備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法知識(shí)十語篇能力雙清（通用版）

說明類語篇的特征及解答攻略說明文是對(duì)事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達(dá)方式，通過解說事物或闡明事理，達(dá)到教人以知識(shí)的目的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采用總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按一定的順序（如時(shí)間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）進(jìn)行說明。說明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡(jiǎn)練、語言準(zhǔn)確、明了，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點(diǎn)等。最近五年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題：高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡(jiǎn)到難的方式，因此說明文是中考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對(duì)比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同?詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點(diǎn)來幫助理解語篇,例如，下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)都有表示解釋和說明）等。一、說明文的行文特征寫說明文可以按時(shí)間、空間、結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯順序來寫，也可以采取舉例、比較、對(duì)比、分類、分析、說明、敘述等方法。1.比較對(duì)照比較對(duì)照有兩種，一是逐點(diǎn)比較，二是整塊比較，即AB交錯(cuò)或先A后B：（I）逐點(diǎn)比較多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這種AB交錯(cuò)的方式可以避免行文的單調(diào)沉悶，對(duì)比的效果更鮮明突出。如：Therearcbasicdifferencesbetweenlargeandsmallenterprises.Inasmallenterprise,youoperatedmainlythroughpersonalcontacts.Inalargeenterprise,youhaveestablished“policies","channels“oforganization,andfairlystrictprocedure.Inthesmallenterpriseyouhaveimmediateeffectivenessinaverysmallarea.Youcansee義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslithcrcdthroughthegrass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為,,爬行"o（三）構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解乂有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根，前綴，后綴，合成等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，這些問題便不難解決了。.根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義例如:Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semi-conscious,forafewminules.根據(jù)詞根conscious（清醒的,有意識(shí)的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義"半清醒的，半昏迷的。"Fmilliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為"有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的"，前綴il表示否定，因jttilliterate指"一竅不通，不知道的"。.根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示"殺者,殺滅劑"，結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲）,不難猜出insecticide意為"殺蟲劑"°Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplels.后綴lei表示"小的"，詞根drop指"滴，滴狀物”。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義”小滴，微滴3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義例如:Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測(cè)出其含義。它是由high（高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是"以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出"的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)一斗牛。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。總之，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)抓中心思想，作者意圖及關(guān)鍵詞語，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想、比較、歸納、推測(cè)等方法，得出最佳結(jié)論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測(cè)，把自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加進(jìn)去，與文章的觀點(diǎn)混為一談。經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)時(shí)間有計(jì)劃，有目的的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來，以提高學(xué)生閱讀英語和運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ).閱讀是一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的語言實(shí)際活動(dòng)。