CollegeEnglishGrammar

---Instruction&Practice大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法----精講與訓(xùn)練玉林師范學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院秦耀詠別有洞天Chapter1緒論語(yǔ)法教學(xué)觀：方向與方法語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)觀：?jiǎn)栴}與練題ContentsQuestionsonGrammarTeaching&Learning1.

語(yǔ)法教學(xué)教什么？如何教？2.語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)什么？怎樣學(xué)？3.語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)展的階段、途徑與方法4.語(yǔ)法練習(xí)的模式與成效5.語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)感悟與反思Contents

TheFrameofaLanguageWordsPhrasessentencesA

LanguageMorphemesContents語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)法的性質(zhì)1.語(yǔ)法的定義：語(yǔ)法是詞的變化規(guī)則和詞組成句的規(guī)則的總和。語(yǔ)法分為詞法、句法兩部分。詞法主要研究詞的分類、各類詞的語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)；句法主要研究句子成分，句子類型等。2.語(yǔ)法的性質(zhì)：語(yǔ)法最重要的性質(zhì)是概括性。語(yǔ)法規(guī)則是從大量的具體語(yǔ)言事實(shí)中抽象概括出來的Contents所以語(yǔ)法規(guī)則具有概括性。

Contents語(yǔ)法形式、意義、范疇1.語(yǔ)法形式：語(yǔ)法形式就是語(yǔ)法的物質(zhì)材料，語(yǔ)法的外部標(biāo)志。2.語(yǔ)法意義：語(yǔ)法形式所表達(dá)的意義，稱為語(yǔ)法意義。如英語(yǔ)名詞加-s,’s表示“復(fù)數(shù)”，“所有格”的意義，也叫語(yǔ)法意義。3.語(yǔ)法范疇：

語(yǔ)法范疇就是同類語(yǔ)法意義的概括。

詞的分類詞類系統(tǒng)英語(yǔ)詞類系統(tǒng)實(shí)詞虛詞名詞動(dòng)詞代詞形容詞副詞

數(shù)詞冠詞連詞介詞感嘆詞

Contents

Chapter2Nouns(名詞）

Definition&Classification(定義與種類）1.DefinitionofNoun(名詞定義)

名詞是用來表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)以及抽事物的名稱的詞(Anounisthenameofapersonorthing)

名詞種類體系專有名詞

普通名詞抽象名詞

物質(zhì)名詞

集合名詞個(gè)體名詞ClassificationofNoun(名詞種類體系：按意義分)

ContentsForexample:

人：John，sister,father,teacher

事物：water;air;sun;computer

地點(diǎn)：London;theater;classroom

抽象事物：love;happiness;imaginationContentsClassificationofNoun(名詞分類：按結(jié)構(gòu)分)名詞分類簡(jiǎn)單名詞復(fù)合名詞派生名詞Contents簡(jiǎn)單名詞(SimpleNoun)

man;egg;table;wood;water;snow;etc.復(fù)合名詞:(CompoundNoun)

classroom;football;motherland;bookworm派生名詞：(DerivativeNoun)

disagreement;teacher;expectation;etc.可數(shù)名詞系統(tǒng)(規(guī)則名詞)可數(shù)名詞一般加-s以s,x,sh,ch.結(jié)尾，加-es以輔音字母+y,y變i,加es以f;fe結(jié)尾，把f,fe,變v,再加es,以輔音字母+o結(jié)尾，一般加es

規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞系統(tǒng)

1.可數(shù)名詞（CountableNoun）規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則大多數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)直接加-s,desk→desks;cat→cats;

house→houses(2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾加-es.

bus→buses；box→boxes(3)以o結(jié)尾的名詞大多加-s,如kilo→kilos;

piano→pianos;radio→radios等。但

hero→heroes;potato→potatoes等一般加-es

(4)以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i再加-es,如family→families;lady→ladies.(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，把f或fe變?yōu)関再加-es,如leaf→leaves;wife→wives;knife→knives.但chief→chiefs;roof→roofs等只加-s(6)專有名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)一般只加-s，如Henry→Henrys;Kennedy→Kennedys

不規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞系統(tǒng)(1)不規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞字母，數(shù)字用作單詞時(shí)，一般加’s年代和縮寫時(shí)，加-s

