Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurface,anddrillinverydeepwaters,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdomIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensandHamiltonofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiring sandestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsHowever,formanyyears,physiciststhoughtthatatomsandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously,andthatstimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth,thoughlessspectacularly.AnyonewhohashandledafossilizedboneknowsthatitisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmodernCounterpart,themostobviousdifferencebeingthatitisoftenmuchheavier.閱讀的是什么（簡單句，并列句，復(fù)雜句）主謂賓Iloveyou.在此句式中V是及物動詞(vt.),主謂Irun.在此句式中,V是不及物動詞(vi.)主系表Iamastudent.V是系動詞(linkv.),常見的系動詞有：look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fallill/asleep,stand/sitstill, e,turn等主謂雙賓ShegavemeaHemadeit基本句型+修飾限定成分=前置定語---形容詞+prettygirl；分詞+interesting形容詞短 abookusefulfor介詞短語abookonthedesk;agirlinthe分詞短語 walkingontheroad;atooldevelopedforthe不定式：awaytosolvethe表語：alive; acat不定代詞只能用后置定語修飾someoneProfessorSmith,aninterestingman,willgivealectureinourGenerallyspeaking,Iamsatisfiedwiththe1Workingoutsidemakeswomenunabletotakegoodcareoftheirchildren.2Internationaltourismcreatesmanyjobopportunities.3BetweenMayandSeptember,theturnoverofthewasfairly4Becauseofthispositivemethod,Ieagerlyansweredallthequestions,neverworryingmuchaboutmakingmistakes.5Isoongotaccesstothenecessaryequipment,learnedhowtousethetechnologyfromafriendandparticipatedinthevirtualclassroom5to7daysaweek.6Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurface,anddrillinverydeepwaters,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.7AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdomIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensandHamiltonofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringsandestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement. 連詞ThatwasthesituationuntilacoupleofyearslaterwhenIwasofferedanopportunitytostudyEnglishthroughanonlinecourse.what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,標(biāo)點符號；Onlinelearningisnoteasierthanregularclassroomstudy;itrequiresalotoftime,commitmentanddisciplinetokeepupwiththeflowofthecourse.and,both…and,notonly…but(also),aswellas,and…aswell,neither…noror,表示轉(zhuǎn)折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副for,so,therefore,when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,because,as,since,nowthat,seeingif,unless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongasoncondition(that),(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,inorderthat,一、定義和賓從例句分析賓語從句就是一個句子作動詞或介詞的賓語。A作動詞的賓語Iheardthe主語謂語動詞名詞作賓語 heardthathewouldcomeherelater主語謂語動詞一個句子作賓語---賓語從句B作介詞的賓語: nothingaboutthe主語謂語動詞代詞作動詞的賓語介詞名詞作介詞的賓語 nothingaboutwhobrokethewindowlastnight.主語謂語動詞代詞作動詞的賓語介詞一個句子作介詞的賓語1SheaskedmewhereIhad（wherehadIbeen.直接引語，間Canyoulmewhenthetrainwill你能告訴我火車什么時候到嗎？(whenwillthetrain直接引語，間接引語。Idon’tknowwhyhehasn’tcome我不知道還沒來（賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是whyhasn’thecomeyet.）Hedidn’tlmewhatyouwereng.他沒和我說你在干什么（賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是whatwereyoung.）賓語從句在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類:動詞的賓語從句,介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句.時態(tài)：主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可用任意時態(tài)。主句用過去時，從句用過去某個時態(tài)。主句用過去時，從句是真理時，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。一、賓語從句的連接詞從屬連詞連接賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語從句,ifwhether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語從句Hetoldmethathewouldgotothecollegethenext他告訴我他明年上大學(xué)Idon’tknowiftherewillbeabusany我不知道是否還會有車Nobodyknewwhetherhecouldpassthe沒人知道他是否會通過考試連接代詞連接代詞主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等.連接代詞一般指疑問,what,whatever除了指疑問外,也可以指陳述.DoyouknowwhohaswonRedAlertgame?你知道是誰贏得了紅色警報的游戲？ThebookwillshowyouwhatthebestCEOs這本書會告訴你最好的執(zhí)行該了解些什么Haveyoudeterminedwhicheveryoushouldbuy,aMotorolaorNokiacell你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉 了嗎連接副詞連接副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.Hedidn’tlmewhenweshouldmeetagain.他沒有告訴我什么時候我們能再見面Couldyoupleaselmehowyoureadthenew你能告訴我怎么用這個新的操作盤嗎Noneofusknowswherethesenewpartscanbe沒有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪里買到二、動詞的賓語從句