我們只有進(jìn)行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運(yùn)用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力。力強(qiáng)化一、完形填空閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。Focusonthetrees（專注森林）Doyouuseasmartphoneeveryday?Whatdoyouusuallydowithyourphone?Phonesarcvery]inourdailylives.However,theycancausesome2.Itcanbe3tokeepfocused（專注）thesedays.Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you..yoursmartphonecandistractyouwhenyouaredoingotherthings,suchashavingdinner,stayingwithfriends,readingbooks...A（n）5calledForestcanhelpyoukeepfocused.Youcandownloadtheappifyouwanttogetoffyourandfocusonmoreimportantthings.Whenyouset（設(shè)置）anewtask（任務(wù)）intheappandsettimetofinishit,atreeseed（種子）willbe“planted“intheapp.Ifyoukeepdoingyour7.theseedwillgrowintoatree.Butifyouclosetheappandplaywithyourphone8.thetreewillwither（樸i萎）anddie.Onceyouthework,yourtreewillbe“planted"intheapp.Ifyoukeeptrying,youwillhavea1（）oneday!Youcanshareyourachievements（成就）withyourfriendsandtryto"plant"differentkindsoftrees.Don,tyouthinkitisinterestingandmeaningfill?D.boringA.terribleB.importantC.relaxing二、閱讀理解D.boring2.A.problemsB.dangerC.discussionD.questions3.A.difficultB.necessaryC.simpleD.educational4.A.HoweverB.AlsoC.ThoughD.Luckily5.A.bookB.appC.magazineD.film6.A.homeworkB.gameC.phoneD.schoolwork7.A.workB.planC.taskD.activity8.A.instead（相反的）B.finallyC.soonD.happily9.A.stopB.finishC.startD.choose10.A.treeB.studyC.successD.forest1Chinahasnamedthenation'sfirstMarsrover（火星車）ZhuRong.Forallofus,ZhuRongisthebestname.InanancientChinesestory,ZhuRonghadthefaceofamanandthebodyofananimal.Herodeontwodragons.WhenhehadabigfightwithGongGong,thegodofwater,ZhuRongwon.Butafter（hefight,thehumanworldcameintocompletedarkness.Thenhebroughtfirefromheaven（天國）totheworld.“ZhuRongisregardedastheearliestgodoffireintraditionalChineseculture,aspaceofficialsaid."ThefirstMarsroverwasnamedZhuRong.Thenamesymbolizes（象征）lightandhopeforspaceexploration（探索）inourcountry,andmeanstoguidehumanstocontinueexploration.''Afterleavingtheearthlastsummer,ZhuRongmovedaroundMarsforseveralmonthsandlandedonitinMay.Inrecentyears,ourcountryhassentuptheworld'sfirstquantumsatellite（量子衛(wèi)星），andChang'e-4hasmadeasoftlandingonthemoon.Wehavemadegreatprogressinspacetechnologyandwillsoonstartbuildingourownspacestation.WhatZhuRongbroughtfromheaventheworldwas.A.fireB.warsC.waterD.animalsForChina'sspaceexploration,thenameZhuRongsymbolizes.A.abigfightB.completedarknessC.lightandhopeD.ChinesecultureTheunderlinedword“it"inthelastparagraphrefersto"A.theearthB.MarsC.themoonD.thesunAccordingtothepassage,wecaninferthat.ZhuRongisabadpersoninanancientChinesestoryChinahasmadelittleprogressinspacetechnologythewriterisproudofChina'sspacetechnologytheofficialdoesn'tlikethenameZhuRong2TheuseofpapermoneybeganintheTangdynasty,about1200yearsago.Atthattime,itwascalled“flyingcash''becausethewindcouldtakeiteasily.TheuseofpaperbecamepopularinSongdynasty.Everypieceofpaperhadpicturesofhouses,trees,andpeopleonit.Everybillwasinredandblack.Likethemoneywcusetoday,italsohadsomespecialmarksonit.Byhavingthesemarks,itwouldbehelpfultotellwhetherthemoneywasafake.Thenitwouldn'tbesoeasytocounterfeitit.Thepapermoneywasverybeautiful.Thereasonitbecamepopularsoquicklywasthatitwasconvenienttotakeanduse.Peopledidn'thavetotakeheavycoinstoshops.Peoplecoulduseittobuythethingsthattheyneed.Theuseofoldpapermoneyendedin1897.Inthesameyear,Chinastarted(ousemodempapermoney.ButEuropestartedusingitinthe1600s.Whatdidn'tpeopledrawonthepapermoney?A.Trees.B.Building.C.People.D.Birds.Whatwasnotthereasonthatpapermoneybecamepopular?A.Itwaseasytouse.B.Itwasbeautifultosee.C.Itwasconvenienttobuythings.D.Itwaslighttotake.WhichoneisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?ChinesePeopleusedmodempapermoneyearlierthanEuropeanPeople.Modempapermoneyhasbeenusedforover100years.Peoplestoppedusingpapermoneyin1897.Thereweremorethantwocolorsontheoldpapermoney.