Unit1Alandofdiversity詞匯詳解：一.詞語辨析1.means/way/method【解釋】means“方法、方式、工具”，著重于具體的手段。（單復(fù)數(shù)相同）way“一般的方法、方式或個人的特殊方法方式”，與技巧或效果的好壞無關(guān)。method“有系統(tǒng)的、有效率的精心擬定的方法”，也可以指抽象概念“條理”。【短語搭配】做……的方法：awaytodosth./awayofdoingsth./amethodofdoingsth.；用這種／些方法：inthisway/withthemethod/bythismeans；用……方法，借助……：bymeansof...無論如何：byallmeans；一點也不，決不(用于句首句子需倒裝)：bynomeans順便問一下：bytheway在去……的路上：onone’swayto…擋住路：intheway【練習(xí)】用means，way，method填空。1).Thesevegetablescanbecookedindifferent_______.2).Onlyinthis_______canyoufindoutthetruth.3).Bythis_______Igetintouchwithhim.4).Weexpressourthoughtsby_______ofwords.5).____________________shallIlendhimmoney!6).Themethodsof_______(teach)need_______(improve).Keys:1).ways2).way3).means4).means5).Bynomeans6).teaching;improving/tobeimproved2.percent/percentage【解釋】percent表示“百分之……”，相當(dāng)于“％”，其前面往往是一個具體的數(shù)字。percentage表示“百分比；百分率”，前面不能是具體數(shù)字，只能被high，low等修飾?！揪毩?xí)】用percent，percentage填空。1).Iamahundred________inagreementwithyou.2).Thiscompanyonlysupply30________ofwhatweneed.3).Thenumbersaresmall,in_________terms,butsignificant.4).Thereusedtobeahigh_________ofbabiesthatdietscarletfevereveryyear.Keys:1).percent2).percent3).percentage4).percentagewhatpercentage3.obvious/apparent/evident/clear【解釋】obvious意為“某東西具有顯著特點，不需費力就可覺察到，常用于一目了然的事物”。apparent意為“表面看起來很明顯，而實際情況未必如此”。evident意為“有證據(jù)作出合理判斷，考慮到各種事實、條件后而顯得明顯”。clear意為“不存在使人迷惑或使問題復(fù)雜化的因素”?！揪毩?xí)】用obvious，apparent，evident，clear填空。1).Itwasan________mistakeforhimtohavegonealone.2).Thesituationis________toeveryone.3).Itwasbecomingincreasingly_________thathedislikedme.4).Theapplausemadeit_________thattheplaywasahit.Keys:1).obvious2).clear3).apparent4).evident4.hire/employ/rent【解釋】hire是日常用語，指按工作量或時間雇用人或租借東西，有“花錢使用某物”和“把某物使用權(quán)出讓給別人以收取費用”之意；多指臨時租用某物。如：hireaboat，acar，acamera，abicycle，aneveningdress，ahallforameeting等，指人時，有“雇用”、“受雇”兩種含義。employ較正式，多指商店或公司長期雇用人手；受雇人員較廣，甚至包括社會地位較高的職業(yè)人員，有“聘請”之義；也可以解釋為“忙于，從事”常用于beemployedinsth./doingsth.短語中。注：要弄清employ幾個名詞的用法：employee(雇工，雇員)，employer(戶主，東家)，employment(就業(yè)，雇用)。rent一般指租借房屋、地產(chǎn)(租借出去)；也有“花錢使用某物”和“把某物使用權(quán)出讓給別人以收取費用”之意；多指用于長時間的場合。如：rentahouse，aflat，aTV等。rent還可作名詞，意為“租金；租費”?！揪毩?xí)】用hire，employ，rent填空。1).Ourhousehasbeen________byanewly-marriedcouple.2).It’simportantto________properwordsinwritingpoem.3).They_________________inwritingwhenIcame.4).They________outboatsbythehour.5).We________adrivertotakeusonatourofthecity.Keys:1).rented2).employ3).wereemployed4).hire5).hired二.詞性變化1.electvt.選舉，推舉；選擇vi.進行選舉，作出選擇electionn.選舉，推舉，當(dāng)選electiveadj.可任意選擇的n.選修科目2.immigratevi.移入immigrationn.移民入境immigrantn.移民，僑民3.racen.賽跑；競爭；人種v.參賽racialadj.人種的，種族的racismn.種族歧視，種族偏見；種族主義4.apparentadj.顯然的，明白的，表面上的apparentlyadv.顯然，表面上地5.punishmentn.罰，刑罰punishvt.