十一周第一天材（用框的ppt上的內容，下面是老師課上講的。大部分都是歷史，好ThewaytowardstheHarmonizationofEuropeanContractEuropeanEuropeanUnionContractEuropeanContractEuropeanEuropeanUnionIusWhytheHarmonizationofEuropeanContractlawisIfyouhave27differentcontractlawsystems,itwillbeverydifficultcreateaninternalThelinkwithcompetitionlaw.Thereisaverystrongandimportantlinkbetweentheharmonizationofprivatelaw,notonlycontractbutproperty,tort,andthecreationofaperfectlycompetitiveinternalmarket.ThisistherightkeyforyoutolooktheharmonizationofprivatelawthroughoutEurope.Privatelawisveryimportantsinceitarriveswherecompetitionlawcannotget.Whethertheharmonizationofprivatelawespeciallythecontractlawisathighlevelrightnow?No,especiallythefieldofcontractlaw,itisdifferentfrommemberstatetomemberstate,wehaveofcoursesomestageswhichhavecommonprinciples.Thememberstateshavetotallydifferentsystems,somemberstateshavetorenouncetosomeofyourcommonprinciplestoreachtheagreementwiththeothermemberstatestoreachtheharmonized,itisnoteasy.(不同國家的法EUcontractITITCOMESFROMTHEEUINSTITUTIONS,THROUGHTHEWORKOFTHEBUREAUCRACYINBRUSSELSANDTHEMEDIATIONOFPOLITICALPOWERS.PRIVATELAWWHICHDERIVESFROMTHEEUINSTITUTIONSISINDICATEDASACQUISCOMMUNAUTAIRE.ITISBASICALLYBASEDONTHEEUFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES,ONTHERULESEMBODIEDINTHETREATYANDONTHEECJ’SCASELAWECJTheeffortoftheEuropeanUniontoharmonizeEuropeanUnionprivatelawareveryfragmentary.TheystillhavenothingtodowithgeneralofcontractlawandprivatelawWedon’thaveandithinkthatwewillneverhavetheEuropeanUnionCivilCode私法一體化碎片化，沒有統一的合同法或私法的規(guī)定，都不會有民)EUROPEANIUSSETSETOFRULESWHICHCOMESFROMALOWERLEVEL,INTHESENSETHATREPRESENTREPRESENTTHERESULTOFTHEACTIVITYOFSCHOLARSANDThefunctionistogetwheretheEuropeanlawstilldon’tget,stilldoesnotEuropeanIusCommuneintheFieldofContractLexmercatoriaLexmercatoria(fromtheLatinfor"merchantlaw")isthebodyofcommerciallawusedbymerchantsthroughoutEuropeduringthemedievalperiod.ItevolvedsimilartoEnglishcommonlawasasystemofcustomandbestpractice,whichwasenforcedthroughasystemofmerchantcourtsalongthemaintraderoutes.Itfunctionedastheinternationallawofcommerce.Itemphasisedcontractualfreedom,alienabilityofproperty,whileshunninglegaltechnicalitiesanddecidingcasesexaequoetbonoLexmercatoria(fromtheLatinfor"merchantlaw")isthebodyofcommerciallawusedbymerchantsthroughoutEuropeduringthemedievalperiod.ItevolvedsimilartoEnglishcommonlawasasystemofcustomandbestpractice,whichwasenforcedthroughasystemofmerchantcourtsalongthemaintraderoutes.Itfunctionedastheinternationallawofcommerce.Itemphasisedcontractualfreedom,alienabilityofproperty,whileshunninglegaltechnicalitiesanddecidingcasesexaequoetbono（按公平合理原則）.Adistinctfeaturewasthereliancebymerchantsonalegalsystemdevelopedandadministeredbythem.Statesorlocalauthoritiesseldominterfered,anddidnotinterferealotininternaldomestictrade.Underlexmercatoria,tradeflourishedandstatestookinlargeamountsoftaxation.（Lexmercatoria是中世紀歐洲商人個明顯的特征是商人依賴該，國家和地方很少干預。在lexmercatoria之下，貿易LexMercatoriaissometimesusedinLexMercatoriaissometimesusedininternationaldisputesbetweencommercialentities.Mostoftenthosedisputesaredecidedbyarbitratorswhichsometimesareallowed(explicitlyofimplied)toapplylexmercatoriaprinciples.Therefore,somelegalpractitionersassumethatthereisawholesetoflegalprinciplesnamed"lexmercatoria"ininternationalortransnationalcommerciallaw.Whatremainsoflexmercatoriapreceptstodayisaqualifiedfaithinself-regulationbymerchants,andareluctancetosurrendertheefficienciesofmerchantpracticetostateconfinement.UnidroitUNIDROITUNIDROIT的性質和目TheInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw,alsoknownasUNIDROIT,isanindependentinter ernmentalorganizationbasedinRome,Italy.Itspurposeistostudyneedsandmethodsformodernizing,harmonizing,andcoordinatinginternationallawandinparticularcommerciallawasbetweenStates,andtoformulateuniformlawinstruments,principlesandrulestoachievethoseobjectives.