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheSecretofPaperB.FlyingCashC.TheHistoryofPaperMoneyD.TheImportanceofMoney3Nowadays,traditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)isbecomingmoreandmorepopulararoundtheworld.Agovernmentreportsaysthatpeoplein183countriesandareasarenowusingit.ThefamousAmericanswimmerMichaelPhelps,anOlympicchampion,hasevervisitedadoctoroftraditionalChinesemedicineandhad“cupping”（拔罐）.Massage（按摩）andacupuncture（針灸）aretwootherimportantkindsofTCM.Chinesemassagecanmakeyourelaxedandfresh.Inacupuncture,doctorsputlongneedles（針）intothepatients*heads,arms...Ittakesawaypain,though（helookisfunny.TCMisanimportantpartofChineseculture.TheearliestmedicalclassicinChina,HuangdisClassiconMedicine,cameoutmorethan2,000yearsago.Thehookisabouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.InChineseculture,yinandyangaretwopartsofnature.Naturekeepsbalancedifyinandyangworkwelltogether.Thehumanbodyneedssuchbalance,too.TCMhelpstodothat.Especially,forsomehealthproblems,adoctorofTCMwillnotgiveyoumedicine.Instead,hemaygiveyoujustafoodplanandrightwaystoeat.TCMthinksthecorrectwaysofeating:Sitdowntoeat.Whileeating,turnofftheTVandgetawayfromtheworkdesk.Eatseasonalfoods.Donotmissanyof（hethreemeals.Also,getyourbodymovingoften,justasthesayinggoes,“Runningwaterisneversiale.”WhydidthewritermentionMichaelPhelpsinthefirstparagraph?A.lbintroduceadoctorofTCM.B.Togiveanexampleofusingcupping.C.TointroducetheOlympicchampion.D.Togiveanexampleofagoodswimmer.AboutHuangdifsClassiconMedicine,whichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?A.ItisanimportantbookonTCM.B.Itcameoutover2,000yearsago.C.Itismainlyabouthowtotakemedicine.D.ItistheearliestmedicalclassicinChina.TheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph4means.A.水到渠成B.柔情似水C.綠水長(zhǎng)流D.流水不腐Thispassagemaycomefrom.A.aguidebookB.anewsreportC.amagazineD.aposter三、閱讀補(bǔ)全句子閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，在每小題句子空白處填入適當(dāng)單詞，使其意思與短文內(nèi)容一致（每空詞數(shù)不限）Sometimespeoplecomeintoyourlifeandyouknowthattheyaretheretoteachyoualesson,ortohelpyouunderstandwhoyouareorwhoyouwanttobecome.Youneverknowthesepeoplewhomaybeaclassmate,aneighbourorafriend—butwhenyoulockyoureyesonthem,youknowatthatverymomenttheywillinfluenceyourlifeinsomeways.Sometimesthingsthathappentoyoumayseemunpleasant,painful,orfrustratingatfirst.Butinanotherway,youfindthatwithoutgettingoverthosedifficultiesyouwouldhaveneverrealizedyourability,strengthorwillpower（意志力）.Thepeopleyoumeetandthesuccessyougethelptocreatewhoyouareandwhoyoubecome.Eventhebadexperiencecanbelearnedfrom.Infact,theyaresometimesthemostimportantones.Ifsomeonelovesyou,givelovebacktotheminthewayyoucan,notonlybecausetheyloveyou,butbecauseinaway,theyareteachingyoutoloveandhowtoopenyourheartandeyestothings.Ifsomeonehurtsyou.orbreaksyourheart,forgive（原諒）（hem,fortheyhavehelpedyoulearnabouttruthandtheimportanceofbeingcarefulofpeoplearound.Self-confidenceisnecessarytoaperson.Ifyou'renotconfident,itwillbehardfbrotherstobelieveinyou.Learnalessoninlifeeachdayyoulive!Aclassmate,aorafriendcaninfluenceourlifeinsomeways.Accordingtothepassage,unpleasantthingsareforyouinanotherway.Sometimesbadexperiencesareveryimportanttousbecausewecanthem.Wcshouldhimorherifsomebodydosomethingbadtous.Thewriterthinksthatthelifeweliveeverydaycanteachus.