Prof.JiakuanYangHuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyAirPollutionControlEngineeringQuestionsfortheLastLecturePleaseexplainhowglobalwarminggenerates.2HowOzoneHolesareformed?AnswerGreenhousegasesaretransparentforsunlight,butabsorblongerwavelengthradiation.Whentheamountofgreenhousegases,suchasCO2,CH4etc,increasetoahighvalue,theglobaltemperatureincreases.GreenhouseeffectSunlightinthedayOutgoingradiationinthedayOutgoingradiationinthenightHowOzoneHolesareformed?Lecture3

AirPollutionControlLawsand

regulation,ControlPhilosophiesⅠU.S.AirPollutionControlLawsandRegulationsⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsⅢAirPollutionControlPhilosophiesⅠU.S.AirpollutioncontrollawsandregulationsMostairpollutioncontrolactivitiesintheUnitedStatestakeplaceinresponsetoorinanticipationofairpollutionlawsandregulations.ImpactsofLawsandregulationsFirstlawsandregulations,thencontrolactivitiesTheflowoflegalauthorityleadingto

AirPollutionControlBasiclegalstructure,CommonlawsCleanairactLocalregulationsfederalregulationsstateregulationsU.SEPAregulationsAirPollutionControlCommonAbbreviationsofAirLaws

andRegulationsEPA

:EnvironmentalProtectionAgencySIP

:StateImplementationPlan(州執(zhí)行計劃）NAAQS:NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(美國室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量標準）PSD

:PreventionOfSignificantDeteriorationNSPS:NewSourcePerformanceStandardsNESHAP:

NationalEmissionStandardForHazardAndAirpollutionsACGIH:

AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienistsNAAQSandACGIH(Page28)Table2.3AirQualitystandardsandindustrialexposurestandardsSubstancePermittedambientC(NAAQS)PermittedindustrialC(TWAandSTEL)SO280μg/m3(0.03ppm)2ppm,8-haverageⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsManyEPAregulationsarebasedonastandardtemperatureof25°C.Throughoutthisbook,airandprocessgasesareassumedtobeat1standardatmosphereand20°C.Inchemistry,standardatmosphereconditions,0°C,1atm.ⅡUnitsofAirPollutants

ppmaconcentrationexpressedinpartspermillion(ppm)Foraconcentrationinagas,byvolumeorbymol.Foraconcentrationinaliquidorsolid,bymassorweight.ppbpartsperbillion,μg/kgⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsWhenexpressingtheconcentrationofSO2intheair,1ppmSO2means1m3SO2in106m3air.WhenexpressingtheconcentrationofHginthepollutedwater,1ppmHgmeans1mgHgin1Lwastewater.1ppm=10-6Forexample:ⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsConversionbetweenppmandμg/m3At1atmand25°C,1m3ofanyperfectgascontains40.87moles.C(μg/m3)=ppm×40.87×(molecularweight,g/mol)Forexample:SO20.03ppmC=0.03×40.87×64=78.5μg/m3ⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsForperfectgasesat1atmand25°C,1m3

Numberofmol(molecularweight)ⅢAirPollutionControlPhilosophiesAperfectairpollutionphilosophyandimplementingregulationsarecost-effective,simple,enforceable,flexible,andevolutionary.EmissionstandardsphilosophyAirqualitystandardsphilosophyEmissiontaxesphilosophyCost-benefitstandardsphilosophy1)Emissionstandardsphilosophy