懲罰，處罰【練習(xí)】用括號內(nèi)所提供詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1).InAmerica,presidential________(elect)areheldeveryfouryears.2).Theydeserveto________(punish)forputtingpassengersatrisk.3).Shehadtotidytheclassroomas________(punish)forbeinglate.4).ShewasthedaughterofChinese________(immigrate)toAmerica.5).Therewasasuddenincrease________(immigrate)infromEasternEurope.6).Heisavictimof________(race)discrimination.7).Sheturnedtofacehim,heranger________(apparent)gone.8).Theirmotives,aswillsoonbecome_______(apparently),arecompletelyselfish.Keys:1).elections 2).bepunished 3).punishment 4).immigrants 5).immigration6).racial7).apparently8).apparent三.重點詞匯majorityn.大多數(shù)；大半majoradj.&n.較大的，主要的；主修，專攻(反義詞minority少數(shù)；少數(shù)民族)[典例]1).A/Themajorityofdoctorsagreethatsmokingisextremelyharmfultohealth.大多數(shù)醫(yī)生認為吸煙對健康極為有害。2).Themajoritywas/wereinfavoroftheproposal.多數(shù)人贊成這個建議。[重點用法]beinthe/amajority構(gòu)成大部分/大多數(shù) amajorityoversb.超過對方的票數(shù)[練習(xí)]按要求填空或翻譯。1).Englishspeakersformthe________(大多數(shù))ofthepopulation.2).Amongthemembersofthecommitteethosewhofavortheproposedchangesare_______(介詞)themajority.3).Theyhadalargemajority_______(介詞)theotherpartyatthelastelection.4).Themajorityofpeople_________(prefer)peacetowar.5).Themajorityofthedamage_________(be)easytorepair.Keys:1).majority2).in3).over4).prefer/prefers5).isapplicantn.申請人applicationn.申請(書)；應(yīng)用；用途applyv.申請；運用，適用[典例]1).Wehad250applicantsforthejob.有250人申請這份工作。2).Asthewageswerelow,therewerefewapplicantsforthejob.因為工資低,沒有什么人申請這份工作。[重點用法]applyfor...申請……applyto...適用……fillintheapplicationformforsth.填寫……申請表[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的要求在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或翻譯。1).Successful_________(apply)willreceivenotificationwithintheweek.2).Thisrulecan’tbeapplied________(介詞)everycase.3).Youshould________________(申請)thejobimmediately,inpersonorbyletter.4).Thequestioninthesecondhalfoftheform_________________(適用)marriedmenonly.Keys:1).applicants2).to3).applyfor4).applyto3.occurvi.發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；存在[典例]1).Thetragedyoccurredonlyminutesaftertake-off.這一悲劇在起飛后幾分鐘內(nèi)就發(fā)生了。2).Didn’titoccurtoyouthathemightbelate?你當(dāng)時沒有想到他可能會遲到嗎?[重點用法]occurto...(主意)浮現(xiàn)于腦海中；被想到；被想起；（某人）想到……[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思填空或翻譯。1).Thepossibilitythatshemightbewrongnevereven________________her.2).Agoodidea______________him.3).___________________________________(他從沒想到)hemightbefallinginlovewithher.Keys:1).occurredto 2).occurredto3).Ithadneveroccurredtohimthatindicatevt.指出；標(biāo)示；表明indicationn.指出；表明indicativeadj.指示的；暗示的[典例]1).Iaskedhimwheremysisterwasandheindicatedtheshopopposite.我問他握姐姐在哪，他指指對面的商店。2).Researchindicatesthatmenfinditeasiertogiveupsmokingthanwomen.研究表明男人感到比女人更容易戒煙。