四、短文填空閱讀下面短文，然后根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)所給漢語意思寫出單詞的正確形式。每空限填;回。Finland,asmallcountrylocatedinNorthernEuropealongtheBalticSea,theGulfofBothniaandtheGulfofFinland,isabeautifulplaceto28（參觀）.WinteristhemostpopularseasoninFinland.The29（太陽）,disappearsfbrmonthsinthenorthernmostpailofthecountry.Peoplehavetowearveryheavy30（夕卜套）tokeepwarm.Thewhitesnow,brightmoonandstars,and—ifyouare31（幸運(yùn)的）enough-thecolorfulNorthernLightscreatethe32（著名的）andsurprisinglightandmagicalscene.Oneof（hebestwaystoexperiencethesceneistosleepina33（玻璃）hut,surroundedbynature.Youcanjuststay34（在里面）,warmandcomfortable,lookingatthenightskyandwaiting.TheairqualityinFinlandisthebestintheworldaccordingtothedatafromWHO.As75%ofthecountryiscoveredbyforests,peoplecanconnectwithnature35（容易地）.Finnishpeopleoftenenjoythesmallthingsin36（口常的）lives,likejustsittingquietlybyalake.SoifyouhavethechancetoFinland,just（akeadeepbreath,hikein（heforestorsimply37（休息）onasmoothrockbythesea.五、書面表達(dá)38.某語言學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)站針對(duì)人們學(xué)外語時(shí)遇到的困難做了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，共有6400名網(wǎng)友參與，下圖是這次調(diào)查的投票結(jié)果。其中，沒有足夠的時(shí)間的人數(shù)占35%,不能一直保持積極性的人數(shù)占25%。請(qǐng)你用兩段文字寫一篇短文，第一段簡(jiǎn)要說明圖表內(nèi)容，第二段闡述你學(xué)外語遇到的困難以及你的解決辦2.開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)3.文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)的人名、校名。Recently,Ireadaresultofasurveymadeamong6,400peopleabouttheirdifficultiesinlearningaforeignlanguage.參考答案【答案與解析】本文介紹了一款可以讓人放下手機(jī)，幫助保持專注力的應(yīng)用程序——專注森林。.句意：手機(jī)在我們的日常生活中非常重要。terrible糟糕的；imporiant重要的：relaxing放松的;boring無聊的。根據(jù)“Doyouuseasmarlphoneeveryday?Whatdoyouusuallydowithyourphone?Phonesarevery...inourdailylives”以及常識(shí)可知手機(jī)在日常生活中很重要。故選B。.句意：然而，手機(jī)還是會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些問題。problems問題；danger危險(xiǎn)：discussion討論；questions問題，疑問。根據(jù)"Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you”可知這是手機(jī)產(chǎn)生的需要解決的問題,用problemo故選A°.句意：它讓我們很難保持專注。difficult困難的,費(fèi)力的;necessary必要的；simple簡(jiǎn)單的；educational有教育意義的。根據(jù)“Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you”可知手機(jī)會(huì)讓人分心，很難保持專注。故選A。.句意：而且，當(dāng)你做其他事情時(shí)，我們的智能手機(jī)也會(huì)分散你的注意力。However然而；Also而且；Though雖然；Luckily幸運(yùn)地。根據(jù)"Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you...yoursmartphonecandistractyouwhenyouaredoingotherthings'訶知前后兩個(gè)句子是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，用also。故選B。.句意：一個(gè)叫做“森林”的手機(jī)軟件可以幫助你保持專注。book書；app手機(jī)軟件；magazine雜志；film電影。根據(jù)“Youcandownloadtheapp”可知這是——個(gè)手機(jī)軟件。故選B。.句意：如果你想擺脫手機(jī)并專注于更重要的事情，可以下載該應(yīng)用程序。homework家庭作業(yè)；game游戲；phone手機(jī)；schoolwork學(xué)校作業(yè)。根據(jù)"Butifyouclosetheappandplaywithyourphone…”以及文章的描述可知這款軟件是讓人放下手機(jī)，專注做事。故選C。.句意：如果你繼續(xù)做你的任務(wù)，種子就會(huì)長(zhǎng)成一棵樹。work工作;plan計(jì)劃；task任務(wù);activity活動(dòng)。根據(jù)“Whenyouset（設(shè)置）anewtask（任務(wù)）intheappM可知只有繼續(xù)做任務(wù)，種子才會(huì)長(zhǎng)大。故選C。.句意：但是相反如果你關(guān)閉應(yīng)用程序并玩手機(jī)，樹會(huì)枯萎并死亡。instead相反;finally終于；soon很快;happily快樂地。