大多數(shù)動詞都可以帶賓語從句Weallexpectthattheywillwin,formembersoftheirteamare我們都預(yù)料他們會贏,因為他們的隊員更強壯Hetoldusthattheywouldhelpusthoughthewhole他告訴我們在整個工作中,他都會幫忙的部分“動詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶賓語從句Ihavefoundoutthatalltheticketsfortheconcerthavebeensold我發(fā)現(xiàn)這場音樂會的所有票都賣光了Canyouworkouthowmuchwewillspendduringthe你能計算出這次旅行花費嗎動詞短語也可以帶賓語從句常見的這些詞有:makesure確保makeupone’smind下決心keepinmind牢記Makesurethattherearenomistakesinyourpapersbeforeyouturnthemin.在上交試卷前確保沒有任何錯誤可運用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句①動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語補足語的時候,則需要用做形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday我認(rèn)為每天多喝開水是有必要的IfeelitapitythatIhaven’tbeentotheget-我沒去聚會,感覺非常遺憾IhavemadeitarulethatIkeep天寫成了習(xí)慣Weallfinditimportantthatwe(should)makeaquickdecisionaboutthismater.我們都認(rèn)為對這件事馬上做出決定很重要②有些動詞帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加這類動詞主要有:hate,take,owe,have,seeIhateitwhentheywiththeirmouthsfullof我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話Hewillhaveitthatournisreally他會認(rèn)為我們的計劃確實可行Wetakeitthatyouwillagreewith我們認(rèn)為你會同意我們的Whenyoustarttheengine,youmustseetoitthatcarisin開啟發(fā)動機時,一定要使汽車的離合器處于空擋位置③若賓語從句是wh-類,則不可用it代替Weallconsiderwhatyousaidtobe我們都認(rèn)為你所說的是不可信的Wediscoveredwhatwehadlearnedtobe我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們所學(xué)到的東西都是有用的三、介詞的賓語從句wh-類的介詞賓語從句Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoour我們正在討論是否讓學(xué)生加入我們的ThenewbookisabouthowShenzhou6mannedspaceshipwassentupintospace.這本新書是關(guān)于神州6號載人航天飛船是如何升入太空的that,if引導(dǎo)的介詞賓語從句有時候except,but,besides三個介詞后可見到that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句Iknownothingaboutmynewneighborexceptthatheusedtoworkwitha 對于我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一無所知四、形容詞的賓語從句常用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句的形容詞有:sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afrIamsureIwillpassthe我確信我會通過考試IamsorrythatIhavetroubledyouso很抱歉我這么長時間在打擾你HeisgladthatLiMingwenttoseehimwhenhewas他很高興在他生病的時候能去看望他五、if,whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別①ifwhether在作“是否”解時,引導(dǎo)賓語從句常放在動詞know,ask,care,wonder,findout等之后,介詞后一般不用if②少數(shù)動詞,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語從句常用③whether后可以加ornot,if不可以④在不定式前只能用（如：Ican’tdecidewhethertostay.我不能決定是否留下。⑤避免歧異時,我們常用whether而不用六、哪些賓語從句不可以省略引導(dǎo)詞當(dāng)that作learn,suggest,ex等動詞的賓語時當(dāng)賓語從句較長時當(dāng)主語狀語置于主句尾,賓語從句之前時當(dāng)主語謂語動詞(包括非謂語動詞)與賓語從句之間有插入語時當(dāng)一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時,此時第一個that可以省略,第二個that不可以省略;當(dāng)賓語從句中的主語是this,thatthis,that做主語的定語時當(dāng)賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時

當(dāng)主語中的謂語動詞是固定詞組時當(dāng)賓語從句有it做其先行詞時在直接引語中,轉(zhuǎn)述分句把賓語從句隔開時三、注意A賓語從句必須用陳述語序。False:Heiswonderingwhencanhefinishthisdifficultjob.Right:Heiswonderingwhenhecanfinishthisdifficultjob.B有時候可以用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在后面。Bad:IthoughtthathecouldfinishthisjobinjusttwohoursGood:IthoughtitimpossiblethathecouldfinishthisjobinjusttwohoBad:Heleftwhetherweshouldcontinuethisprojecttomyjudgment.Good:HeleftittomyjudgmentwhetherweshouldcontinuethisC帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad:Ithinkhedoesn’tliketheEnglishteacher.Good:Idon’tthinkhelikestheEnglishD主句一般過去時態(tài)，從句也要用過去時態(tài)；具體細節(jié)請看第一部分。