不規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞體系（1）

(1)字母、數(shù)字被用作單詞時(shí)常加’s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)，如:Your3’slooklike8’s.Mindyourp’sandq’s.(2)年代和縮寫詞的復(fù)數(shù)通常加-s構(gòu)成，有時(shí)也可加’s構(gòu)成，如:1990→1990s/1990’sVIP→VIPs/VIP’s

不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)（2）不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)系統(tǒng)（2）改變名詞元音、輔音單、復(fù)數(shù)同形外來詞保持原有形式復(fù)數(shù)形式有兩種，但意義不同

不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)（2）

2)不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成規(guī)則有些名詞以改變?cè)?、輔音的方法變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如：foot→feet;goose→geese

man→men;child→children;ox→oxen(2)有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：

deer→deer;sheep→sheep;means→means;works→works

(3)有些外來詞保留原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：

analysis→analyses;datum→data;bacterium→bacteria;crisis→crises(4)少數(shù)外來詞有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式，不規(guī)則變化的為科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，而加-s多用于一般場(chǎng)合如：antenna(觸角、天線)→antennae/antennasapparatus(機(jī)構(gòu)、器官)→apparatus/apparatusesContents

(5)少數(shù)外來詞的英語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)形式同原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式意義不同，如：

index→indices(指數(shù))→indexes(索引)genius→genii(妖怪)→geniuses(天才)appendix→appendices(附錄)→

appendixes(盲腸)

5.復(fù)合名詞：復(fù)數(shù)系統(tǒng)

復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)體系將主要名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)由man和woman所構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)，它所修飾的詞，也變復(fù)數(shù)沒有名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，通常把-s加在最后的單詞上

復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1).將主要名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如：

editor-in-chief→editors-in-chieflooker-on→lookers-on2).由man;woman加名詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，需將man;woman及其所修飾的名詞同時(shí)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如:man-doctor→men-doctorswoman-teacher→women-teachers3).沒有名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，通常把-s加在最后一個(gè)詞上，如:grown-up→grown-ups;break-down→break-downsBack學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)練習(xí)導(dǎo)入名詞的格系統(tǒng)名詞的格系統(tǒng)通格屬格

英語(yǔ)的格功能：通格功能：當(dāng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，名詞詞形無變化，此時(shí)稱為通格。屬格功能：當(dāng)名詞在句中表示所有或其他某些關(guān)系時(shí)，稱屬格，可分’s屬格和of屬格。

S屬格系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)預(yù)習(xí)練習(xí)BackS屬格系統(tǒng)S屬格的使用場(chǎng)合s屬格的意義-S屬格使用場(chǎng)合：1.用于人名、有生命的、或視為有生命的東西的名詞：（thestudent’sbooks;thedog’stail;Mary’sfather,etc.）2.用于表示地理、國(guó)家、城市、天體、文化藝術(shù)活動(dòng)、時(shí)間、度量、價(jià)值等名(China’sreform;Beijing’sweather;thesun’slight,aweek’sholidays,etc.)-S屬格的意義：1.表示所有關(guān)系（Mr.Smith’spassporthasbeencheckedup.）2.表示邏輯上主謂關(guān)系（Thevisitor’sarrivalwasreportedintoday’spapers.）3.表示邏輯上動(dòng)賓關(guān)系（Theenemy’sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.）4.表示同位關(guān)系（TomboughtthebookatBrown’s,thebookseller’s.Contents

5.表示與人類活動(dòng)有聯(lián)系的其他關(guān)系（thegirl’sstory→thestoryofthegirl）

名詞的性系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)預(yù)習(xí)練習(xí)Back名詞的性系統(tǒng)陽(yáng)性man;brother陰性woman;girl中性book;sky通性child;worker

名詞的功能系統(tǒng)名詞的功能體系主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)

獨(dú)立成分1.主語(yǔ)：Myfamilyisnowinthecountry.Tomliveson72ndStreet.2.賓語(yǔ)：Weloveoursocialistmotherland.Ibelieveyouareheretoseemydaughter.3.主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：Heisconsideredagoodteacher.Shewastakenforafool.4.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：Theycalledhimahero.TheynamedtheirsonJohn.5.定語(yǔ)：Theairconditioningworkswell.Thisisa

stone

bridge.6.同位語(yǔ)：Smith,ourEnglishteacher,iscomingnow.Monroe,afamousmoviestar,tooksuicide.7.狀語(yǔ)：Thehousecosthim300,000dollars.Afterthat,Marryvisitedtheboyeveryday.8.獨(dú)立成分：Hurryup,Mary!Gowithmyblessing,myfriend!┃語(yǔ)法專練