國際性：UnidroitisnotlimitedtotheEU,butitworksattheinternationallevel.Itisimportantforyoutoknow,besidestheEU’seffortweyzeotherimportantpartiestrytoharmonizecontractlawininternationallevel.自治性：Unidroitisnotlaw,isjustamodellawBecauseUnidroitisnotpoliticalpower,isentitledtomakeformallaw.IfyouwanttomakeanagreementwithCanada,youcanrelyonUnidroitPrinciples,youcansayinyourcontractweapplyUnidroitPrinciples,itdependsonyourprivateautonomy.Sothewillofthepartiesisthefirstsourcesofinternationalcontractlaw.UNIDROITUNIDROITPRINCIPLES的制定人員和任務UNIDROITPRINCIPLESrepresentaprivatecodificationelaboratedbyinternationalworkinggroup,comprisingexpertsandrepresentativesofdifferentlegalsystems.ThisworkinggrouptriedSummarizecontractualrulesandusageswhichseemstobecommontomostpartofthelegalsystemsDefineandgiveanexactcontenttothelexmercatoria,whichseemstobetoovagueandsolutionsTheneweditionoftheUNIDROITPrinciples(2010)consistsof211Articleswhicharedividedin10ChaptersPREAMBLE(PurposeoftheTheseThesePrinciplessetforthgeneralrulesforinternationalcommercialTheyshallbeappliedwhenthepartieshaveagreedthattheircontractbeernedbyTheymaybeappliedwhenthepartieshaveagreedthattheircontractbeernedbygeneralprinciplesoflaw,thelexmercatoriaorthelike.Theymaybeappliedwhenthepartieshavenotchosenanylaw erntheirTheymaybeusedtointerpretorsupplementinternationaluniformlawinstruments.Theymaybeusedtointerpretorsupplementdomesticlaw.Theymayserveasamodelfornationalandinternationallegislators.（這張ppt只有這句是TheeffortsoftheEUinstitutionstoharmonizecontractEPEP1989EuropeanParliamentResolutionof26May1989onactiontobringintoline（使一致）theprivatelawoftheMemberStates(這是歐洲合同法統一的開端，注意這里resolutionprivatelaw而不是contractlaw)EP1994EuropeanParliamentResolutionof6May1994ConcerningthecodificationofprivatelawandtheCommissiononeuropeancontractlaw（1994年再次提醒）背景（了解即可，把英文也粘上了，可看可不看1989年，EP就想制定一個歐盟的民，1994年，EP再次表露這個想法，直到現在EP還有這個想法，但是這在實踐中是很難達到的但是EP執(zhí)意要制定一個堅持要讓EuropeanCommission做一些事情。EP雖然有權，但是theCommission有動議權，因此EP要制定必須要通過theCommission1989年起，EPtheCommissionEP一直在theCommission。Itisimportanttopointoutthatfromthebeginning,whichis1989,theEuropeanparliamentwantedaEuropeanUnioncivilcode,becausetheywantedtheallprivatelawtoberegulatedattheEuropeanlevel.In1994,theEuropeanparliamentagainexpresseditsintentiontogetaEuropeancivilcode.Youshouldunderstandthatthisprojectisverydifficulttobuild.ItisclearthatthecivilcoderemindsinthemindofEPalsotoday.ItisprettypracticalimpossibletoreachanagreementbetweenmemberstatesinordertomakethemtoestablishedonlyonecivilcodeButtheEuropeanparliamentinsistedandcalledtheEuropeancommissiontodosomething,thematteristheEuropeanparliamentisapoliticalbodyoftheEuropeanUnionwhenthelegislativeengineoftheEUisthecommission,sotheparliamentalwayshavetopassthroughthecommissioninordertopromotealegislativeinitiative.TheEuropeanparliamentaskedtheEuropeancommissiontomakeaEuropeanunioncivilcode.Butfrom1989to1994theEuropeancommissionsaidnothing,didn’tpretendactlikeitdiditanythingcomingfromtheEuropeanparliament,thatiswhytheparliamentinitssecondresolutionsaidthecommunityhasalreadyharmonizedseveralareasofprivatelaw,yesitistruebutitwasaveryfragmentandspecificapproach.Whereasparliamentin1989askedthatastartbemadeonthenecessarypreparatoryworkforthedrawingupofacommonEuropeancodeofprivatelaw.Thecommissionhasnotyetundertakenthispreparatorywork,soitisblamingthe