由語境可知,此處指“玩手機(jī)”代替“做任務(wù)”,樹就會(huì)枯菱。故選A。.句意：一旦你完成工作，你的樹將被“種植”在應(yīng)用程序中。stop停止;finish完成;start開始；choose選擇。根據(jù)“Onceyou...thework,yourtreewillbe"planted"intheapp',可知只有完成了工作，樹才會(huì)被“種植”到app上。故選B。.句意：如果你繼續(xù)努力，總有一天你會(huì)擁有一片森林。tree樹：study學(xué)習(xí)；success成功；forest森林。根據(jù)“[fyoukeeptrying,youwillhavea...oneday”可知堅(jiān)持下來，會(huì)有越來越多的樹，就會(huì)形成一個(gè)森林。故選D。1【答案與解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章通過介紹我國的第一個(gè)火星車被命名為“祝融”的淵源介紹了我國宇航事業(yè)的巨大發(fā)展。.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Thenhebroughtfirefromheaventotheworld.”可知祝融從天國帶到人類|比界的是火。故選A。.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Thenamesymbolizeslightandhopefbrspaceexplorationinourcountry.”可知這個(gè)名字象征著我國太空探索的光明與希望。故選C。.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)"Afterleavingtheearthlastsummer,ZhuRongmovedaroundMarsforseveralmonthsandlandedonitinMay."可知去年夏天離開地球后，祝融號(hào)繞火星飛行了幾個(gè)月，并于今年5月在它上面登陸,所以推測(cè)it代指火星，故選B。.推理判斷題。根據(jù)"Wehavemadegreatprogressinspacetechnologyandwillsoonstartbuildingourownspacestation”可知我們?cè)谟詈郊夹g(shù)方面取得了巨大的進(jìn)步，不久將開始建設(shè)我們自己的空間站，所以推測(cè)作者為中國的宇航技術(shù)感到驕傲。故選C。2【答案與解析】本文主要介紹了紙幣的歷史。.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Everypieceofp叩erhadpicturesofhouses,trees,andpeopleonit.”可知紙幣上有房子、樹木和人物圖，而沒有鳥。故選D。.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Thereasonitbecamepopularsoquicklywasthatitwasconvenienttolakeanduse.Peopledidn'thavetotakeheavycoinstoshops.”可知紙幣受歡迎是因?yàn)閿y帶方便、買東西方便且很輕，它看起來漂亮不是受歡迎的原因。故選B。.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"Theuseofoldpapermoneyendedin1897.Inthesameyear,Chinastartedtousemodernpapermoney.”可知中國與1897年開始使用現(xiàn)代紙幣，已經(jīng)用了超過一百年了。故選B。.標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了紙幣的歷史，用“TheHistoryofPaperMoney”做標(biāo)題最合適。故選C。3【答案與解析】本文是一篇說明文。介紹了中醫(yī)三種典型的治療方法：拔火罐、按摩和針灸，并介紹了中醫(yī)最著名的醫(yī)學(xué)專著《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》，以及中醫(yī)在世界上的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。.推理判斷題。根據(jù)"ThefamousAmericanswimmerMichaelPhelps,anOlympicchampion,hasevervisitedadoctoroftraditionalChinesemedicineandhad'cupping"訶知，MichaelPhelps是作者列舉使用中醫(yī)拔火罐療法的一個(gè)例子,故選B。.推理判斷題。由第三段內(nèi)容可知，《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》是中國最早的醫(yī)學(xué)典籍，它成書在兩千多年前，是一部重要的中醫(yī)書籍，C選項(xiàng)”它主要是關(guān)于如何服藥的”沒有提及，故選C。.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“Also,getyourbodymovingoften,justasthesayinggoes”可知，講的是有關(guān)身體運(yùn)動(dòng)的，“流水不腐”符合語境，故選D。.推理判斷題。介紹了中醫(yī)三種典型的治療方法：拔火罐、按摩和針灸，并介紹了中醫(yī)最著名的醫(yī)學(xué)專著《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》，以及中醫(yī)在世界上的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，最有可能來自雜志，故選C。三、.neighbour.good/helpful.learnfrom.forgive.alesson【解析】本文主要講述了你的同學(xué)，鄰居或朋友會(huì)走進(jìn)你的生活，影響你和改變你，這些影響不論好壞都會(huì)成為你寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。.根據(jù)“Youneverknowthesepeoplewhomaybeaclassmate,aneighbourorafriend—butwhenyoulockyoureyeson(hem,youknowatthatverymomenttheywillinfluenceyourlifeinsomeways”可知,同學(xué)、鄰居或朋友可以在某些方面影響我們的生活。a修飾名詞的單數(shù)形式，故填neighbor。.根據(jù)“Sometimesthingsthathappentoyoumayseeinunpleasant,painfi.il,orfrustratingatfirst.Butinanotherway,youfind(hatwithoutgettingoverthosedifficultiesyouwouldhaveneverrealizedyourability,strengthorwillpower”可知，不愉快的事情對(duì)你有好處/有幫助,begoodfb產(chǎn)對(duì)有好處“；behelpfulfor"對(duì)有幫助”。故填good/helpfulo.