名詞┃1．—What'sthematter?—Ihavea____.Ihavetogotothedoctor.A．head

B.tooth

C.cold

D.nose2.—What_______doyoulikebetter?—Basketball.A．foodB.subjectC.sportD.musicC

C3.Recently,manypeopledarenoteat________becauseofH7N9(禽流感)．A．eggsorchickensB.eggsorchickenC.eggorchickensD.eggorchicken4.UncleWangboughttwo________formeyesterday.A.breadB.milkC.dictionaryD.watchesBD5.—Hello!IsthatJennyspeaking?—Sorry,I'mafraidyou'vegotthewrong___．

A.numberB.nameC.addressD.message6.—Doyouthinkthe____ofthisskirtsuitsme—Ofcourse!Youalwayslookbeautifulinred.A．sizeB.designC.priceD.colorAD7.You'dbetterreadthe_____firstbeforeyouusethecameraA．websitesB.expressionsC．instructionsD.advertisements8.Thestudentsdidn'tfindmuch____aboutthetopiconthatwebsite.A．reportB.articleC.informationD.storyCC9.—Ihavegreat_____infinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme?—Noproblem.A．funB.successC.adviceD.difficulty10.—Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?—________please.A.TwoglassofwaterB.TwoglassofwatersC.TwocupsofteaD.TwocupsofteasDC11.Kateis______girl.She'sveryhappyatschool.A.aeighteen-year-oldB.aneighteen-year-oldC.aneighteen-years-oldD.aeighteen-years-old12.Afterhehaddonehismath____,hewentouttotake________．A.exercise;exercisesB.exercise;exerciseC.exercises;exerciseD.exercises;exercisesBC[解析]exercise意為“練習(xí)”時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞；意為“鍛煉”時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞。13.Ithinkthathiscomputerismuchbetterthan________．A．a(chǎn)nyoneB．a(chǎn)nyone'sC．a(chǎn)nyoneelseD．a(chǎn)nyoneelse's

[解析]

else是形容詞，意為“其他的，另外的”，修飾不定代詞時(shí)要后置；anyoneelse的名詞所有格為anyoneelse's。D14.—Thepenwriteswell.Wheredidyougetit?—Oh，_____gavemeasabirthdaypresent.A．a(chǎn)workmateofmyfatherB．a(chǎn)workmateofminefather'sC．a(chǎn)workmateofmyfather'sD.aworkmateofminefather15.ThemountainIvisitedlastSundayisn'tvery______.Few____gosightseeingthere.A.tourist;touristsB.touristy;touristC.touristy;touristsD.tourist;touristCC16.Lookatthemanoverthere.Heis____uncle.A．Jim'sandTim'sB.Jim'sandTimC．JimandTimD.JimandTim's17.—Chineseastronautscanalsowalkinspacenow.—Yes,they're____ournation.A．proudof B.pleasedwithC．theprideof D.knownforD

C18.HewasborninItaly,buthehasmadeChinahis_____．A．familyB.addressC．houseD.home19.—How_____isitfromXi'antoDunhuang?—It'slessthan3________flight.A．long;hour'sB.far;hour'sC．long;hours'D.far;hours'DD

Chapter3:Determinative(限定詞)

限定詞定義：限定詞是在名詞短語(yǔ)中起修飾作用并通過多種方式把一個(gè)名詞的所指范圍給予具體說明的一類詞。它們用于名詞之前來表示特指、泛指和定量或是不定量的概念。限定詞種類1.冠詞（定冠詞、不定冠詞、零冠詞）2.物主限定詞(PossessiveDeterminer)3.名詞屬格(GenitiveNoun)4.指示限定詞

(DemonstrativeDeterminer

)5.