OctoberVII.GreaterconvergenceincivilTheEuropeanCouncilinvitestheCouncilandtheCommissiontopreparenewprocedurallegislationincross-bordercasesinparticularonthoseelementswhichareinstrumentaltosmoothjudicialcooperationandtoenhancedaccesstolaw,visionalmeasures,takingofevidence,ordersformoneypaymentandtimelimits.（程序法在這個會議上，Europeancouncil的要素，例如臨時措施、取得、賠償順序和時間限制等）Asregardssubstantivelaw,anoverallstudyisrequestedontheneedtoapproximateMemberStateslegislationincivilmattersinordertoeliminateobstaclestothegoodfunctioningofcivilproceedings.TheCouncilshouldreportbackby2001.（實體法：在實體法方面，需要thecouncil2001年做反饋報告）Sointhatcaseyoulearn,thecommissionwasinvitedthegamethestudythepossibilitytohavecommonEuropeanprivaterules.Thecommissiondidn’treact,wedon’thaveanyreactionofthecommission,thatiswhyintheyear2000,theEuropeanparliamentagainastoaskthecommissiontodosomething.（由此可見theCommission被邀請制定歐盟統一私法的可 EP2000：EuropeanParliamentresolutionof16March2000concerningtheCommission'sworkprogramme2000DespiteParliament'srighttoasktheCommissiontosubmitanyappropriateproposalsonmattersonwhichitconsidersthataCommunityactisrequiredforthepurposeofimplementingtheTreaty,theCommissionhassofarshownverylittlediligenceinfollowingupParliament'srequestsbypresentingalegislativeproposal.Theyraiseaverysignificantdisagreement,theyraiseafightingbetweentheEuropeanparliamentandtheEuropeancommissionsincetheEuropeancommissionistotallysilent.TheEuropeancommissionisnotinterestedinpreparingaEuropeancivilcode.（除了EP要求讓theCommission提交實施條約的適當提議，theCommission對跟從EP的要求，提交法律建議顯示出極小的熱情，他們之間產生了明顯的，theCommission完全沉默，對制定民沒有） EuropeanCommission2001：CommunicationtotheCouncilandtheEuropeanParliamentonEuropeanContractLaw(11.7.2001)會上的內容：Whatisthematterofthiscommunication?Itisonlyrelatedtothecontractlaw.TheEuropeanCommissionis(answeredit),butitisnarrowingthe.ItisnotaEuropeancivilcode.ItisnotaEuropeanPrivateLaw.ButitisclearthattheEUCommissiontakesintoconsiderationonlycontractlaw.（TheCommission回應說，它只會議的地位：ItisforthefirsttimetheEuropeanCommissionintendstobringthedebateontheEuropeanContractLaw.ThisCommissionisrelevantsinceitgivesyoutheideaoftheprojectoftheharmonizationin2001.Thisisthestateoftheartofharmonizationin2001thatitisprettyidenticaltotheonewehaverightnow.Thelegislatorhasfollowedaselectiveapproach.（EuropeanCommissiontheCommission例子ForexampletherightoftheconsumerIfthisconsumergooddoesnotwork,butIdonotregulatethegeneralfeaturesofthecontractthroughwhichtheconsumerbuysthisgood.Ijustlingwhatrightyouareentitledtouseifitdoesn’twork. EuropeanCommission2001:GreenPaperonEuropeanUnionConsumerProtectionOctoberThepurposeofthisgreenpaperistolaunchanextensivepublicconsultationonthefuturedirectionofEUconsumerprotection.Tostimulateawellinformeddebate,itsetsoutanysisofthecurrentsituationandpossibleoptionsforthefuture.