中國古典十大名曲平沙落雁逸士胸懷鴻鵠之志——《平沙落雁》

據(jù)說《平沙落雁》是近三百年來流傳最廣的古琴曲，現(xiàn)存的琴譜就達五十余種?！镀缴陈溲恪纷钤绲陌姹据d于明代崇禎七年（1634）刊印的《古音正宗》。《古音正宗》這樣解題《平沙落雁》：逸士胸懷鴻鵠之志——《平沙落雁》“蓋取其秋高氣爽，風(fēng)靜沙平，云程萬里，天際飛鳴。借鴻鴣之遠志，寫逸士之心胸也?！w節(jié)奏凡三起三落。初彈似鴻雁來賓，極云霄之縹緲，序雁行以和鳴，倏隱倏顯，若往若來。其欲落也，回環(huán)顧盼，空際盤旋；其將落也，息聲斜掠，繞洲三匝，其既落也，此呼彼應(yīng)，三五成群，飛鳴宿食，得所適情：子母隨而雌雄讓，亦能品焉。”借鴻鴣之遠志，寫逸士之心胸孔子云：“天下有道則見，無道則隱。”孟子曰：“窮則獨善其身，達則兼濟天下?！薄按箅[隱于朝，中隱隱于市，小隱隱于野”。從這個角度來看，《平沙落雁》的曲中之音和曲外之意，包涵了對懷才不遇而欲取功名者的勵志，和對因言獲罪而退隱山林者的慰藉。8.TheLegalistschoolHanFeiHanFei(280—233B.C.),anativeoftheStateofHanandaformerstudentofXunZi,synthesizedthethoughtsoftheLegalistSchoolofthepre-Qinperiod.《韓非子·奸劫弒臣》夫安利者就之，危害者去之，此人之情也。《韓非子·備內(nèi)》醫(yī)善吮人之傷，含人之血，非骨肉之親也，利所加也。故輿人成輿，則欲人之富貴；匠人成棺，則欲人之夭死也。非輿人仁而匠人賊也，人不貴則輿不售，人不死則棺不買。情非憎人也，利在人之死也。ThethoughtsofHanFeiHanFei’sentireworkiscollectedinHanFeizi,abookcontaining55chapters.HanFeiadoptedanddevelopedaprogressivesocialandhistoricalviewputforwardbyearlierlegalists(ShangYang,forinstance)andfurtherproposedhisnotionsofsocialdevelopmentandhistoricalevolution.Hepointedoutthat“onedoesnothavetofollowancientpracticesinordertogovern”and“asconditionsintheworldchange,differentprinciplesshouldbeappliedaccordingly.”《韓非子》治世不法古世異則事異，事異則備變。ThethoughtsofHanFeiHisdoctrinesservedasthetheoreticalbasisfortheStateofQin’sunificationofChinaandtheestablishmentofafeudalandautocraticempire.ThethoughtsofHanFeiHealsoheldthattheimpetusofsocialdevelopmentliesinthematerialfoundationandinnerconflictsofthesociety.HanFei’sideaofrulingastateinvolvesthreeconcepts:fa(thelaws),shu(techniques)andshi(power).Anintelligentrulermusthaveshu(techiques)tocarryoutfa(laws),andhemusthaveshi(power)tousethetechniquesandenforcethelaws.Fa,aboveall,isthemostfundamentalconceptofthethree,thoughtheyarecomplementaryinfunction.《韓非子》凡治天下必因人情。人情者有好惡，故賞罰可用。