根據(jù)“Eventhebadexperiencecanbelearnedfrom”可知，有時(shí)糟糕的經(jīng)歷對(duì)我們來說非常重要，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢詮闹形〗逃?xùn)。can后接動(dòng)詞原形，故填learnfrom。.根據(jù)"Ifsomeonehurtsyou,orbreaksyourheart,fbrgive(原諒)them,fortheyhavehelpedyoulearnabouttruthandtheimportanceofbeingcarefulofpeoplearound”可知,如果有人對(duì)我們做了壞事,我們應(yīng)該原諒他或她。should后接動(dòng)詞原形,故填forgive。theeffectofyourworkandofyourdecisionsground.Inthelargeorganizationyouarenormallytaughtonethingthoroughly.InthesmallonethedangerisofbecomingaJack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none.Inthelargeitisofbecomingthemanwhoknowsmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.(2)整塊比較Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.2.分類分類是人類認(rèn)識(shí)客觀世界的重要手段之一，也是描寫事物、解釋觀點(diǎn)最有效的方式之」通過將一事物分類，可使復(fù)雜事物變得清晰明了，便于作者闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。分類段落的各類排列要條理，可采用從主要到次要，從次要到主要，從多到少或從少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：[IJAsfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondare(heliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavorofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtoidealistic.Thethirdtypeisthemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleseemtobelongtothisgroup.本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治觀點(diǎn)分為三類：保守、自由和溫和。[2|TheseareseveralreasonswhyIdecidedtomattendBingstonUniversity.Firstofall,thetuitionisreasonable.Secondly,theuniversityhasadeferredpaymentplan.,whichlessonstheloadofpeasantfamilieslikemine.Anotherreasonis(ha(Bingstonhas(hefinestteachersinitsgraduateprogram.Mychiefreason,however,isBingston\programinagriculture,mychosenfield,whichisrecognizedastheleaderinthisarea.該段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者決定上Bingston大學(xué)的原因。[3]AccordingtoMr.Li,thefifteenstudentsofhiscLASSfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandarcoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthem”goodstudents”.Themonitor,thesecretaryoftheYouthLeague,andthecaptainofthecLASSvolleyballteam,arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasacollective.Theyalways.根據(jù)“Learnalessoninlifeeachdayyoulive”可知，作者認(rèn)為我們每天的生活可以給我們上一?課。故填alessono四、.visit.suncoatsluckyfamous##wcll-knownglassinsideeasilydailyrest【解析】本文講述芬蘭的地理位置，天氣和良好的空氣質(zhì)量，人們?cè)诜姨m可以享受的活動(dòng)。.句意：芬蘭，位于北歐，波羅的海，波的尼亞灣和芬蘭海灣沿岸的一個(gè)小國家，是一個(gè)美麗的地方，值得人們參觀。名詞“place”后用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語，表示“參觀”用動(dòng)詞"visit”。故填visit。.句意：太陽在國家的北部大部分地方消失好幾個(gè)月。句子缺主語，根據(jù)"disappears”可知主語是單數(shù)概念，表達(dá)“太陽”用名詞“sun”。故填sun。.句意：人們必須穿很厚重的外套來取暖。動(dòng)詞“wear”后缺賓語，根據(jù)"people”可知是更數(shù)概念，表達(dá)“外套”用復(fù)數(shù)名詞“coats”。故填coats。.句意：白色的雪，明亮的月亮和星星，還有，如果你足夠幸運(yùn)，你可以看到多彩的北極光。句子用“形容詞+cnough”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表達(dá)“幸運(yùn)的''用形容詞"lucky”作表語。故填lucky。.句意：創(chuàng)作出著名的讓人驚奇的光和魔幻的場(chǎng)景。根據(jù)"andsurprising”可知用形容詞形成并列結(jié)構(gòu)，表達(dá)“著名的”用形容詞“famous”或“well-known”。故填famous/well-knowno.句意：經(jīng)歷這個(gè)場(chǎng)景的最好的方式之一是睡在一個(gè)玻璃屋里，被大自然包圍著。表達(dá)“玻璃屋”，名詞“hut”前用名詞“glass''作定語。故填glass。.句意：你可以只是待在屋里面，溫暖舒適，看著夜空等待著。動(dòng)詞“stay”用副詞修飾，表達(dá)“在……里面”用副詞“inside”。故填inside。.句意：國家四分之三的地方覆蓋著森林，人們很容易親近自然。動(dòng)詞“connect”用副詞修飾，表達(dá)“容易地”用副詞"easily同故填easilyo.句意：芬蘭人經(jīng)常享受日常生活里的小事物，比如只是靜靜地坐在湖邊。名詞“ives”用形容詞修飾，表達(dá)“日常的”用形容詞“daily”作定語。故填dailyo.句意：因此如果你有機(jī)會(huì)去芬蘭，只要深呼吸，在森林里遠(yuǎn)足或者只是在海邊的平滑的巖石上休息。根據(jù)“takeadeepbreath,h汰cintheforestor”可知用動(dòng)詞原形形成并列，表達(dá)“休息”用動(dòng)詞"rest”。