關(guān)系限定詞(RelativeDeterminer)6.疑問限定詞

(InterrogativeDeterminer)7.不定限定詞(IndefiniteDeterminer)8.基數(shù)詞(CardinalNumeral)9.序數(shù)詞

(OrdinalNumeral)10.倍數(shù)詞

(MultiplicativeNumeral)11.分?jǐn)?shù)詞

(FractionalNumeral)12.量詞(Quantifier)

限定詞與名詞的搭配1.限定詞(the,some,any,no,other,whose,myyour,our,his,her,its,their)、名詞屬格(myfriend’s)等能與名詞搭配(單數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞)Forexample:thebook,thebooks,somebooks,anymoney,nomoney,John’sfather,whosepen,etc.2.限定詞(a,an,one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha)與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配。Forexample:eachstudent,eitherbook,manyabus,anegg,

suchaboy,anothercar,etc.3.限定詞(both,two,three,anothertwo/three,many,afew,few,several,these,those,anumberof,etc.)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞搭配。Forexample:bothstudents,anothertwoweeks,manyeggs,severalmonths,anumberofbooks,afewpens

4.限定詞(alittle,abitof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,much,less,etc.)與不可數(shù)名名詞搭配。Forexample:muchnoise,alargeamountofmoney,littlespace,abitofwater,lesstime,agreatdealofrice,alittleair,etc.5.限定詞(thefirst,thesecond,thelast,etc.)

與可數(shù)名詞搭配。

Forexample:thefirstrose,thefirstroses,thenextparty,thenextparties,thelastperson,thelastpersons6.限定詞(this,that)與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞搭配

Forexample:thisperson,thatperson,thiswork,thatwork7.限定詞(alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,more,most,such,other)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞搭配。

Forexample:

alotofflowers,lotsofmoney,plentyofdesks,enoughfood,mostpeople,suchbread,moretime,othercountries,etc.8.限定詞與限定詞的搭配英語(yǔ)中，限定詞與限定詞之間也存在著搭配關(guān)系。在名詞詞組中心詞之前如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上限定詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生限定詞的先后順序。按照限定詞與限定詞之間的不同搭配位置可分為前位限定詞、中位限定詞和后位限定詞。1)前位限定詞包括all,both,half,double,etc.2)中位限定詞包括a(n),the,zero,this,that,these,those,my,your,myfather’s,some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,what,which,whose,enough,etc.3)后位限定詞包括one,two,three,first,next,

last,other,another,many,much,afew,etc.4.三類限定詞的搭配關(guān)系如果一個(gè)名詞詞組帶有上類限定詞，其搭配按照“前位→中位→后位”順序排列。

Forexample:allyourthreebooks;alltheselastfewdays5.限定詞的用法1)限定詞such的用法用來復(fù)指上文,指上述一類

Henoticedhernecklace.Suchjewelsmusthavecostthousands,hethought.(2)用來預(yù)指后文（像后面所提及那樣）

SuchpoetsasKeatsandShelleywrote

Romanticpoetry.2)限定詞some和any的用法

some(一些)的用法

可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞連用(2)當(dāng)做“某一”解時(shí)，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用

Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.

Somepersonhasseenyoubreaktherule.

(3)

Some用于其他句式中A:在疑問句中:說話人認(rèn)為對(duì)方的答案會(huì)是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)。在Would

youlike句式中，表委婉請(qǐng)求或建議。

Aretheresomelettersforme?

Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?

B:

在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示確定的意義時(shí)。

Ifyouneedsomehelp,letmeknow.C:當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時(shí)，some可用于否定句。

Ihaven’theardfromsomeofmyfriendsany(一些)的用法。

any多用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)句中含有“任何”的意思時(shí)，any可用于肯定句。

Therearen’tanylettersforme.Arethereanyquestionstoask?

Ifyouhaveanytrouble,pleaseletmeknow.

Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.

3)限定詞much,many,alotof的用法4)限定詞afew,few,alittle,little的用法1.冠詞定義：冠詞是置于名詞之前、說明名詞所指的人或事物的一種虛詞。冠詞可以說是名詞的一種標(biāo)志，它不能離開名詞而獨(dú)立存在。Chapter4冠詞系統(tǒng)(Article)

2.冠詞種類冠詞系統(tǒng)冠詞

定冠詞the不定冠詞an(元音開頭）a(輔音開頭）

3.定冠詞的功能冠詞系統(tǒng)實(shí)踐表明，與不定冠詞相比，定冠詞的使用顯得更難一點(diǎn)。但是，若將其用法按內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系進(jìn)行歸納和聯(lián)想，無疑會(huì)大大減少學(xué)習(xí)和掌握它的用法。請(qǐng)看口訣：

