2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（7）PassageThirteen(TheNeutralityofAmericanintheEarlyWorldWarII)TheestablishmentoftheThirdReichinfluencedeventsinAmericanhistorybystartingachainofeventswhichculminatedinwarbetweenGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.In1937thePresidentwasempoweredtodeclareanarmsembargoinwarsbetweennationsathisdiscretion.AmericanopinionbegantochangesomewhatafterPresidentRoosevelt’s“quarantinetheaggressor”speechatChicago(1937)inwhichheseverelycriticizedHitler’spolicies.Germany’sseizureofAustriaandtheMunichPactforthepartitionofCzechoslovakia(1938)alsoarousedtheAmericanpeople.TheconquestofCzechoslovakiainMarch,1939wasanotherrudeawakeningtothemenaceoftheThirdReich.InAugust,1939cametheshockoftheNazi-sovietPactandinSeptembertheattackonPolandandtheoutbreakofEuropeanwar.TheUnitedStatesattemptedtomaintainneutralityinspiteofsympathyforthedemocraciesarrayedagainsttheThirdReich.TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.Astrongnationaldefenseprogramwasbegun.Adraftactwaspassed(1940)tostrengthenthemilitaryservices.ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.HelpwasgiventoBritainbyexchangingcertainoveragedestroyersfortherighttoestablishAmericanbasesinBritishterritoryintheWesternHemisphere.InAugust,1940PresidentRooseveltandPrimeMinisterChurchillmetandissuedtheAtlanticCharterwhichproclaimedthekindofaworldwhichshouldbeestablishedafterthewar.InDecember,1941,JapanlaunchedtheunprovokedattackontheUnitedStatesatPearlHarbor.Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.1.Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas_______.A.theburningoftheReichstag.B.Germanplansforconquest.C.Nazibarbarism.D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroups.Lend-LeaseActwasdesignedto_______.A.helptheBritish.B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStates.C.promotetheAtlanticCharter.D.avengePearlHarbor.Policyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing_______.A.watchful.B.isolationist.C.peaceful.D.indifferent.NeutralityActof1939_______.A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnations.B.antagonizedJapan.C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAllies.D.ledtoLend-LeaseAct.enteredthewaragainstGermany_______.A.becauseGermanydeclaredwar.B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermany.C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-sovietPact.D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailed.Vocabulary

帝國(guó)，尤指第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前及大戰(zhàn)期間的德國(guó)

兇殘，殘暴

好戰(zhàn)的，交戰(zhàn)國(guó)的

判斷力，自行裁決，謹(jǐn)慎

賦予……權(quán)力

禁運(yùn)，封港

停船檢疫，隔離，封鎖，使孤立

分割，瓜分

威脅，危險(xiǎn)