False:Hewantedtoknowwhyheiscryinginthecorner.Right:Hewantedtoknowwhyhewascryinginthecorner.賓語從句的點點滴滴賓語從句是英語復(fù)合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個句子做另一個句子的賓語，將這個句子叫做賓語從句。賓語從句做介詞或及物動詞的賓語?，F(xiàn)在從下列三個方面總結(jié)歸納如下：一，引導(dǎo)詞A,that引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語從句，在很多動詞如say,think,wish,hope,see,believe,agree,expect,hear,feel等動詞后。連詞that只起連接作用，在從句中不做句子的成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中常被省略，但在大多數(shù)情況下還是以不省為好，特別是在筆語中。例：Itoldhimthathewaslthink,believe,suppose,expect等動詞引起的賓語從句中，有時謂語盡管是否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。例：Idon’tthinkyouareright.(我認(rèn)為你做的不對l在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子中，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式賓語。例：Wethinkitwrongthathetoldalietoeveryone(我認(rèn)為他向每一個人撒謊是錯誤的)B,由連詞if、whether引導(dǎo)的表示“是否…”的賓語從句。Whether,if在從句中不做句子的成分，一般情況下，whether和if可以替換。例：Idon’tknowif/whetherhewillcomeTheteacheraskedif/whetherwehadfinishedtheexperiment.l在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用if引導(dǎo)例：Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoneyl賓語從句中有ornot時不用if引導(dǎo)例：Idon’tknowwhetherthemoviestarwillcomeornot.l和不定式連用作賓語時不用if引導(dǎo).例：Whethertogothereornothasn’tbeenC,由wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,和連接副when,where,why,how等連接的賓語從句，它們在句中即有連接從句的作用，又在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分。例：Doyouknowwhichfilmtheyaretalkingabout?(which做定語)Idon’tknowwherehelives.(where做地點狀語)二，賓語從句的語序，賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序，即連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分例：Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.HeaskedmewhetherIwasaTheywantedtoknowwhattheycandofor二，賓語從句的時態(tài)。賓語從句的時態(tài)受主句的限制，既：主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實際情況而定。主句是一般過去時態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時態(tài)。如果從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態(tài)。例Shesaysthatsheisastudent.Shesaidthatshewasastudent.ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.Shesaysthatshehasfinishedheralready.Shesaidthatshehadfinishedheralready.ShesaysthatshecansingasonginEnglish.ShesaidthatshecouldsingasonginEnglish.l如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例：Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.HetoldmethatJapanisanislandcountry.lCouldyou lme…是用來征詢對方的意見，語氣委婉，并不表示過去。例：Couldyou lmewhenwewillvisittheHisturyMuseum?注意事項：u由陳述句變成賓語從句時，要注意人稱的變化。例：Shesaid:“IhavebeentoEnglandbefore.”ShesaidthatshehadbeentoEnglandbefore.Sheaskedme:“Doyoulikemaths?”SheaskedmeifIlikedmaths.u賓語從句與簡單句的交換。由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時，可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)。例：Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.Icon’tknowwhattodonext.Hedidn’tknowwherehewouldlive.Hedidn’tknowwheretolive.DOSOMECanyou whathe’sreadingB.whatisheC.whatdoeshereadD.hereadsDoesJackcomefromJapan?Doyouknow?(合并成一個句子)Doyouknow Jack fromJapan?_Whatdidyoursonsayinthe_Hetoldmethathe theDisneywouldthenextdayA.willvisitB.hasvisitedC.isgoingtovisitD.wouldHedidn’t what’sthematterB.whatthematterC.whatwasthematterD.whatthematterwasSomebodycalledyoujustnow,butIdidn’tknow A.whoweretheyB.whotheywereC.whowasitD.whoitIwanttowhatishisnameB.what’shisC.thathisnameisD.whathisname7.---Couldyoul---Her