(目的是召開一個關于未TheTheCommissioninvitesinterestedpartiestocommentby15JanuaryEuropeanCommissionisngsomethingaccordingtoEuropeanParliament,butitisnotsufficient,becausethisistoolimited,anditisnotlimitedtocontractlaw,butitisfurtherlimitedtoconsumerprotection.ItisgoingfarawayfromtheindicationoftheEuropeanLet’sseehowtheEuropeanParliamentreactedtotheapproachofthe EP2001:EuropeanParliamentResolutionof15November2001ontheapproximationofcivilandcommerciallawoftheMemberSoagaintheEuropeanParliamentsaidtotheCommission,youarenotactinggood,youarenotfollowingmyindications.ononehandtheEuropeanParliamentsaidIdon’tagreewithyourprocess,itistoorestrictive;butontheotherhandbythewayweneedharmonizationofcontractlaw.Soforthemejustproceedwiththeharmonizationofcontractlaw.(一方面EP不同意EuropeanCommission的做法，另一方面強調統一要繼續(xù)) Thecouncil2001：ReportontheneedtoapproximateMemberStates'legislationincivilmattersof16November2001,n.13017/01TheEuropeanCouncilstressedouttheneedtoharmonizecivillaw,butoneofthemostimportantefforttoharmonizationofcontractlawisthecommunicationof2003oftheEuropeanCommissionwhichisthesocalled‘anactionplan’ EuropeanCommission2003：Communicationof12February2003totheEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil-AmorecoherentEuropeancontractlaw:Anactionplan內容：Thecommissionsaidthatitconfirmsthe eofthatprocesssofar,noneedtoabandonthecurrentsector-specificapproach.SotheintentionoftheCommissionisnottochange,butatthesametime,ittakesintoconsiderationoftheideasofstartingtoembracetheprojectmadebyscholarsinordertoliberateattheinstitutionlevelaprojecttoharmonizecontractlaw.Nottomakelaw,buttostarttheproject.（這個會議上，theCommission確認了到目前為止的成果，認為沒有必要Commonframeofreference：Thisisthefirsttimetalkingaboutcommonframeofreference.Acommonframeisacommonlegalframeworkforeachoperatorwhichhastodowithcontractlaw.Itisaninstrumentwhichmightbeusedtoeachoperator,legislator,scholars,lawyers,professors.IthasthesamefunctionofUnidroitprinciples.In2003,theEuropeanCommissionwantedtodosomethingwhichiscloseorwhichissimilartotheUnidroitwork.AcommonframeworkofreferenceestablishingthecommonprinciplesandcommonterminologyintheendofEuropeancontractlaw.Itisimportantsteptowardstheimprovementofthecontractlawacquis.ItwillbeaprobablyaccessiblewhichshouldhelpthecommunityinstitutionsensuringgreatercoherenceofexistingafutureacquisintheareaofEuropeanContractLaw.地位：ItisthemillstoneofharmonizationofEuropeanContractLawbecauseitisusedasamodel.TheEPmoreorlessagreesatnowwiththeCommission.10)10)EP2003ResolutionEuropeanParliament'sresolutionof2September2003ontheCommunicationfromtheCommissiontotheEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil—AmorecoherentEuropeancontractlaw—Anactionplan（EPtheCommission做法THEACTIONPLANOFTHECOMMISSIONISINHOWEVERITDOESNOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTINLARGEMEASUREREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPARLIAMENT:（的要求ITDOESNOTRESPONDTOTHEREQUESTOFPARLIAMENTTOCREATEADATABASECONTAININGTHEDIFFERENTRULESOFLAWOFTHEMEMBERSTATESANDNATIONALCASELAW;ITISDIFFICULTTOUNDERSTANDTHEREASONWHYTHECOMMISSIONDOESNOTREALIZETHATTHECFRANDOTHERMEASURESMAYCOVERABROADTHEAREATHATHEONEOFTHELAWOFCONTRACTS;THECOMMISSIONDOESNOTEXPLAINHOWITINTENDSTOTOCONNECTCOMMONFRAMEOFREFERENCETOCOMMUNITYLAWOR,ATLEAST,ITDOESNOTDEFINEACLEARWAYTOMAKEITPOSSIBLE.11)11)EuropeanCommission2004：CommunicationfromtheCommissionof11October2004totheEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil-EuropeanContractLawandtherevisionoftheacquis:thewayforward簡介ThisCommunicationsetsouttheCommission’sfollow-uptothe2003ActionPlan1,inthelightofthereactionsfromEUinstitutions,MemberStatesandstakeholders.ItoutlineshowtheCommonFrameofReference(CFR)willbedevelopedtoimprovethecoherenceoftheexistingandfutureacquis,andsetsoutspecificplansforthepartsoftheacquisrelevanttoconsumerprotection,inlinewiththeConsumerPolicyStrategy2002-2006.ItalsodescribesplannedactivitiesconcerningthepromotionofEU-widestandardcontractandintendstocontinuethereflectionontheopportunenessofanoptional地位Itisthefirsttimeanditis2004inwhichtheEuropeanCommissionspeaksaboutaoptionalinstrument.Whatdoesoptionalinstrumentmeans?ItmaybetheCommonFrameworkoftheReferencecouldbeaninstrumentthatthepartyofthecontractmayuseitiftheywish.Itwillnotbecompulsorylaw.12)12)EuropeanCommission2005：CommissionReportof23September2005:FirstAnnualProgressReportonEuropeanContractLawandtheAcquisReview內容ThenetworkofstakeholderexpertsontheCFR(“CFR-net”)wasestablished.Itsparticipationensuresthattheresearchtakesintoaccountthepracticalcontextinwhichtherulesaretobeappliedandtheneedsofusers.（CFR-net，CFR-net致力于保證相關Thecommunicationgivesagainmultipleoptionsonhowtoactonthecontractlawharmonization,averticalapproach,amorehorizontalapproach.13)13)EP2006：EuropeanParliamentresolutiononEuropeancontractlawandtherevisionoftheacquis:thewayforward–23march2006內容Thatuniformedinternalmarketcannotbefullyfunctionalwithoutfurtherstepstowardstheharmonizationoftheentirecivillaw,soagainin2006theEPwantsaEuropeancivilcode.Andtheygivestothecommissionalotofother mendation.（EP還是希望制定歐洲14)14)EP2006：EuropeanParliamentresolutiononEuropeanContractLaw-7septemberEPtalksabouttheCommonFrameworkofReference,supportinganapproachforawiderCommonFrameworkofReferenceongeneralcontractlawissuesandnotlimitedtoconsumerprotectionfieldwhichwasthefieldonwhichtheEuropeanCommissionfocusitsintentioninthecommunicationof2004and2005.15)15)EuropeanCommission2007：GreenPaperontheReviewoftheConsumerAcquisof8February2007ThenagaintheEuropeanCommission,theoneyearlater,answeredbyworkingagainjustonaconsumerprotectionwiththelaunchofanothergreenpaper.16)16)EuropeanCommission2007：CommissionReportof25July2007:SecondProgressReportontheCommonFrameofReference內容TheEuropeanCommissionaddsthattheCommonFrameworkofReferencecouldbeabetterregulationinstrument,alongertermexercise.Soitisaexercise,itisnotlaw.Itisconsideredlikeaninstrumenttobeusedforpeoplewhowanttoexercisethemselvesintheharmonizationofcontractlaw.Anditwillbeusedtoprovidecleardefinitionsoflegalterms,fundamentalprinciplesandcoherentmodernrulesofcontractlaw.WhenandbyBylegislators,memberstate’slegislatorsorbypracticaloperatorswhenrevisingexistingandpreparingthenewsectorlegislation.結果ItiscontrarytowhattheEPhadalwayssaid.ThescopeofCommonFrameofReferenceisnotalargescaleharmonizationofprivatelaworaEuropeancivilcode.ItisexactlythecontraryofwhattheEPwanted.17)17)EP2007：Resolutionof12December2007onEuropeanContractItdefinestheCommonFrameworkofReferenceasatoolbooksoranaidbook.Itisaverybeautifulaidbook，butithasnotthestraightpowertobeacivilcode.TheintentionsoftheCommissionisnotdevelopedforthisuse.18)18)EP2008：Resolutionof3September2008ontheCommonFrameofReferenceforEuropeanContractLaw內容TheEPin2008saidthatthefirstdraftoftheCommonFrameworkofReferencewasdeliveredbyscholarsattheendof2007.SothefirstversionoftheCommonFrameworkofReferencewasalreadypreparedbyacademicscholars.ThefirstdraftofthecommonframeworkofThefirstdraftofthecommonframeworkofreferenceisnotlaw,itisjust,butveryWhyitisveryimportant?Becauseitisthefirsttimewehavethedraftofcommonframeworkofreference