Thebasicideaoftheemissionstandardphilosophyisthatthereissomemaximumpossible(orpractical)degreeofemissioncontrol.Costisverybad.CleanestpossibleairphilosophyBestpracticalmeansphilosophy2)TheAirQualityStandardPhilosophyTheairqualitystandardphilosophyislogicallya“zero-damage”philosophy.Theairqualitystandardphilosophyisbasedontheassumptionthatthetruesituationformostmajorairpollutantsisthethresholdvaluesituation.SuitableAirpollutioncontrolmeans(ortechniques)willbeusedinordertodecreasethepollutantconcentrationvaluesunderthethresholdvalue.3)EmissionTaxPhilosophyLawsbasedonemissiontaxphilosophywouldtaxeachemissionofmajorpollutantsaccordingtoitsemissionrate.XcentsperpoundofpollutantYforallemitters.Forexample:4)Cost-benefitPhilosophyThecost-benefitapproachacceptssomeamountofairpollutiondamagetohumanhealth.Thisphilosophysuggeststhatweattempttodecide,inasrationalamanneraspossible,howmuchdamageweshouldacceptandcorrespondinghowmuchweshouldbewillingtospendtoreducedamagestothislevel.Pollutioncontrolcost(orpollutioncontrolexpenditure)PollutiondamageTotalConcentrationofairpollutantscost4)Cost-benefitPhilosophyHigherconcentration,higherdamagecost.Higherconcentration,lowercontrolcost.Total=damage+controlMinimizationofthesumoftwocostsd(sumoftwocosts)dc=0環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量控制標準的種類和作用

環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量控制標準按用途分：大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量標準大氣污染物排放標準大氣污染控制技術標準大氣污染預警預報標準按其適用范圍分國家標準地方標準行業(yè)標準環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標準

環(huán)境空氣（Ambientair）質(zhì)量標準是以保障人體健康和一定的生態(tài)環(huán)境為目標，而對大氣環(huán)境中各種污染物的允許含量所作的限制規(guī)定，是最基本的大氣環(huán)境標準，是進行大氣環(huán)境科學管理，制定大氣污染防治規(guī)劃和大氣污染物排放標準的依據(jù)，是環(huán)境管理部門的執(zhí)法依據(jù)。大氣環(huán)境污染物排放標準

大氣污染物排放標準是為實現(xiàn)大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量標準，對污染源排入大氣的污染物允許含量的限制規(guī)定。是控制大氣污染源的污染物排放量和選擇設計凈化裝置的重要依據(jù)，也是環(huán)境管理部門的執(zhí)法依據(jù)。大氣污染物排放標準可分為國家標準、地方標準和行業(yè)標準。

大氣污染控制技術標準

是根據(jù)污染物排放標準引申出來的輔助標準，如燃料、原料使用標準，凈化裝置選用標準，排氣囪高度標準及衛(wèi)生防護距離標準等。是為保證達到污染物排放標準而從某一方面做出的具體技術規(guī)定，目的是使生產(chǎn)、設計和管理人員容易掌握和執(zhí)行。

警報標準

大氣污染警報標準是為保護大氣環(huán)境不致惡化，或根據(jù)大氣污染發(fā)展趨勢預防發(fā)生污染事故而規(guī)定的空氣中污染物含量的極限值。超過這一限值就應警報，以便采取必要的預防措施，盡量減少對人們的危害。

中華人民共和國國家標準

環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標準

Ambientairqualitystandard

GB3095－1996

(代替GB3095－82)

國家環(huán)境保護局1996-01-18批準 1996-10-01實施主題內(nèi)容與適用范圍 本標準規(guī)定了環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量功能區(qū)劃分、標準分級、污染物項目、取值時間及濃度限值，采樣與分析方法及數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計的有效性規(guī)定。 本標準適用于全國范圍的環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量評價。環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量功能區(qū)的分類和標準分級環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量功能區(qū)分類一類區(qū)為自然保護區(qū)、風景名勝區(qū)和其它需要特殊保護的地區(qū)。二類區(qū)為城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃中確定的居住區(qū)、商業(yè)交通居民混合區(qū)、文化區(qū)、一般工業(yè)區(qū)和農(nóng)村地區(qū)。三類區(qū)為特定工業(yè)區(qū)。環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標準分級（環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標準分為三級）一類區(qū)執(zhí)行一級標準二類區(qū)執(zhí)行二級標準三類區(qū)執(zhí)行三級標準各項污染物的濃度限值注：①適用于城市地區(qū)；②適用于牧業(yè)區(qū)和以牧業(yè)為主的半農(nóng)半牧區(qū)，蠶桑區(qū)；③適用于農(nóng)業(yè)和林業(yè)區(qū)。ThisLectureandtheNextLectureThisLecture:Chapter3Page