SummaryWritingBytheendofthisperiod,youwillbeableto:1.beclearabout

thestepsofwritingasummary;2.know

howtogetthetopicsentence;3.write

asummarybyusingsometechniques.《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明》概要寫作：提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。（滿分25分）評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔（21-25分）1.理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋所有要點(diǎn)2.

準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞3.有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊4.完全使用自己的語言寫作步驟

1.Readfortopicandstructure2.Combinetopicsentenceandkeywords3.Rewrite/paraphrase

1ReadforTopicandStructure

Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments-mostlyforentertainmentpurposes-isfairandrespectful?Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalbones.Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies’name,diet,andnaturalrange.Theanimals’normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon’tusuallytakecareoftheanimals’naturalneeds.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.

Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthat

zoochosis

iscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Captivebreedingofendangeredbigcats,Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedntheirbeingsentbacktothewild.Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Haven’tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.

ReadforTopicandStructure

2ReadforTopicSentenceandKeyWords

Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments---mostlyforentertainmentpurposes---isfairandrespectful?①Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.②However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.③Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.1&2?

Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments---mostlyforentertainmentpurposes---isfairandrespectful?①Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.②However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.③Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.1&2提出問題

導(dǎo)入?動(dòng)物園觀點(diǎn)事實(shí)說明

Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments---mostlyforentertainmentpurposes---isfairandrespectful?①Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.②However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.③Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.1&2?動(dòng)物園觀點(diǎn)

主題句事實(shí)說明

Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments---mostlyforentertainmentpurposes---isfairandrespectful?

①Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.

②However,

mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.③Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWords?Para.1&2作者觀點(diǎn)

Keepinganimals..............................................isunfairbecause

①Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.②Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies'name,diet,andnaturalrange.③Theanimals'normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon'tusuallytakecareoftheanimals'naturalneeds.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.3

①Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,but

visitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.②Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies'name,diet,andnaturalrange.③Theanimals'normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon'tusuallytakecareoftheanimals'naturalneeds.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.3?分析原因

①Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.

②Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies'name,diet,andnaturalrange.③Theanimals'normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon'tusuallytakecareoftheanimals'naturalneeds.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.3

主題句

①Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.②Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.

③Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthat

zoochosis

iscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.④Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.4

①Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.

②Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.

③Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthat

zoochosis

iscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.④Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.4事實(shí)論證

①Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.②Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.

③Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthat

zoochosis

iscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.④Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.4事實(shí)論證

主題句主題句的標(biāo)志1.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句，對(duì)此問題的解答通常是主旨

2.

段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，該句很可能是主題句3.具體實(shí)例之前通常是主旨4.

下列詞之后通常是主旨:

however,but,yet,anyhow,therefore,so,thus,allinall,what'smore,furthermore,actually,insteadof......5.下列詞之前通常是主旨:

forexample,first,second......

①Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.②Captivebreedingofendangeredbigcats,Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedintheirbeingsentbacktothewild.③Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.④Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.⑤Haven'tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.5

主題句補(bǔ)充解釋

①Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.②Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals'naturalhabitats.ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWordsPara.6

主題句

Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments-mostlyforentertainmentpurposes-isfairandrespectful?Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalbones.Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies'name,diet,andnaturalrange.Theanimals'normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon'tusuallytakecareoftheanimals’naturalneeds.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.

Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthat

zoochosis

iscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Captivebreedingofendangeredbigcats,Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedntheirbeingsentbacktothewild.Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Haven’tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.

ReadforTopicSentencesandKeyWords

?however......but............,Furthermore......Insteadof......

Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments-mostlyforentertainmentpurposes-isfairandrespectful?Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalbones.Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies’name,diet,andnaturalrange.Theanimals’normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon’tusuallytakecareoftheanimals’naturalneeds.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.

Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthat

zoochosis

iscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Captivebreedingofendangeredbigcats,Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedntheirbeingsentbacktothewild.Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Haven’tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.

ReadforTopicandStructure

P1P2P3P4P6P5議論文寫作模板論點(diǎn)論據(jù)結(jié)論3Rewrite/Paraphrase理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋所有要點(diǎn)有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊完全使用自己的語言準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋所有要點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高度概況（找出主題句）刪除細(xì)節(jié)同義替換句式運(yùn)用(非謂語動(dòng)詞，省略，主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)，倒裝）巧妙的銜接詞概要寫作高分技能詞詞替換：包括同義詞、近義詞、反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換詞性：指用同一個(gè)單詞的不同形式，詞形不同，意思一樣短語與短語替換同義替換Para1&2.

Keepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments...isfair

and

respectful?.......mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting

“things”

ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Para3.Visitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningful

abouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Para4.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,.......Thisresultsin

unusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.Para5.Mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Para6.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals'naturalhabitats.詞詞替換---同義詞、近義詞、反義詞unfairsignificantabnormaldyingoutorganizationsthatanimalsdisrespectfulPara1&2.

Keepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments...isfairandrespectful?.......mostzoosremain“collections”

ofinteresting

“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Para3.Visitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningful

abouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Para4.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,.......Thisresultsin

unusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.Para5.Mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Para6.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals'naturalhabitats.轉(zhuǎn)換詞性---詞形不同，意思一樣unfairsignificantabnormaldyingoutorganizationsthat

collectdestroy

destruction

disrespectfulanimalsdoharmtocausedestruction/damagetodamage/harm/hurt

(vt.)Para1&2.

Keepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments...isfairandrespectful?.......mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting

“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Para3.Visitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanything

meaningful

abouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Para4.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,.......Thisresultsin

unusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.Para5.Mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Para6.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals'naturalhabitats.短語與短語替換unfairsignificantabnormaldyingoutorganizationsthat

collectdestroy

destruction

inzoos

Theyfailedtolearnsomething

causeTheydestroythemselves.Theycausedestruction/damagetothemselves.animalsdisrespectfulleadtoTheydoharmtothemselves.Theyhaven'tincreasedtheirknowledge

改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，運(yùn)用不同的句式來表達(dá)與原句相同的句意。常用的策略有：改變語態(tài)，簡(jiǎn)單句變復(fù)合句，從句變分詞，省略，倒裝句式運(yùn)用Para1&2.

Keepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments...isfairandrespectful?.......mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting

“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.P3.Visitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanything

meaningful

abouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.P4.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,.......Thisresultsin

unusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.P5.Mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.P6.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals'naturalhabitats.Paraphrase---句式運(yùn)用unfairabnormaldyingoutorganizationsthat

collect

inzoos

leadtoTheydestroythemselves.animals1.

becausemostzoosonlycollectinterestinganimalsbutdon'tprotectthem.

2.

animalsinzoosbecausemostzoosonlycollectinterestinganimalsbutdon'tprotectthem.disrespectful

it作形式主語doing

作主語Keepinganimalsinzoosisunfair

Itisunfairtokeep

Para3.Visitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanything

meaningful

abouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Para4.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,.......Thisresultsin

unusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalled

zoochosis.Para5.Mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Para6.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals'naturalhabitats.Paraphrase---句式運(yùn)用significantabnormaldyingoutorganizationsthatdestroy

destruction

Theyfailedtolearnsomething

leadtoTheydestroythemselves.Theycausedestruction/damagetothemselves.Para3.

Visitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanything

meaningful

abouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Paraphrase---句式運(yùn)用Theyfailedtolearnsomething

1.

,theyfailedtolearns