sheislookingA.thatB.whoseC.who8.---WhatareyousearchingtheInternet---I’mtryingtofind A.WhatisthedifferencebetweenSARSandB.How shavediedinC.HowtoprotectourD.WhyisourteambeabletobeatDoyou ?(誰正在唱歌Doyou ?(她正在和誰談話Doyou ?(昨天發(fā)生了什么事Thekeys:1A.2if,comes.3D.4C.5D.6D.7C.8whoiswhosheistalkingwhathappened二表語從句一定義：A表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。說明主語是什么或者怎么[1]樣，由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)，和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。Theproblemis這問題令人困惑主語連系動詞形容詞作表語Theproblemiswhenwecangetapay問題是，何時我們可以得到加薪。主語連系動詞一個句子作表語---表語從句B連接表語從句的連接詞有：that,what,who,when,where,which,why,He ea他已經(jīng)成為一名教師。He ewhathewantedtobetenyears他已經(jīng)成為了他10年前想成為的。Shehasremainedthereforanhour.她曾在那里停留了一個小時。ShehasremainedwhereIstoodyesterdayforan她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一個小時。Hissuggestionis他的建議是好的。Hissuggestionisthatweshouldstay他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。Thequestionis這個問題令人困惑Thequestioniswhenhecanarriveatthe 問題是，他什么時候可以到達酒店。二注意：A表語從句一定要用陳述語序。False:Thequestioniswhencanhearriveattheho Right:Thequestioniswhenhecanarriveattheho B不可以用if，而用whether連接表語從句(asif例外）。引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以互換if/whether位于介詞后要用whether位于句首時要用whether引導(dǎo)表語從句，主語從句，同位語從句時要用False:ThequestionisiftheenemyismarchingtowardsRight:Thequestioniswhethertheenemyismarchingtowardsus.Right:Itlookedasifhehadunderstoodthisquestion.C不像賓語從句，在有表語從句的復(fù)合句中，主句時態(tài)和從句時態(tài)可以不一致。Right:ThequestioniswhowilltravelwithmetoBeijingRight:Thequestioniswhyhecried［考題1］Thetraditionalviewis wesleepbecauseourbrainis“programmed”tomakeusdoso. whenB.whyC.whetherD.［答案］［解析］下劃線處之后是包含一個原因狀語從句的表語從句，如果看不出它是充當(dāng)整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)的表語從句將難以把握整個句子的意思。因此，應(yīng)選擇可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且不充當(dāng)任何成分的that。［考題2］Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisis Idisagree.A.whyB.whereC.whatD.［答案］［解析］下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)系動詞is后的表語從句并在該表語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語(“disagree”屬于不及物動詞，“Idisagree”本身是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu))，下劃線應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞where，表語從句“whereIdisagree”的意思是“我不同意之處、我不同意的地方”。Whatyouhavedonemightdoharmtoother你所做過的事情有可能別人（主語從句。what作從句的賓語。陳述語序，不能whathaveyoudone.）Wherehewentforhisweekendisnot（主語從句，wherewheredidhegoforhisWhosefaultthisisisnotimportant.這是誰的過錯并不重要（主語從句，whose作從whosefaultisthis.）that引導(dǎo)主語從句時，that（thatForItworriedherabitthatherhairwasturninggray.頭發(fā)正在變白，這使她很不安that引導(dǎo)主語從句，it作形式主語，thatThatsheisarichwomanisknowntousall.that引導(dǎo)主語從句，that不能省略。這句話可以改為用it作形式主語的句型。請改寫：Itisknowntousallthatsheisarichwoman.）Wedidn’tknow(that)youhadsoldyourhouse.我們不知道你已經(jīng)的房子賣了。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，that可以省略。注意這句話的時態(tài)。從句作主語時，多數(shù)情況下由it作形式主語，而把主語從句放在后面，尤其是謂語部ForItwasn’tveryclearwhatshemeant.Itisimportantthatheshouldcomeontime.Itistruethatthatmanontheleftisawell-knownwriterhere.左邊那個人是本地的一that引導(dǎo)主語從句，是單純的連詞，無詞義，不作thatman的定語。whetherifwhetherornot,ifornotif.ForWhetherIknewJohndoesn’tmatterItdoesn’tmatterwhetherIknewJohn.我是否認(rèn)識沒有關(guān)系。Whetherornotshe’llcomeisn’tclearWhethershe’llcomeornotisn’tclearItisn’tclearwhether….她是否來還不清楚。Italldependsonwhetherwecangettheircooperation.這是主語從句還是賓語從句？it是形式主語嗎？it是代詞，whether引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，作介詞on的賓語，不能用ifIworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeelings.if引導(dǎo)。請翻Sheaskedmewhether/ifyouweremarried.whether,ifWehaven’tdecidedwhether/ifweshallgivethemaid.I’mnotsurewhether/ifthereportisbelievable.Nowlet’sdosome現(xiàn)在還很難預(yù)測誰會贏得下一屆總統(tǒng)ItisstillhardtopredictwhowillwinthenextialWho ethedoesn’tmattermuchtomostItremainstobeseenwhetherthe willbesentencedto ItisapitythatProf.Wangcan’tattendourEnglishWhatweneedismore定語從句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,關(guān)系代詞有：whowhom,whosethat,which等。關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why等。who,whom,Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeHeisthemanwhom/thatIsawWhose用來指人或物，(只用作定語,ofwhich互換）,Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown. Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen. which,Aprosperitywhichthathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which/that在句中作賓語）Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocome你拿的包快散了。