiàn),白光是所有可見(jiàn)光疊加而成的。這就是加色概念的典型例子。例如去掉藍(lán)色色調(diào),白光就會(huì)變?yōu)辄S色,還有其他例子等等。然而當(dāng)把顏料的所有顏色混合,我們會(huì)得到黑色,這就是典型的減色理論,黑色代表所有顏色都存在。加色是透射光的領(lǐng)域的概念,減色是色素、染料和化學(xué)品的領(lǐng)域的概念。

2.但是我們對(duì)創(chuàng)新的追求究竟是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)什么呢?創(chuàng)新就是一種重要的新產(chǎn)品或者新程序,或者是一項(xiàng)制度,能夠在實(shí)際生活中大范圍的應(yīng)用,對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)有著革命性的意義,就是以更低成本實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的工作效益。遺憾的是我們現(xiàn)在幾乎把一切事情都用創(chuàng)新來(lái)形容,因?yàn)椴皇撬袆?chuàng)新都能給社會(huì)財(cái)富的増長(zhǎng)和生活的改善提供一個(gè)長(zhǎng)久的平臺(tái)。

3.睡眠問(wèn)題研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),總的來(lái)說(shuō),大多數(shù)人都是隨著年齡的增加,睡眠問(wèn)題卻越來(lái)越少,上了年紀(jì)的人反而對(duì)失眠有更好的承受力。睡眠模式的大多改變都發(fā)生在20歲到60歲之間。那些經(jīng)歷著睡眠問(wèn)題的人,應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生才好。因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)歷的問(wèn)題也許是某種生病的跡象,也許是一些藥物的副作用。

ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】1.AccordingtoNewton,whitelightissuperimposedbyallthepartsofthevisiblespectrum.Thisisatypicalexampleofadditivecolorconcept.Forexample,takeawaythebluehues,andawhitelightwillbecomeyellow,andsoon.However,whenwecombineeverycolorofpaints,wewillgetblack.Thatissubtractivecolortheory,inwhichblackrepresentsthepresenceofallcolors.Addictivecoloristherealmoftransmittedlight,whilesubtractivecoloristherealmofpigments,dyesandchemicals.

2.Butwhatshouldourpursuitofinnovationactuallyaccomplish?Innovationisanimportantnewproduct,newprocess,orperhapsaregulation.Itcanbeappliedonalargescaleinreallife,whichhasasignificantimpactoneconomyandsociety,andthatmeanslowercostforhigherbenefit.Regrettably,wenowuse“innovation”todescribealmostanything,becausenotallinnovationscancreatealong-lastingplatformfortherisingofsocialwealthandtheimprovingoflife.

3.Sleepingproblemresearchersfoundthat,tosumup,mostpeoplehadfewersleepingproblemsastheygrewolder,andolderpeoplehadabettertoleranceforsleepdeprivation.Mostchangesinsleeppatternsoccurredbetweentheagesof20and60.Thosepeoplewhoexperiencesleepingproblemsthatmaybesignsofillnessorsideeffectsofmedicationshouldseeadoctor.

11.單選題

Californiaisalandofvarietyandcontrast.Almosteverytypeofphysicallandfeature,sortofarcticicefieldsandtropicaljunglescanbefoundwithinitsborders.Sharplycontrastingtypesoflandoftenlieveryclosetooneanother.

PeoplelivinginBakersfield,forinstance,canvisitthePacificOceanandthecoastalplain,thefertileSanJoaquinValley,thearidMojaveDesert,andthehighSierraNevada,allwithinaradiusofabout100miles.Inotherareasitispossibletogosnowskiinginthemorningandsurfingintheeveningofthesameday,withouthavingtotravellongdistance.

ContrastaboundsinCalifornia.ThehighestpointintheUnitedStates(outsideAlaska)isinCalifornia,andsoisthelowestpoint(includingAlaska).MountWhitney,14,494feetabovesealevel,isseparatedfromDeathValley,282feetbelowsealevel,byadistanceofonly100miles.Thetwoareashaveadifferenceinaltitudeofalmostthreemiles.

Californiahasdeep,clearmountainlakeslikeLakeTahoe,thedeepestinthecountry,butitalsohasshallow,saltydesertlakes.IthasLakeTulainyo,12,020feetabovesealevel,andthelowestlakeinthecountry,theSaltonSea,236feetbelowsealevel.Someofitslakes,likeOwensLakeinDeathValley,arenotlakesatall:theyaredrieduplakebeds.

Inadditiontomountains,lakes,valleys,deserts,andplateaus,CaliforniahasitsPacificcoastline,stretchinglongerthanthecoastlinesofOregonandWashingtoncombined.

1.WhichofthefollowingisthelowestpointintheUnitedStates?

2.WhereisthehighestpointintheUnitedStateslocated?

3.HowfarawayisDeathValleyfromMountWhitney?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasbeingwithinaradiusofabout100milesofBakersfield?

5.WhichstatementbestdemonstratesthatCaliforniaisalandofvarietyandcontrast?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.LakeTulainyo

B.Mojavedesert

C.DeathValley

D.TheSaltonSea

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.LakeTahoe

B.SierraNevada

C.MountWhitney

D.Alaska

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.about3miles

B.Only100miles

C.282feet

D.14,494feet

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.ThePacificOcean.

B.SanJoaquinValley

C.MojaveDesert

D.OregonandWashington

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ThehighestlakeinCaliforniaisLakeTulainyo

B.ItispossibletogosurfingandsnowskiinginsomepartsofCaliforniawithouthavingtotravellongdistance.

C.SierraNevada,SanJoaquinValley,MojaveDesertandPacificOceanallliewithinaradiusofabout100miles.

D.OwensLake,inDeathValley,isnotreallyalakeatall.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干中的thelowestpoint可以定位在文章描述海拔高度的部分。由文章第三段中的...DeathVolley,282feetbelowsealevel...“死亡谷，低于海平面282英尺?！钡谌翁岬搅嗣绹?guó)的最高點(diǎn)和最低點(diǎn)。故C項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。同樣根據(jù)題干定位在文章第三段中的ThehighestpointintheUnitedStates(outsideAlaska)isinCalifornia,andsoisthelowestpoint(includingAlaska).“(除了阿拉斯加州之外)美國(guó)的最商點(diǎn)就在加利福尼亞，并且(包括阿拉斯加州在內(nèi))美國(guó)的最低點(diǎn)也在加利福尼亞?！庇纱丝梢酝茢喑?，美國(guó)實(shí)際