故填rest。五、【參考范文】Recently.Ireadaresultofasurveymadeamong6,4(X)peopleabouttheirdifficultiesinlearningaforeignlanguage.35%ofpeoplethinkthereisnoenoughtimeforthem.25%ofthemthinkthatkeepingupthemotivationistheirmaindifficulty.20%saytheyoftenfeelashamedwhenspeakingaforeignlanguage.Andtherestof20%ofpeoplesaytheyhavenoaccesstonativespeakers.Forme,thetwomaindifficultiesare“beingunabletokeepupthemotivation“and**havingnoaccesstonativespeakers”.However,wheretherearedifficulties,therearewaystogetoverthem.SoIwatchEnglishmoviesinmyfreetime.Therearemanyforeignteachersgivinglessonsonline,soIpracticemyEnglishin(hatanizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime.SoLicallsthem“goodorganizers”.FourotherstudentsareverykindtotheircLASSmates,alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.TheyhelptocleanthecLASSroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyare“goodcomrades”."Whataboutyourself?”someoneaskshim,"I'magroupbymyselfagoodobserver^^.該段不同于以上兩段，不是先分類再解釋，而是先說明其特點(diǎn)，然后定義分類。雖分類并不科學(xué)，卻達(dá)到了其幽默之目的。3.例證例證指具體說明人或事物特點(diǎn)、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例證型段落的寫作方式多為先提出主題再列舉事例。在事例之前一般有Forexample或Forinstance。例證后面，根據(jù)情況還可以加上結(jié)論句。如：Inordertopreventnon-smokersfrombeingaffected,measuresmustbetakentoreducethechancesofsmoking.Alotofworkcanbedoneconcerningthis.Forexample,insomepublicplaces,suchasinthetheatresandcinemas,smokingshouldbeforbidden.Evenonthe（rainorplanepeopleshouldnotbeallowedtosmoke.Doctors,teachersandgovernmentleadersshouldtaketheleadnottosmoke.Aboveall,theharmfulnessanddangerscausedbysmokingshouldbemadeknowntoallthroughnewspapers,broadcast,orTVprograms.Alsothegrowingoftobaccoandtheproductionofcigarettesshouldnotbeencouraged.Ifthesemeasurescanbetaken,wecaneffectivelyreducethechancesofsmoking.4因果因果是兩個(gè)事物之間的關(guān)系。一些說明文，議論文通過分析因果關(guān)系說明一個(gè)中心思想。如不能把因果關(guān)系解釋清楚，文章將無法說明任何主題。因果型段落的擴(kuò)展模式有兩種，一是分類編法，另一個(gè)是連環(huán)編排法。如果只討論成因或只討論結(jié)果，細(xì)節(jié)比較簡(jiǎn)單，只需按其重要性或其邏輯順序進(jìn)行編排。分類編排法指先討論原因，然后討論結(jié)果；或先討論結(jié)果，后討論原因。（1）分類編排法Musicismychiefhobby.When1listentomusic,goodthingshappentome.IfIamlonelyorhomesick,Ilistentopopmusic.Thequickrhythm,thestrongbeatsofdrumsliftmyspirits.IfIamfamiliarwithasong,1willsingalonewithitandmydepressiondisappears.WhenIamboredorverytired,IlistentoMozart.Hismusicmakesmefeelalive.Musicalsoremindsmeofhome.BeforeIcametocollege,mysistersandIwouldlistentomusicandsingsongstogetherandcheerus.NowIenjoylisteningtomusicandsingingwithmyroommatesbecausetheirsmilesmakemerememberthehappytimeswithmyfamily.Forme,musicisanexcellentescape,andwithoutit,Iwouldn'tbesohappyo（2）連環(huán)編排法先討論一組因果，再一組因果，再一組因果，形成一個(gè)鎖鏈。當(dāng)因果緊密相連，前一果為后一果之因時(shí)，經(jīng)常使用這種方式。Studentsshouldn'tstayupsolate.Becauseofthepressureofexaminations,manystudentsbumnightcandles.Thenextday,theyhavetogetenoughsleep.Asaresult,manyofthemgetsleepyinClASs.Theycouldn'tcatchwhattheteachersays.Nothavingstudiedtheirlessonswell,theyfinditdifficulttomakegoodperformanceinexaminations.So,itisnotworthwhiletostayuplateifyouwanttostudywell..人物描寫人物描寫包括外部特征、性格特征、思想狀態(tài)、行為語言等，用于表現(xiàn)人物精神面貌、披露人物內(nèi)心活動(dòng)、揭示人物性格變化，借以突出作品主題思想。如：Mysisterisaboyishgirl.Shehasshortandstraighthairlikeaboy's.Shelikeswhite,blackandgreycolors,asmostboysdo.Shenevercaresfbrshirts,stockingsbutlovesjacketsandjeans.Sometimesshewearsamen'ssuitandleathershoresasifshewereagentleman.Basketballandfootballareherfavoritesports.Shealsoenjoyswatchingboxing.Shealwaysshoutsandcheersexcitedlywhensheiswatchingafootballmatch.Whensheiswithherfriends,shealwayssaysLadiesf^rst,,toothergirls.Themostinterestingthingisthatshehasbeenmistakenfbraboymanytimes.Andsheispleasedwiththat.Shealwayssaysthatsheshouldbeaboy.