(whichthat在句中作賓語when,where,whenwhere,why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield. Beijingisthecewhere(inwhich)Iwas 是我的出生地Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer? which"thatHisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn. Heisunlikelytofindthece(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastI'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwith判斷改錯（（錯）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlast（錯）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthe（對）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlast（對）I'llneverforgetthedays(whichIspentinthewherewhen聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在例1.Isthismuseum youvisitedafewdaysA. B. C.on D.the例2.Isthisthemuseum theexhibitionwasA. B. C.on D.the1D2例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hismuseum youvisitedafewdays例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hisisthe theexhibitionwastheoneD。2中where，又inthemuseuminwhichon用A。(whowhomthatwhich,whose)(where地點狀語，when時間狀語，why原因狀語)。Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth. Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden. ThisnovelwhichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.這本小說很動非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞,對其進行修飾,這時從句謂語動詞要用HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎魒hereThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsDoyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?as,whichandthat。As一般放在句首，whichAsweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'sThesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttoAlicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss, cameasaA. B. C. D.Cthatwhich.，ithe都使后句成為he句意不通。Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood, wasmorethanwecouldA. B. C. D.B。whichwhat不可。That不能用于Itrainedhardyesterday, preventedmefromgoingtotheA. B. C. D.aswhich在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意aswhichas代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行which.。As的用法1.thesameas；such…asas是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),和……一樣……Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe2.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Asisknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever可以用anyonewho代替)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnical(whatallthat代替1)what=thethingwhich；whatever=anythingWhatyouwanthasbeensenthere.Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetowho=the whoever=anyone（錯）Whobreaksthelawwillbe（錯）Whoeverrobbedthebankisnot（對）Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbe（對）WhorobbedthebankisnotthatthatWhat只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，用Ithink(that)youwilllikethestamps.Whatweneedismorepractice.thatthat Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamousWedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourWedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodtherebethatwhich在不定代詞，如：anything,nothingtheone,allmuch,fewanytheonly,theverythatAllthatisneededisasupplyofFinally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentotheWeheardthenewsthatourteamhad同位語部分是個句子,就是同位語從句,這種用法比較"固定",把關(guān)鍵的幾個詞背下來.一、在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。如：Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon．我聽到了我們隊獲勝的消息。Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere．我不知道你在這里。二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：I’vecomefromMrwangwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon．我從那里來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了三、英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通有連詞that，whether，連接副詞how,when,where等。