沙漠群島和群山，江河海峽洋海灣。階級(jí)黨派朝代名，家族民族和報(bào)刊。習(xí)語(yǔ)特指獨(dú)有詞，普通名詞專有含。計(jì)量單位洋樂器，人和事物再次談。方位序數(shù)最高級(jí)，前面都需定冠詞。(1)theSaharaDesert(撒哈拉沙漠)

theGobiDesert(戈壁沙漠)(2)thePenghuIslands(彭湖列島)

theBalkanPeninsula(巴爾干半島)(3)theUrals(烏拉爾山脈)

theHimalayas(喜馬拉雅山脈)(4)theYaluRiver(鴨綠江）

theWusuliRiver(烏蘇里江)(5)theTaiwanStraits(臺(tái)灣海峽)

theEnglishChannel(英吉利海峽)(6)theEastChinaSea(東海)

theMediterraneanSea(地中海)(7)thePersianGulf(波斯灣)

theBayofBengal(孟加拉灣)(8)theworkingclass(工人階級(jí))

theproletariat(無產(chǎn)階級(jí)）(9)theCommunistParty(共產(chǎn)黨)

theDemocraticParty(民主黨)(10)theTangDynasty(唐朝)

theMingDynasty(明朝)

theStoneAge(石器時(shí)代)(11)theBrowns(布朗一家)

theChinese(中華民族)(12)ThePeople’sDaily(《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》)

ThePyongyangTimes(《平壤時(shí)報(bào)》)(13)inthecaseof(對(duì)…而言)incaseof(萬(wàn)一，假使)inthetrade(內(nèi)行，行家)intrade(做買賣)bytheday(按日計(jì)算)byday(在白天)inthechurch(在教堂里)inchurch(做禮拜)taketheair(呼吸新鮮空氣)takeair(傳播，泄密)(14)表示特指

Hecametothedecisionthathemustactatonce.(15)theNationalPeople’sCongress

theMinistryofEducation

theUnitedNation

theRedCrossHospital(16)Wesellpotatoesbythekilo.Inthisjob,wearepaidbythehour.Canwepaybytheweek?(17)playtheviolinplaythepianoplaytheguitarplayer-huplaypi-pa(18)Theoldmanhasason.Thesonisinourschool.

(19)ChinafacesthePacificontheeast.Ihavereadthethirdchapter.HeisthekindestmanIknow.Lighttravelsthefastestofallformsofmatters.

4.不定冠詞的功能冠詞系統(tǒng)顧名思義，不定冠詞表示的是一種不確定、非特指、泛泛而談的語(yǔ)法概念。它是名詞的標(biāo)志之一。由于它的基本含義是“一”，因此常和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用。然而，它又不僅僅表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。請(qǐng)看口訣：不定冠詞有兩種，(a;an)“一”的含義全相同(abook;anhour)元音開頭需用“an”，(anhour;anapple)“a”在輔音前面用。(abook;aman)冠詞系統(tǒng)常置單數(shù)名詞前，表示某類和某種。(Adogisa

usefulthing)泛泛而談非特指，初次提到不相重。(astudent;thestudent)長(zhǎng)度重量和時(shí)間，與它連作單位用。(Itistwoyuanafoot)冠詞系統(tǒng)某些詞組及搭配，約定俗成少不通。(ataloss;asawhole)

5.零冠詞的功能冠詞系統(tǒng)零冠詞的基本用法口訣：物質(zhì)名詞抽象詞，復(fù)數(shù)名詞泛指時(shí)。身份職務(wù)或頭銜，用作同位、表、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。月份、季節(jié)、節(jié)假日，棋類球類運(yùn)動(dòng)詞。冠詞系統(tǒng)并列相關(guān)人和數(shù)，三餐餐名稱呼語(yǔ)。專有名詞和搭配廣告電報(bào)及標(biāo)題，1.Mancan’tlivewithoutair;Honestyisthebestpolicy。

2.ProfessorLi,deanoftheForeignLanguageDepartment.3.inMarch,onNationalday4.playchess;playgulf5.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.

6.Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfast?7.ThisisHill101,General.8.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.