.Wehavethefirstintersection(交集)betweentheEuropeancontractlawandtheEuropeaniuscommuneIftheItalianlegislatorwanttomaketheEUlawdealingwithcontract,itcouldusethecommonframeworkofreferencetoseethelawthereisdeveloisinlinewithEuropeanUnioncontractcommonprinciplesforexample.19)19)EuropeanCommission2008：ProposalforaDirectiveoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilonConsumerRights(8.10.2008)Europeancommissionexpressagainitsinterestespeciallyinthatforconsumerprotection,elaboratingaproposalforadirectiveonconsumerright,itwasjustaproposal,butitwasagainasignofthefactthattheEuropeancommissionwasreallyfocusonconsumerprotection,notinvolvedinbuildingageneralcontractlawofEurope.20)20)EuropeanCommission2009：CommissionCommunicationof10June2009-ANEVALUATIONOFTHEHAGUE ROGRAMMEANDACTIONPLAN（ppt內容老師讀了一遍Adoptionofacommonframeofreference(CFR)inthefieldofEuropeancontractlaw.TheworkontheCommissionCFRiscurrentlyatthestageofassessmentoftheresultsdeliveredbytheacademicresearchgroup.TheCommissioniscommittedininformalconsultationswiththeCouncilandtheEuropeanParliamentduring2009beforefinalisingtheCommissionCFR,envisagedtobeadoptedin2010.FinalresearchreportincludingadraftcommonframeofreferenceinthefieldofEuropeancontractTheCommonFrameofReference(CFR)workonconsumercontractlawissueshas,togetherwiththeresultsofotherpreparatorywork,servedasastartingpointfortheGreenPaperonthereviewoftheconsumeracquisthattheCommissionadoptedon7February2007andfurtherfortheCommissionProposalforDirectiveonConsumerRightsadoptedon8October2008.InDecember2007,theDraftCFRpreparedbytheStudyGrouponaEuropeanCivilCodeandtheResearchGrouponECPrivateLaw(AcquisGroup)wasdeliveredtotheCommission.21January2008,itwaspresentedintheEuropeanParliament.OnDecember2008,theresearchersdeliveredthefinalversionoftheacademicCFRtoDRAFTCOMMONFRAMEOF評論Ifyouthinkitissufficientresultin30yearsofeffortoftheEuropeanUnioninstitutions.ItisbythewayreallygoodresultevenifitisnotlawthiscouldhavebeenthesectionoftheEuropeanprivatelawdealingwithcontract.(雖然這不是法律，但是也是歐盟機構三十年ButdoyouthinkforexamplethatItalianpoliticianswhenmakinglawswillopenoneofthesebooks,notheydon’tevenknowtheyexist.Unfortunay,whenwetalkaboutthelawmaker,orwecansaylegislator,wedon’thavetothinkthatheorsheoritisortheyareverygoodscholarsSotheydon’tpayattentionondraftingcommonframework.但是在實踐中，成員國的時候卻不一定看這個draftcommonframework）DividedPrinciples(underlinying/ModelRulesSummaryofthebook：BookI—GeneralprovisionsBookII—ContractsandotherjuridicalactsBookIII—ObligationsandcorrespondingrightsBookIV—SpecificcontractsandtherightsandobligationsarisingfromthemBookV—Benevolentinterventioninanother’saffairsBookVI—Non-contractualliabilityarisingoutofdamagecausedtoanotherBookVII—UnjustifiedenrientBookVIII—AcquisitionandlossofownershipofBookIX—ProprietarysecurityrightsinmovableassetsBookX—Trusts21)21)EuropeanCommission2010：COMMISSIONDECISIONof26April2010SettinguptheExpertGrouponaCommonFrameofReferenceintheareaofEuropeanContractLaw內容ThegroupshouldassisttheCommissioninpreparingaproposalforaCommonFrameofReferenceintheareaofEuropeancontractlaw,includingconsumerandbusinesscontractlaw,usingtheDraftCommonFrameofReferenceasastartingpointandtakingintoconsiderationotherresearchworkconductedinthisareaaswellastheUnionThegroupshould,inparticular,helptheCommissionselectthosepartsoftheDraftCommonFrameofReferencewhichareofdirectorindirectrelevanceforcontractlaw,andrestructure,reviseandsupp