[重點用法]indicatesth(tosb)指示；指出；標(biāo)示 indicatethat/wh-表示……；示意……[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思，在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1).Thegovernmenthas________(表明)thatitintendstocuttaxes.2).Aflashingredlight________(標(biāo)示)thatastretchofroadwasundergoingrepairs.3).Thereisevery________(indicate)ofachangeintheweather.Keys:1).indicated 2).indicated 3).indicationslipvi.滑動；滑行；滑跤n.滑倒；小過失；失誤slipperyadj.滑溜的[典例]1).MyfootslippedandInearlyfell.我的腳一滑，差點跌到。2).Sheslippedintotheroomwhennoonewaslooking.她趁無人注意的時候溜進了房間。[重點用法]letslip...錯過……；無意中說出 letsth.slipthroughyourfingers錯過(機會)，失去(機會)aslipofthetongue口誤[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的要求在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或翻譯。1).She________________(無意中說出)thatshewasintendingtoleavethecompany.2).Astheyears_________by,Ithoughtmoreandmoreabouthim.3).Driveverycarefully;theroadsarewetand________(slip).Keys:1).letslip2).slipped3).slippery6.insertvt.插入，嵌入[典例]Heinsertedakeyintoalock.他把鑰匙插進鎖中。[重點用法]insertsth(in/into/betweensth)插入、放入、置入或嵌于某物或某兩物間[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的要求在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。1).Sheinsertedanadditionalparagraph________anessay.2).Insertyourfingers________thelayersandpressthemapart.Keys:1).in2).between四.重點詞組1.liveon繼續(xù)生活或存在[典例]Shelivedonformanyyearsafterherhusbanddied.丈夫死后她繼續(xù)活了多年。[短語歸納]live短語：liveonsth以某物為食；靠某種經(jīng)濟來源生活livebydoingsth靠做某事物為生liveforsth以某事物為生活目標(biāo) livethroughsth經(jīng)歷某事物而幸存livetogether在一起生活；同居 liveuptosth依照某事物行事；表現(xiàn)出符合某事物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)livewithsth接受或容忍某現(xiàn)象 livetobe...=livetotheageof...活到……歲livea...life過著……的生活[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)膌ive短語。1).Thelonelyoldman______________charity.2).Mozartisdeadbuthismusic______________.3).Mygrandfather______________bothworldwars.4).Weshouldworkhardandtryto_____________________ourparents’expectations.5).Thebravegirlislearningto______________herdisability.Keys:1).liveon2).liveson3).livedthrough4).liveupto5).livewith2.makealife習(xí)慣于新的生活方式、工作等[典例]TheysettleddowninCanadaandmadealifeforthemselves.他們在加拿大定居下來，習(xí)慣新的生活方式。[短語歸納]life短語：bringsb/sth(back)tolife給某人/事物的活力；使復(fù)活 laydownone’slife(forsb/sth)為……獻身；犧牲生命leadadog’slife過狗一般的生活（長期憂慮、痛苦或悲傷）makeone’swayinlife在生活中有所成就takeone’s(own)life:commitsuicide自殺 putanendtoone’slife:killoneself自殺takesb’slife:killsb取某人性命 a/sb’swayoflife（某人的或某些人的）生活方式awalkoflife行業(yè)；職業(yè)；階層 tothelife逼真endone’sdays/life(insth)（處於某狀況下或在某處）度過余生[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或翻譯。1).Helaiddownhislife_______thecauseoffreedom.2).Theyinterviewpeoplefrom____________________________(各行各業(yè)的人).3).SheadaptedeasilytotheFrench_____________________(生活方式).Keys:1).for2).allwalksoflife3).wayoflife3.keepup堅持；維持；沿襲古老的風(fēng)俗、傳統(tǒng)等；使某人不能去睡覺[典例]1).You’realldoingasplendidjob;keepupthegoodwork!