M4Period4教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)廣東省梅州市蕉嶺中學(xué)胡美娜Period4GrammarTeachingImportantPoints1.Targetlanguagea.Importantphrases.achievement,inspire,worthwhile,observe,institute,respect,condition,argue,entertainmentb.Keysentences.OurgroupsareallgoingtovisitthechimpsintheforestOurgroupincludessixboysandfivegirls.2.Abilitygoals

a.Enlargevocabularybylearningword-formation.b.LearntouseSubject-verbagreementcorrectly.3.Learningabilitygoals

Teachstudentshowtoenlargevocabularybyword-formationandhowtousesubject-verbagreement.TeachingimportantpointsNounSuffixinword-formation.Subject-verbagreementofcollectivenouns.

TeachingDifficultPoints

Enablestudentstousecollectivenounscorrectly,byunderstandingtheirmeaningsincertainsituations.TeachingMethods

Letstudentsdotheexercises,andthencollecttheiranswers.Askthemtoconcludetherulesandthengivethemsomeexplanation.TeachingAids

A

projector.Teachingprocedures&ways

Step1

RevisionReviewthetextbycheckingtheanswersforExercises2,3and4onPage4and5.Theseexercisesareabouttheusefulwordsthatappearinthetext.Step2

DiscoveringusefulstructuresTellstudentswhattheyshoulddonext.

AskthemtoreadtheEXAMPLEinExercise1onPage5.

Makesurethattheyknowwhattheyshoulddo.

FinishExercise1,

andchecktheanswers.T:Doyouhaveanyquestions?Ss:Sometimesit'sdifficulttodecidewhetherthemeaningofthesubjecttendstosingleorplurality.T:Thisisagoodquestion.Althoughweknowthatifthewordreferstodifferentmembers,useaplural,andifthewordisconsideredasawhole,useasingularverb,westillfinditisdifficulttousethisinourpractice.Ithinkwhatweshoulddoistopracticeagainandagain.Trytoexperiencethemeaningofthewordinthesituation.That'sthewaytosolvethisproblem.Ok,let'sfinishExercise2onPage5.Letstudentsdoit.Theycanhaveadiscussiontochecktheanswers.Afterthat,checkwiththewholeclass,tofactteachershouldenlargethisstructureforstudents.DiegrammarchartinthereferencebookonPage5,isagoodonetoletstudentsknowmoreaboutsubject-verbagreement.Ifpossibleteachercouldshowallthegrammarknowledgetostudents.ThisisespeciallyusefulforthosewhowouldliketolearnEnglishGrammar.主謂一致

主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來不外乎三種一致原則，即語法形式一致，概念一致（語言內(nèi)容上一致），毗鄰一致（謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語一致）。

1.語法形式一致:按主語的語法形式(單復(fù)數(shù))確定謂語的形式（1）單數(shù)主語、單個(gè)動詞不定式、動名詞短語以及句子作主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語，用and或both…and連接的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Theperformancewasveryfunny.

2)Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.

3)Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.

4)Manynaturalmaterialsarebecomingscarce.

5)BothyouandIare

students.

6)WhatIthinkandwhatIseekhavebeenfairlyreflectedinmypaper.

注1：在what引導(dǎo)的主語從句中，如果主語補(bǔ)語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Whatwehavetolearnarethepiecesoflanguagethatproduceinversion.

注2：修飾語對主語的數(shù)不起影響。例如：

Theperformanceofthefirstthreeclownswasveryfunny.（2）由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語后面，不能看作是并列主語，該主語不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語的影響，主語如是單數(shù)，其謂語動詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.

2)ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.

3)Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.

4)Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.(3)有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們在句子中作主語時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語動詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either,neither,each,one,theother,another,somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,anybody,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody等。例如：

1)Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.(兩人都不喜歡對方的朋友。)

2)Everythingaroundusismatter.(我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。)(4)在neitherof與eitherof的結(jié)構(gòu)里，一般語法書都認(rèn)為謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.