廢除，取消destroyer

舊式驅(qū)逐艦

無緣無故的，非因觸犯而發(fā)生的Acts

中立法令Pact

慕尼黑公約act

征兵法LeaseAct

租借法Charter

大西洋公約Harbor

珍珠港寫作方法與文章大意文章講述了第三帝國(guó)成立，美國(guó)由中立到宣戰(zhàn)的一段歷史。采用按年代先后進(jìn)行敘述的寫作手法。文章一開始就點(diǎn)明主題：“第三帝國(guó)的成立影響了美國(guó)歷史，從一系列事情開始，最終導(dǎo)致德國(guó)和美國(guó)交戰(zhàn)?！贝鸢冈斀獾蹏?guó)大廈焚毀，眾所周知，這是納粹希特勒精心策劃的一次政治陰謀，旨在迫害德國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨。B.德國(guó)征服計(jì)劃。C.納粹之殘暴。D.迫害宗教團(tuán)體。在文中都提到。見第一段第二句“民主的全面摧毀、對(duì)猶太人的迫害、摧殘宗教、納粹的殘忍和野蠻，特別是德國(guó)及其盟國(guó)意、日、征服世界的計(jì)劃激起美國(guó)極大憤怒，也帶來了對(duì)又一次世界大戰(zhàn)的恐懼?！奔訌?qiáng)美國(guó)國(guó)防。見第二段導(dǎo)數(shù)第五句“1941年的租借法規(guī)定：總統(tǒng)對(duì)他認(rèn)為保衛(wèi)美國(guó)所需要的國(guó)家有權(quán)賣給、交換或借給他們物資?！盇.幫助英國(guó)，不對(duì)。C.促進(jìn)大西洋公約。大西洋公約是1941年8月，羅斯福和邱吉爾會(huì)面后的聯(lián)合公告。D.報(bào)復(fù)珍珠港。是1941年日本發(fā)起襲擊的報(bào)復(fù)。與世隔絕。這在第一段第三句“美國(guó)人民雖然反對(duì)希特勒的兇殘等事，他們一般還是喜歡孤立（與世隔絕的）政策和保持中立。1933年和1936年的中立條約規(guī)定：禁止和交戰(zhàn)國(guó)雙方貿(mào)易和借貸。”A.觀察的。C.和平的。D.不正確的。允許把武器賣給交戰(zhàn)國(guó)。答案在第二段第六句“1939年的中立條約取消了武器禁運(yùn)，允許進(jìn)行現(xiàn)鈔交易出口武器給交戰(zhàn)國(guó)?！盉.和日本敵對(duì)。C.允許英國(guó)只能和其盟國(guó)貿(mào)易。D.導(dǎo)致租借條約。因?yàn)榈聡?guó)宣戰(zhàn)。這在第一段已有說明。盡管希特勒壞事做盡，美國(guó)還是傾向于中立政策。第二段羅斯福在芝加哥的演講，態(tài)度稍有改變。嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)希特勒的政策，但仍然以中立為主。1941年日本襲擊珍珠港，不久德國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)才不得不參戰(zhàn)。PassageFourteen(AntarcticaandEnvironment)Antarcticahasactuallybecomeakindofspacestation–auniqueobservationpostfordetectingimportantchangesintheworld’senvironment.Remotefrommajorsourcesofpollutionandthecomplexgeologicalandecologicalsystemsthatprevailelsewhere,Antarcticamakespossiblescientificmeasurementsthatareoftensharperandeasiertointerpretthanthosemadeinotherpartsoftheworld.GrowingnumbersofscientiststhereforeseeAntarcticaasadistant-early-warningsensor,wherepotentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforetheyshowuptothenorth.Onepromisingfieldofinvestigationisglaciology.ScholarsfromtheUnitedStates,Switzerland,andFrancearepursuingsevenseparatebutrelatedprojectsthatreflecttheirconcernforthehealthoftheWestAntarcticIceSheet–aconcerntheybelievetheworldatlargeshouldshare.TheTransantarcticMountain,someofthemmorethan14,000feethigh,dividethecontinentintotwoverydifferentregions.Thepartofthecontinenttothe“east”ofthemountainsisahighplateaucoveredbyanicesheetnearlytwomilesthick.“West”ofthemountain,thehalfofthecontinentsouthoftheAmericasisalsocoveredbyanicesheet,buttheretheicerestsonrockthatismostlywellbelowsealevel.IftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared,thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoasparseclusterofisland.Whileiceandsnowareobviouslycentraltomanyenvironmentalexperiments,othersfocusonthemysterious“dryvalley”ofAntarctica,valleysthatcontainlittleiceorsnoweveninthedepthsofwinter.SlashedthroughthemountainsofsouthernVictoriaLand,thesevalleysonceheldenormousglaciersthatdescended9,000feetfromthepolarplateautotheRossSea.Nowtheglaciersaregone,perhapsacasualtyoftheglobalwarmingtrendduringthe10,000yearssincetheiceage.Eventhesnowthatfallsinthedryvalleysisblastedoutbyviciouswindsthatroardownfromthepolarplateautothesea.Leftbarearespectaculargorges,rippledfieldsofsanddunes,clustersofboulderssculpturedintofantasticshapesby100-mile-an-hourwinds,andanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation.Despitetheunearthlyaspectofthedryvalleys,somescientistsbelievetheymaycarryamessageofhopeoftheverdantpartsoftheearth.Somescientistsbelievethatinsomecasesthedryvalleysmaysoakuppollutantsfasterthanpollutantsenterthem.1.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.AntarcticaandenvironmentalProblems.B.Antarctica:Earth’sEarly-Warningstation.C.Antarctica:aUniqueObservationPost.D.Antarctica:aMysteriousPlace.2.WhatwouldtheresultbeiftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared?A.Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbedisappeared.B.Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereduced.C.ThewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbecomescatteredIslands.D.ThewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoaclusterofIslands.3.WhyaretheDryValleysleftbare?A.Viciouswindblaststhesnowaway.B.Itrarelysnows.C.Becauseoftheglobalwarmingtrendandfiercewind.D.Sanddunes.4.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.The“DryValleys”havenothingleftinside.B.The“DryValleys”neverheldglaciers.C.The“DryValleys”maycarryamessageofhopefortheverdant.D.The“DryValleys”areuselesstoscientists.Vocabularysensor

遠(yuǎn)距離早期報(bào)警傳感器

高原，高地

揮砍

一陣疾風(fēng)/狂風(fēng)

邪惡的，兇魔般的

峽谷

起伏，使起微波dune

沙丘

綠色

地球之外的

氣氛難句譯注1.GrowingnumbersofscientiststhereforeseeAntarcticaasadistant-earlywaningsensor,wherepotentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforetheyshowuptothenorth.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】see…as把……看作。Where定從修飾Antarctic?！緟⒖甲g文】因此，越來越多的科學(xué)家把南極洲視