你們干得都很出色,要堅持下去!2).Idohopewe’renotkeepingyouup.我希望我們沒有耽誤你睡覺。[短語歸納]keep短語：keepupwithsb/sth.跟上（某人/某事物）；（與某人/某事物）同步前進或保持聯(lián)系；跟上（形勢）keep(on)doingsth.繼續(xù)做某事物；重復(fù)做某事物 keepawayfrom（使某人/事物）不靠近某人/事物keepsbbackfromsb/sth（使某人）與某人/事物保持距離 keepsth.back阻止某事物 keeponeself/sbfromsth/doingsth使自己/某人不能做某事物keepsthfromsb不將某事告訴某人keepoff(sb/sth)不接近或不接觸某人/事物 keepsb/sthout(ofsth)不讓某人/物進入（某處）keepintouchwith保持與某人的聯(lián)系 keepfit保持健康[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的要求在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1).Thehighcostofrawmaterialsiskeepingprices_______(副詞).2).Shelikestokeepup_______(介詞)thelatestfashions.3).Thehouseisbecomingtooexpensiveforthemto________________(維修).4).Weshouldtryto________________(沿襲)ouroldcustoms.5).Policewarnedbystandersto________________(不靠近)theblazingbuilding.6).Ithinkweoughtto________________________________(不把實情告訴他)untilhe’sbetter.Keys:1).up2).with3).keepup4).keepup5).keepawayfrom6).keepthetruthfromhimupwith（與某人）一起工作（尤指為一共同目標(biāo)）；合作[典例]Thetwocompanieshaveteameduptodevelopanewracingcar.那兩個公司已合作研制新型賽車。[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的要求在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。He_____________________(與某人一起工作)hisbrotherinthedoubles.Keys:teamedupwith5.markout劃線標(biāo)出……界線[典例]Pleasemarkoutthesentencesthatyoudon’tunderstandwitharedpen.請用紅筆標(biāo)出你不懂的句子。[重點用法]bemarkedwith...標(biāo)記著……[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的要求在括號里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。1).I’velostacase______________(標(biāo)記著)“IX”onitsback.2).Shecarefully______________(劃線標(biāo)出)theimportantphrasesandsentencepatterns.Keys:1).markedwith2).markedout6.takein包括；吸收；接納；欺騙 [典例]1).Thestudentsfinditeasytotakeinwhatyouteach.學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)你的課很好懂。2).Hehadnowheretosleepsoweofferedtotakehimin.他沒地方可以睡，我們于是就提出讓他留宿。[短語歸納]take短語：takeapart拆開；剖析，抨擊(論點等) takedown拿下，取下；拆卸；記下takeback取回，帶回；收回說過的話；使…回憶起昔日takecareof照料，保管takeup開始從事；占用(時間或空間)；著手處理 takemedicine服藥takeiteasy別緊張，慢慢來 takeover繼承，接收，接管takeoff脫下(衣服等)；起飛 takeon承擔(dān)，從事；呈現(xiàn)takeone’splace入座；代替某人的位置 takeone’stime不急，慢慢干[練習(xí)]用與take相關(guān)的短語填空。1).Don’tbe______________byhispromises.2).Whodoyouthinkwill________________nowthatthegovernorhasbeendismissed?3).Theseboxesofyoursare________________toomuchspace.4).1wasreally______________whenseeingoldphotos.5).Dearladiesandgentlemen，pleasenow______________operaissoontobegin.6).Tomcarefully________________whattheteachersaidKeys:1).takenin 2).takeover 3).takingup 4).takenback5).takeyourplace6).tookdown7.agreat/goodmany相當(dāng)多，很多[典例]Itallhappenedagoodmanyyearsago.這發(fā)生在很多年前。