9.fromwork(下班)10.gotosleep(入睡)11.bychance(碰巧)12.ineffect(實(shí)際上)13.onfile(存檔)14.learnbyheart(背熟)15.frombeginningtoend(從頭到尾)16.forhire(空車：出租車用)17.Scopeof

SalesExhibition(展銷范圍)18.LiaisonofBusiness(業(yè)務(wù)聯(lián)系)19.BOYBORNAUGUSTSIXTHBOTHWell(兒八月六日出生，母子平安)20.FATHERCRITICALLYILL.RETURNSOONEST(父病危，速歸)21.ManKilledonMountain

1.—Doyouknow______womaninred?—Yes,she'saprofessorof_____university.A.the;aB．a(chǎn);anC．the;anD．/;the2.Mariawouldlike_____orange,not___orangejuice.A.a;theB．/;anC．a(chǎn)n;/D．a(chǎn)n;anA

C┃Exercise┃3.VeraandMikecomefrom________Europeancountry.Theyarein_______sameschoolnow.A.a;theB.an;theC.the;theD.an;an4.ZhuZhiwenwas____usualfarmerseveralyearsago.Butnowheis____famoussinger.Hecanplay________piano.A.an;a;theB.a;a;theC.an;a;/D.a;a;/A

B5.Weshouldoffertheseatsto____oldonthebus.A.an

B．/

C．the6.Thisis____classroomwhereweoftenattendlectures.A.a

B．a(chǎn)n

C．the

D．/7.—Wheredoyoulive?—Iliveon________secondfloor.A.aB．a(chǎn)nC．theD．/C

CC

8.________Greensarecomingtoseeus.A.AB．AnC．TheD．/9.Don'ttalktoSimonlikethat.Heisonly____eleven-year-oldboy.A．a(chǎn)B．a(chǎn)nC．theD．/10.Heusuallygoestoschoolon________foot.A.aB.anC.theD．/C

BD

11.—Whatdoyouusuallyhavefor________breakfast?—Apieceofbreadand________egg.A．a(chǎn);an

B.不填;theC．a(chǎn);theD.不填；an12.Simonis________honestboy.Nowheisstudyingat________university.A.a;anB.an;aC.the;aD.the;aD

B13.—Haveyouseen________iPhone5?Ileftitherethismorning.—Isit________blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.an;theB.an;aC.the;aD.the;/14.—Thisisausefuldictionary,Ithink.—Soitis,andit's________unusualone.A.the

B.an

C.a

D.不填BB15.Thisis____bookItoldyouaboutyesterday.A．a(chǎn)B.theC.anD./16.Agoodbeginningmakes____goodending.A．a(chǎn)B.anC.theD．/17.Ilike____colorofyourcoat.I'llbuy_____blouselikethiscolor.A.the;theB.a;C.the;aD.a;theBAC

18.Doyouknowaspaceshipfliesataboutnineteenkilometers________second?A.theB.aC．/D.an19.Ithinkit'sreally________hardworkformetofinishthejobintwentyminutes.A．a(chǎn)B.anC.theD.不填BD20.______GreensarepreparingforthecomingThanksgivingDay.A．/B．AC.AnD.The

[解析]

“the＋姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式”表示“……一家人或夫婦二人”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。D21.Ofthetwopencils,theboylikes___one.A．lessexpensiveB．theleastexpensiveC．thelessexpensiveD．themostexpensive

[解析]

“the＋比較級(jí)”表示“兩者中較……的一個(gè)”。C22.____YangtzeRiverisoneof____longestriversin______world.A．The;the;theB．The;a;aC．A;the;a D．/;the;the23.____youngshouldtakegoodcareof___old.A.The;/B.A;TheC.A;anD.The;the24.____moonmovesaround______earth,andtheyaresmallerthan_______sun.A.The;an;aB.A;the;/C．/;/;/D.The;the;theADD

25.Wehavethreemeals___day.Wehave_____breakfastatseven.A.a;theB.a;/ C.the;theD．the;a

[解析]

threemealsaday意為“一日三餐”，a相當(dāng)于each,every。havebreakfast意為“吃早餐”，其前不用冠詞。B26.HarryPotteris____interestingfilm.Ihaveseen______filmtwice.A.an;aB.an;theC.the;aD.the;the27._____Chinaisnolonger______Chinaofthepast.A./;/B.The;theC.The;/D./;theBD[解析]

前者是表示國(guó)家的專有名詞，其前不加冠詞,后者由限制性定語(yǔ)所修飾，故應(yīng)加定冠詞。28.Areyougoingtolearn_______secondlanguagein________thirdgrade?A.a;theB.a;aC.the;theD.the;a