2)Haseitherofthembeenseenrecently?(5)當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Thebreadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.(早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。)

2)Thebreadandthebutterareonsale.(正在出售黃油和面包。)(aneedleandthread,ahorseandcart,awatchandchain,acoatandtie,truthandhonesty,medicalhelpandcure,

這些都用單數(shù))（6）當(dāng)oneof,aportionof,aseriesof,aspeciesof,achainof結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.

2)Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.（7）plentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：

1）Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring.

2）Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely.

3）Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail.

4）Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox.

5）Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.

6）Thereareloadsofbigredapplesontheground.（8）由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest,themajorityof等+名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。例如：

1）Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.

2）Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.

3）Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.

4）Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeoftheterm.

5)Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.

6)Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.（9）由morethanone(或morethanone+單數(shù)名詞)，manya+單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1）Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.

2）Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.

注：如果morethan后面是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。

例如：Morethantwohundredstudentshaveattendedthelecture.（10）quantityof+不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;quantitiesof+可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1）Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.

2）Thereisalargequantityofmilk.（11）如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1）Overthree-quartersoftheswamplandhasbeenreclaimed.

2）Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.（12）定語從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：

1）Heisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.

2）“Keepcool”isthefirstoftherulesthataretoberememberedinanaccident.

注：當(dāng)one之前有theonly等限定詞修飾時(shí)，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.2.概念一致（語言內(nèi)容上一致）（1）有些集合名詞如crowd,family,team,orchestra（管弦樂隊(duì)）,group,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等，它們作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí)，動詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個(gè)成員來說，則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1）Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.

2）Hisfamilyareverywell.

3）Thepublicis/arerequestednottoleavelitterinthepark.

注：如這類詞后跟有定語從句時(shí)，定語從句的謂語動詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who;強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如：

1）Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.

2）Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.

(2)有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people,police,militia,cattle,poultry（家禽）等。例如：

1）Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.

2）Thepolicearesearchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.(3)有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news,means,works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等，它們作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1）Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.

2）Hereisthenews.(4)用and連接的單數(shù)主語，前面有each,every,manya,no等修飾時(shí)，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語與each連用時(shí)，應(yīng)不受each的影響，謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Eachpenandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.

2)Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.

3)Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.

4)Theoldworkersandtheyoungeachhavetheirowntools.(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、價(jià)值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.

2)Threepintsisn’tenoughtogetmedrunk.

(6)國家、單位和書報(bào)的名稱，作為一個(gè)單一的概念，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1）WarandPeaceisthelongestbookI’veread.

2）GeneralMotorshasrecentlycloseddownaplant.(通用汽車公司最近關(guān)閉了一家工廠。)

3.毗鄰一致（就近原則）(1)由連詞or,neither…or,either…or,notonly…also,nor等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原則，與貼近它的主語一致。例如：

1)Heoryouhavetakenmypen.

2)Eitheryouorheisnotellingthetruth.

3)Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.(2)在therebe的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則。例如：

1)Thereisadeskandfourbenchesintheoffice.

2)Therearetwochairsandadeskintheoffice.二、代詞指代一致

指代一致是指句中的代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致。1.人稱一致

(1)當(dāng)代詞指代名詞或另一個(gè)代詞時(shí)，須在人稱上與所指代的詞保持一致。例如：

1）Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIdidn’tspeaktoher.

2)Thatwomansaidthatshewasoverfifty.

3)Theyaskedwhomtheyshouldapplyto.(2)當(dāng)代詞指代集合名詞時(shí)，用單數(shù)人稱代詞強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，用復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人。例如：

1)Thecommitteehavediscussedtheirreportonthedisaster.

2)Theaudienceareraisingtheirhandstosignifytheirapproval.(3)當(dāng)everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等作主語時(shí)，相應(yīng)的代詞一般采用單數(shù)形式。例如：

1)Ifanyonecalls,tellhimI’llbebacklater.

2)Everyonethinksheisth