Lecture1

SentenceStructure句子結(jié)構(gòu)

(

p.p.13—21)I.Clauseelements

Subject主語(p.13)Predication謂語(p.13)Predicateverb謂語動(dòng)詞Object賓語(directobject,indirectobject,complexobject)Complement補(bǔ)語(subjectcomplement,objectcomplement)Predicative表語Adverbial狀語Attributive/Attribute定語Appositive同位語e.g.S1:Henryisthemoststudious用功的intheclass.

S4:Jennie’spaintingswerejudgedinferior不如toWanda’s.TheexpertsjudgedJennie’spaintingsinferiortoWanda’s.

Note1:

Singlesubject/predicate

S–V

andCompoundsubject并列主語/predicate并列謂語(p.14)

S1:Theboysandthegirlsareplanningadance.SVS

S4：Leahjumpedonherbikeandrodearoundtheblock.VSV

S7：Herbrotherandhersisterwereveryshyandwerereallyhardpersonstogetknow.SVSV

Note2:DoublePredicate雙重謂語（P14）

S9：Helefthomeamerechildandreturnedquiteadifferentman.S10:Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome,andhebecamequiteadifferentmanwhenhereturned.

S13:Abirdfelldead猝死totheground.S14:Hediedbeloved,revered尊敬的,andmourned

bymillionsoftheworkingpeople.

S11:--Everyonestoodlisteningintently.S12:--Thedoctorsatreadinganewspaperintheshade.

II.Sentenceanalysis

Subject主語(p.13)Predication謂語(p.13)Predicateverb謂語動(dòng)詞Object賓語(directobject,indirectobject,complexobject)Complement補(bǔ)語(subjectcomplement,object、complement）Predicative表語Adverbial狀語Attributive定語Appositive同位語

DoEx.1A1.2,5,9,and14(p.15)

KeytotherestofEx.1A句子成分定義常用詞類或表現(xiàn)形式主要成分主語句子的主體，敘述的中心，表明所說的是“誰”或“什么”名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的其他詞類、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分句謂語簡單謂語說明主語的行為、動(dòng)作、特征或所處的狀態(tài)，即“是什么”、“干什么”、“怎么樣”由不及物動(dòng)詞+主語的表語構(gòu)成，表現(xiàn)主語的雙重狀況單個(gè)/并列實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合復(fù)合謂語謂語名詞性復(fù)合謂語情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞+主語的表語（名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞、從句）雙重謂語不及物動(dòng)詞come,go,leave,arrive,return,rise,die,live等+名詞、形容詞或分詞次要成分賓語、補(bǔ)足語、定語、同位語、狀語句子成分定義常用形式主要成分主語謂語次要成分賓語直接賓語行為、動(dòng)直接對(duì)象（指物）名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞間接賓語作的對(duì)象間接對(duì)象（指人）化的其他詞類、不定式、復(fù)合賓語或承授者賓語+其補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)名詞、分句介詞賓語介詞+其補(bǔ)足成分補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)足直接賓語/主語的意義，名詞、形容詞、副詞、主語補(bǔ)足語使其完整，賓語/主語與其補(bǔ)介詞短語、不定式、足語之間有邏輯主謂關(guān)系分詞、動(dòng)名詞定語修飾或限定名詞、代詞，說明人或物的特性、狀態(tài)、數(shù)量等形容詞、名詞、代詞、名詞所有格、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語、分句同位語一個(gè)名詞或代詞放在另一個(gè)名詞或代詞后，說明前者，并與前者同指一個(gè)人或物名詞、代詞、or/of+名詞、that引導(dǎo)的分句，等狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步，等副詞、名詞或名詞詞組、介詞短語、不定式、分詞、分句句子成分定義常用詞類或表現(xiàn)形式主要成分主語句子的主體，敘述的中心，表明所說的是“誰”或“什么”名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的其他詞類、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分句謂語簡單謂語說明主語的行為、動(dòng)作、特征或所處的狀態(tài)，即“是什么”、“干什么”、“怎么樣”單個(gè)/并列實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞復(fù)合謂語動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合謂語情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞名詞性復(fù)合謂語系動(dòng)詞+主語的表語（名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞、從句）雙重謂語由不及物動(dòng)詞+主語的表語構(gòu)成，表現(xiàn)主語的雙重狀況不及物動(dòng)詞come,go,leave,arrive,return,rise,die,live等+名詞、形容詞或分詞次要成分賓語直接賓語行為、動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承授者直接對(duì)象（指物）名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的其他詞類、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分句間接賓語間接對(duì)象（指人）復(fù)合賓語賓語+其補(bǔ)足語介詞賓語介詞+其補(bǔ)足成分補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)足直接賓語/主語的意義，使其完整，賓語/主語與其補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯主謂關(guān)系名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞主語補(bǔ)足語定語修飾或限定名詞、代詞，說明人或物的特性、狀態(tài)、數(shù)量等形容詞、代詞、名詞（所有格）、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語、分句同位語一個(gè)名詞或代詞放在另一個(gè)名詞或代詞后，說明前者，并與前者同指一個(gè)人或物名詞、代詞、or/of+名詞、that引導(dǎo)的分句，等

狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步，等副詞、名詞或名詞詞組、介詞短語、不定式、分詞、分句DoEx.1A:1,2,5,9,14KeytoEx.1A1.A.hishomeworkB.quickly,toplay2.A.ThehugeblackhorseB.therace3.A.havethoughtaboutB.goingintospace4.A.warmsupandcrawlsB.outofthebag5.A.oneofthemostbeautifulplanetstolookatthroughatelescopeB.becauseofthemanyringsthatsurroundit6.A.165yearsB.tocompleteitspath,ororbit,aroundthesun7.A.youandyourbrotherB.Howmanypairsofshorts8.A.themostexpensivemeallistedonthemenuB.What9.A.an“OutdoorCode”B.theirmembers10.A.canblowB.asfastas180miles(290kilometers)anhour11.A.ThespiralofheatedairandmoistairB.totwistandgrowandspin12.A.Thedirectionahurricane’sspiralmovesB.counterclockwise13.A.doesnotshineB.Atthenorthpole,forhalfoftheyear14.A.ThecoldwindsthatblowoffoftheArcticOceanB.averycoldplace15.A.mighthavebeenB.guiltyofmurderIII.Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes

①Basicclausetypes(p.17)

[1]主─動(dòng)─補(bǔ)（SVC）結(jié)構(gòu)[2]主─動(dòng)（SV）結(jié)構(gòu)[3]主─動(dòng)─賓（SVO）結(jié)構(gòu)[4]主─動(dòng)─間接賓─直接賓（SvoO）結(jié)構(gòu)

[5]主─動(dòng)─賓─補(bǔ)（SVOC）結(jié)構(gòu)

[6]存在句（There+VSA）結(jié)構(gòu)Therearelotsofpeopleinthepark.Isthereaseatforme?

②Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes

(p.18)A.Transformation可以轉(zhuǎn)換為疑問句、否定句和被動(dòng)句

DoEx.1B(p.19)

B.Expansion變成千變?nèi)f化的句子（1）分句的并列S5,p.18--Hewasahandicappedchild,butheperseveredinhisstudies,andlaterhebecameawell-knownscholar.（2）增加修飾成分S3,p.18--TheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainsthegemonism霸權(quán)主義andpowerpolitics強(qiáng)權(quán)政治.（3）使用從屬分句S2,p.19--WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously,butastheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.

DoEx.1C1,17,18and20(p.19)

KeytotherestofEx.1C1.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.2.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,markingairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome./Sweepingthroughourbedroomwindowsalmosteverysummernight,thecoolingnortheastwindmade…3.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow,whichfedtwostreamsplungingdowntojoininthevalleybelow.4.Withtheriverononesideandalargetreeprovidingshade,thisisagoodspotforapicnic,andwecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,Mrwoodstoodathisneighbour’sdoorandknockedagainandagaintillsomeoneopenedit.6.ThetownfolkenviedHorace,whohadcomeintoasmallfortunewithwhichheboughtabighouseandobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintown.7.Standinginfrontofthemirror,Jimlookedathisimage,wonderingatthebigchangethathadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.8.Theideathathisonlydaughterwhomhehadgreatlywrongedmightneverforgivehimalmostdrovehimmad.9.Thestory,writteninplainlanguage,consistsofthreepartswithaninterestingplotcenteringroundanaristocraticfamilylivingin17thcenturyFrance.10.Mud-coveredandshivering,Johnsathunchedoverabowlofhotbrothpreparedbyhisfathertodriveoffthechill.11.FarabovethewatersofabeautifullakeandoverthetopsofthetallpinetreesgrowingonthesteepofahillstandfiveChinese-stylepavilions.12.Fartherdownthestreet,theoldmanstoppedandleanedagainstalamp-post,listeningtoacheerfulsongcomingoutofarestaurantontheoppositesideofthestreet.13.Sarahsankinthenearestchair,completelyexhausted,herlimbsstiffwithcold,hermindapieceofblank.14.ThroughoutthedayMrsRymerbehavedveryproperly,herpleasant,refinedfacewearingagravelook,herelegantfigurewrappedindeepmourningwhileoccasionallysheutteredasighorasob.15.Tonythoughtitnecessarytobreakthenewstohisfamily,thatMrJacob,hisformeremployer,hadpromisedhimahalf-dayjobat20poundsaweek.16.Thethoughtthathemighthavewrongedhisfriendwhohadrenderedhimgoodservicesonmanyoccasionstroubledhismind,a