[解析]

前者是不定冠詞與序數(shù)詞連用，不定冠詞表示“又一，再一”的意思。后者是序數(shù)詞前加定冠詞表順序。A29.Weallknow___glassismadeof___glass.A.a;/B.the;aC./;aD.a;the

[解析]

前一個(gè)glass表示“玻璃杯”，是可數(shù)名詞，前加不定冠詞表示類別；后一個(gè)glass表示“玻璃”，是不可數(shù)名詞。A1.代詞的定義：代詞是代替名詞以及起名詞作用的短語(yǔ)、分句和句子的詞。英語(yǔ)代詞使用很廣泛。

Chapter5:代詞系統(tǒng)2.代詞分類系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)代詞種類類系統(tǒng)人稱代詞物主代詞相互代詞疑問代詞關(guān)系代詞不定代詞反身代詞指示代詞(1).人稱代詞系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)人稱代詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格I賓格me賓格us主格we單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格you賓格you主格you賓格you單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格heshe,it主格they賓格himher,it賓格them(2).物主代詞系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)物主代詞形容詞性名詞性第一人稱my,our第二人稱your第三人稱their,his,herits第三人稱theirshis;hers;its第二人稱yours第一人稱mine,ours物主代詞形態(tài)的共性與個(gè)性：

形態(tài)形容詞性名詞性個(gè)性

人稱mine

第一人稱單數(shù)my復(fù)數(shù)our單數(shù)mine復(fù)數(shù)ours

第二人稱單數(shù)your復(fù)數(shù)your單數(shù)yours復(fù)數(shù)yours

第三人稱單數(shù)his

復(fù)數(shù)their單數(shù)his

復(fù)數(shù)theirshisher/itshers/its

its

代詞系統(tǒng)

(3).反身代詞系統(tǒng)：

代詞系統(tǒng)反身代詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)myself復(fù)數(shù)ourselves單數(shù)yourself復(fù)數(shù)yourselves單數(shù)himselfherselfitself復(fù)數(shù)themselves反身代詞形態(tài)的共性與個(gè)性：

形態(tài)形容詞性物主代詞反身代詞

人稱單數(shù)my復(fù)數(shù)our單數(shù)

復(fù)數(shù)

第一人稱myselfourselves

單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱單數(shù)your復(fù)數(shù)youryourselfyourselves

單數(shù)his單數(shù)himself；復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱her復(fù)數(shù)theirherselfthemselvesitsitself

(4).相互代詞系統(tǒng)：

相互代詞eachotheroneanother賓格eachother屬格eachother’s賓格oneanother屬格oneanother’s相互代詞的形式與用法：賓格屬格

eachother相互eachother’s相互的

oneanother相互oneanother’s相互的

在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中，eachother和oneanother可以通用，皆可指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物，但有些語(yǔ)法家認(rèn)為前者多用于特指某一集體，語(yǔ)氣較為親切，后者多用于泛指一般情況。相互代詞用法：1.賓語(yǔ)：YouandIunderstandeachotherperfectly.Theyhavebeenseparatedfromoneanother.2.(屬格）定語(yǔ)：Lastyearwevisitedeachother’scapitals.Theylookedintoeachother’seyesforasilentmoment.

(5).指示代詞系統(tǒng)：

指示代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)thisthatthesethosethis(these)與that(those)比較1.在空間與時(shí)間上的所指不同

this(these)一般用來指空間或時(shí)間上較近的事物，that(those)一般用來指空間或時(shí)間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物。1)表空間：Thisbuildingwasbuiltlastyear;thatwasbuiltmanyyearsago.ThisisamapofChina.ThatisamapoftheWorld.2)表時(shí)間Youcan’tswimatthistimeoftheyear.Hewantsthatdaytocomesoonerratherthanlater.Notice:thosedays與thesedays的區(qū)別：thosedays指往昔，thesedays指當(dāng)前。2.在所講事物上的所指不同

that和those往往指前面講過的事物，this和these則指下面將要講到的事物。TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthanthat

ofGuangzhou.That

isagoodidea.Yougotofreshplaces.Describethose.I’llsaythisforyou;youarethinkingallthetimeWrittenonthewallarethesewords:Wewantpeace.