[重點用法]agreat/goodmanyalargenumberofscoresofdozensofmany/few修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)manya修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)agood/greatdealofalarge/greatamountoflargeamountsofmuch/little/alittle修飾不可數(shù)名詞alotof=lotsofplentyofalarge/greatquantityof=quantitiesofasupplyof=suppliesof可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的要求翻譯。1).I’veknownherfor_____________________(很多)years.2).IimagineifonedayIhad____________________________(很多)money,Iwouldgotravelingroundtheworld.Keys:1).agreat/goodmany2).agood/greatdealof或alarge/greatamountof五.重點句子1.CaliforniaisthethirdlargeststateintheUSAbuthasthelargestpopulation.加利福尼亞是美國第三大洲，但有著最多的人口。[解釋]形容詞的最高級前面可以被序數(shù)詞以及byfar，much，almost，nearly，notquite等詞修飾。[練習(xí)]翻譯句子。1).黃河是中國第二長河。___________________________________________________________________2).亞洲是世界上最大的洲。___________________________________________________________________Keys:1).TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.2).Asiaisbyfarthelargestcontinentintheworld.2.ExactlywhenthefirstpeoplearrivedinwhatwenowknowasCalifornia,noonereallyknows.沒有人知道確切在什么時候第一批移民者到達我們今天所稱為加利福尼亞的地方。[解釋]whatwenowknowasCalifornia是一個由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，做arrivein的賓語,what是復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞，相當(dāng)于thething(s)that，因此，在名詞性從句中可以用thething(s)that取代的，應(yīng)該用what。注意1．名詞性從句中what與that的區(qū)別：that在名詞性從句中不起句子成分的作用，what必須起句子成分的作用。2．名詞性從句中what與which的區(qū)別：指代前文已經(jīng)提到過的對象或范圍時，用which，否則用what。Whathesaidsoundsreasonable.(what作said的賓語)Thatourteamhaswonthegamehasbeenproved.(That在主語從句中不起句子成分的作用)Therearemanybooksavailable.Idon’tknowwhichtoread.(which指的是前文提到的books的其中一本)Whatbookdoyouwanttobuy?(前文沒有提及買什么書或哪一類書)[練習(xí)]根據(jù)句子的意思填詞。1).Thisis________hewanted.2).Thisisthething________hewanted.3).Sheisnolonger________sheusedtobe.4).Sheisnolongertheperson________sheusedtobe.Keys:1).what2).that3).what4).that六.課文佳句背誦與仿寫1.【原句】ExactlywhenthefirstpeoplearrivedinwhatwenowknowasCalifornia,noonereallyknows.最早一批人具體是在什么時候來到我們現(xiàn)在了解的加利福尼來地區(qū)的，誰也說不清楚。[模仿要點]句子結(jié)構(gòu)：狀語從句+what從句，+主句【模仿1】當(dāng)我們把它和我們稱之為“大哥大”相比，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)新的移動電話攜帶輕便，小巧，價格便宜。______________________________________________________________________答案：Whenwecomparedittowhatwecalled“DaGeDa”,wefoundnewmobilephonesarelightandsmalltocarrywithalowprice.【模仿2】當(dāng)我們到達人們稱之為小鳥天堂的地方時，我們興奮地發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)千種鳥類定居在那。______________________________________________________________________答案：WhenwearrivedatwhatpeoplecallBirdParadise,wewereexcitedtofindthousandsofkindsofbirdsaresettlingthere.2．【原句】AlthoughChineseimmigrantsbegantoarriveduringtheGoldRushPeriod,itwasthebuildingoftherailnetworkfromthewesttotheeastcoastthatbroughtevenlargernumberstoCaliforniain1860s.雖然中國