第一句作者明確表示他眼中的妹妹是個(gè)男孩子氣十足的小姑娘。這樣讀者大都會(huì)在心中勾畫出一種從長(zhǎng)相、穿著到言談舉止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通過穿著、外貌和性格等方面向讀者展現(xiàn)一個(gè)活生生的人物形象。.地點(diǎn)描寫地點(diǎn)描寫指用生動(dòng)形象的語言對(duì)某一地點(diǎn)、某一環(huán)境進(jìn)行具體逼真的描繪，使讀者如臨其境、如睹其物。地點(diǎn)描寫的對(duì)象可大可小，在可以為城市、國家，小可是一間教室，一個(gè)房間。地點(diǎn)描寫自然按空間順序排列，作者應(yīng)立足于一個(gè)出發(fā)點(diǎn)，由遠(yuǎn)及近，由近到遠(yuǎn)，從里到外，從外到里，由左到右，或由右到左進(jìn)行描寫，順序不可混亂，否則讀者會(huì)迷失方向。如下面一段作者從大門開始,由外向里逐步介紹學(xué)校的布置.，讀者如同跟著作者參觀了一所校園。NowIwillshowyouaroundourschool.Itisoneofthelargestmiddleschoolsinthecity.Whenyoustepintothegate,youwillseeabeautifulflowerbedbeforeyou.In(hemiddleoftheflowerbedthereisafountainwithmanycoloredflowersaroundit.Ifyouwalkalongtheschoolroad,youwillcometotheplayground,oneachsideofwhicharerowsoftrees.Weoftenreadbooksunderthetrees.OntherightoftheplaygroundaretwoCIASsroombuildings.Ontheleftisthenewly-builtfour-storyedbuilding.Tmluckytostudyhere.Ilovemyschoolverymuch.7.物體描寫描寫物體時(shí)應(yīng)側(cè)重物的形狀、規(guī)格大小、顏色和功能。任何一段文字都應(yīng)有敘述的中心，對(duì)物的描寫也不例外。同樣，主題句也應(yīng)反映出作者對(duì)所要描寫物體的看法、態(tài)度。如：ThefirstthingInoticeinthebride'sroomisthebeautifulcurtain.Thiscurtainispatchworkindesign,andissewnoutofsquaresofmaterialsofdifferentcolorslikewhite,lightgreen,brownandorange.Itismadeofsilk,trimmedwithdelicatebraids.Itisaboutsixfeetlongandhangsfromawoodenrail.Thecurtainmatchesperfectlywiththedarkwoodenrailandfurnitureintheroom.通過主題句可以看出作者想向讀者描寫的是?幅漂亮的窗簾。二、說明威1?羅列法(listing)在文章開始時(shí)提出需要說明的東西和觀點(diǎn)，然后常用first,second,…andfinally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導(dǎo)性的說明文之中。羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí)：Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall,...Secondly,...Andfinally>...WcshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall,...Secondly,...Andfinally,必須指出的是，有時(shí)羅列法并不一定有明確的first,second…等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開的。.舉例法(examples)舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達(dá)的意思，常用forexample,forinstance,stillanotherexampleis…等詞語引出，舉例法和羅列法有時(shí)可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實(shí)羅列的說明。.比較法(comparisonandcontrast)比較法是對(duì)兩個(gè)對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較，從而進(jìn)行說明的寫作手法。比較法乂可細(xì)分為比較相同點(diǎn)(comparison)和比較不同點(diǎn)(contrast)兩種方法。在比較相同點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，常用到similarly,also,too,inthesamecase,inspiteofdiedifference等這樣的詞語。however,ontheotherhand,incontrast,but,nevertheless等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語常用來引導(dǎo)對(duì)不同點(diǎn)的比較。.定義法(definition)定義法也是英語說明文中常用的寫作手法，特別是在對(duì)具體事物概念進(jìn)行說明時(shí)經(jīng)常使用。定義法的基本要素是定義句。英語中常見定義句的模式是被定義對(duì)象is所屬類別+限制性定語。比如Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson(以...為食品)fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird..順序法(sequenceoftime,spaceandprocess)順序法是指按時(shí)間、空間或過程的順序進(jìn)行說明的一種寫作手法。比如按照時(shí)間順序介紹一個(gè)科學(xué)家的生平，用空間順序闡述逐漸開發(fā)西部的重要意義，用過程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)過程等等。.分類法(classification)分類法是將寫作對(duì)象進(jìn)行分類說明的一種寫作手法Somehooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigestcd,thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts,othersto