(6).疑問代詞系統(tǒng)：

疑問代詞主語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)who,what,which定語(yǔ)whomwhatwhose,which表語(yǔ)who,what

(7).關(guān)系代詞系統(tǒng)：

關(guān)系代詞主語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)who,that,which,as定語(yǔ)whom,aswhich，thatwhose

(8).不定代詞系統(tǒng)：

不定代詞every+

any+some+nothingallnoneeachanotherother,theotherothers1.all,every,each的比較each可指少到兩個(gè)，all，every則至少指三個(gè)all表所有項(xiàng)目的總和，是一不可分割的整體AllthestudentsarefromGuangxi.every是由各個(gè)項(xiàng)目集合成一個(gè)整體，其構(gòu)成成分有共性。EverystudentisfromGuangxi.Each的注意力集中在個(gè)別項(xiàng)目上，其構(gòu)成成分各具特性。EachstudentisfromGuangxi.Notice:all常和復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用。

3.代詞的語(yǔ)法功能系統(tǒng)：主語(yǔ)功能：

Shehesitatedamoment,andthensatdown.WhoisyourEnglishteacher?Thisisthemanwhohelpedmewithmyhomework.Someoneiscomingtoseeyoulater.Pleasetellmewhichisyours?What

happenedlastnight?

(2)賓語(yǔ)功能：Atfirst,helikedtotellussomethingimportant.Weallcalledhim“l(fā)ittlehero”.Thisisthebookwhichwelikebest.What

areyoudoinghere?WedoasourPartyasksustodo.Inoursociety,wemusthelpeachother.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

3.代詞的語(yǔ)法功能系統(tǒng)：(3)定語(yǔ)功能：Whichbookdoyoulikebest,thisoneorthatone?Heisourmonitorwhosefatherworkshere.Weliketotalksomethingabouteachother’sideasWhose

answeriscorrect?

Theirideasseemverycrazy.

3.代詞的語(yǔ)法功能系統(tǒng)：(4)表語(yǔ)功能：Thatisallfortoday.Webelievehewillbecomessomebodyoneday.Whatishe?WhoisyourEnglishteacher?1.Ican'tfindmypen.Couldyouhelp____findit?A.me

B．her

C．him

D．them2.—Jack,isthere_____intoday'snewspaper?—No,nothing.A.anythingimportantB．somethingimportantC.importantanythingD．importantsomethingA

AExercise

3.—Dad,whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?—________isOK.Idon'tmind.A.BothB.NeitherC.AllD.Either4.—IsyouriPadblack,Jenny?—No,itisn't.________iswhite.A.YoursB．MineC．HersD．His5.Ifind________hardtolearnEnglishwell.A.thisB．itC．thatD．theyDBB6.MyfriendJennyoftenhelps________with_______English.A.I;meB．me;myC．my;meD．I;my—7.Iamalittlehungry,Mom.—Therearesomecakesontheplate.Youcantake________．A.it

B．one

C．that

D．This8.—Excuseme,isthis________iPadmini?—No,itisn't.________isathome.A.your;MineB.your;MyC.yours;MyD.yours;MineBBA

9.—WhatdoyouthinkofthemoviebyZhaoWei?—Terrific.Ilike________verymuch.A.itB.himC.herD.you10.________iswaitingforyouatthegate.Hewantstosaythankstoyou.A.SomebodyB.AnybodyC.EverybodyD.NobodyA

A11.Thereisacupoftea.Pleasepass___tome.A．one

B.it

C.this

D.that12.DoyouknowtheboysittingbetweenPeterand______?A．sheB．IC．hisD.me13.Thereissomesaltinthebowl.Pleasepass_____tome.A．itB.oneC．themD．thisBDA14.MerryChristmas,George!Hereisacardfor_____with____bestwishes.A．you;ourB．us;yourC．you;yourD．us;our15.—Isthis________newbook,Shirley?—No,itisn't.Maybeit's________．

A．your;hisB.your;himC．yours;hisD.yours;himAA16.Tom'smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder，but_____didn'thelp.A．heB．whichC．sheD．it

[解析]

it代替上文整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，即“母親一再告訴湯姆應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)”這件事。D17.ManyAsianelephantsliveinIndiabutyoucanfind________inothercountriesaswell.A.himB.themC.herD.it18.—Arethosebooks________？—No,theyarenotmine.Theybelongto____．A.your;