（注：if,which不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。）如：lhavenoideawhenhewillbeback．我不知道他什么時候回來。Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個問題。四、有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。如：Severalyearslater，wordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem．幾年以后，有消息傳來說要親自視察他們Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity．他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。五、同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。1、同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關(guān)系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補充一些情況。如：Thenewsthatlhavepassedtheexamistrue．我通過了考試這一消息是真的。（同位語從句，即從句所表達的意思就是前面名詞的內(nèi)容。Thenewsthathetoldmejustnowistrue．他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。（定語從句，從句對前面名詞起修飾限制作用，即“他告訴我的”那個消息，而不是別的消息。）2、關(guān)系詞在句中是否做成分。如：Theideathatcomputerscanrecognizehumanvoicessurprisesmanype計算機能夠識別人的想法使許多人感到驚奇。（that在從句中不充當(dāng)任成份。Theideathathegavesurprisesmanypeople．他觀點令許多人感到吃驚。（that在從句中作gave的賓語。3、從句是否有疑問的意義。如：eg.Doyourememberthedaywhenitoldyouthatilovedyou?(when引導(dǎo)的從句不表示疑問，所以這是一個定語從句。）eg.Ihaveaskedthequestionwhyitwastruejustnow.(why引導(dǎo)的從句表示疑問，所以這是一個同位語從句。）一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明，這個名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。六、典型例題1：Ihavenoideawhenhewillbe析：hewillbeback意義不完整，應(yīng)加“什么時候”的含義才能表達idea的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)同位語從句。2：Ihavenoimpressionhowhewenthome，perhapsby析：hewenthome意義不完整，應(yīng)加“如何”的含義才能表達impression的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)同位語從句。3：Informationhasbeenputforwardmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.when析：答案為B.moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities是Information的內(nèi)容，且Information不在從句中作成分，所以該句為同位語從句。應(yīng)將該句區(qū)別于：Itissaidthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities，thisistheinformationhasbeenputforward.A.whatB.thatC.when析：答案為B.thathasbeenputforwardinformation的修飾性定語，且information在從句中作主語，所以該句為定語從句。WhenSusangoestotown,shewillvisitherIwillgowhereIamneeded.哪里需要我，我就到哪里去。Ihavechangeditasyousuggest.我已經(jīng)按照你的建議作了改變。Marydidn’tgoshopbecauseIadvisedhernotTheyworkedhardinorderthattheymightWastemustbetreatedsothatitdoes eadangertoIfheworkshard,hewillsurelysucceed.如果努力工作，他肯定會成功。Thoughwearealldifferent,weneedneverbeIwashappierthanIhadeverbeeninmylife.時間狀語從句由下列連詞引導(dǎo)：After,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,assoonasLet'swaittilltherainstops.咱們等到雨停再說吧。Oncethetrainismoving,there'snowaytostopit.Theywerescoldedwhenevertheywerelateforschool.每次他們上學(xué)都挨罵時間狀語從句：the有一些表示時間的名詞短語也可用來引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句：Theminutethemoment,everytime,thefirsttimeThemomenthereachedthecountry,hestartedhisEverytimeIsawthestrawhat,itremindedmeofthetourImadeyears每當(dāng)我看到那頂草帽，它就使起幾年前的那次旅游IthoughtherniceandhonestthefirsttimeImether。Directlythemastercamein,everyonewasquiet.Theyoungladyrushedintotheroomimmediaysheheardthe那位年輕一聽到響聲就沖進房間Asthesunrosethefrogdispersed.一出來霧就消散Theystrolledintothegardenasthemusicceased.IheardthemurmuroftheirvoicesasIcrossedthehall.我走過大廳的時候聽到他Justashewasspeakingtherewasaloudexplosion.正當(dāng)他在說話的時候，一聲巨（從句用進行時態(tài)Hesdashepassed.他路過的時候笑了一下。（兩個都是短暫動作Asshesangthetearsrandownhercheeks.Helenheardthestoryasshewashed.一邊洗衣服一邊聽故事Hesawthatshewassmilingasshe他看到她一邊看著書一邊笑。（兩個都是延續(xù)性動作Wegetwiserasweget我們隨著的增長而變得聰明起來。（隨著時間的變化而變化IboughtthecarwhenIreceivedmyfirstsalary.（短暫性動作）我是在領(lǐng)第一筆薪Don'tgetexcitedwhenyoutalk.（延續(xù)性動作）when容易與時間狀語從句的例Shehadjustfinisheddressingwhenherguestscame她剛剛穿戴完畢，這時客人進來了whenWewereabouttostartwhenitbegantorain.正當(dāng)我們要出發(fā)的時候，突然下雨了。1).when前面的分句是過去進行時：Hewasstillsmilingwhenthedooropenedandhiswifecame2).whenbeabouttobeonthepointHewasonthepointofleavingwhensomeoneknockedatthe3).when前面的分句采用過去完成時或是過去完成進行時：Wehadjustfallenasleepwhentheephonerang. ThenehadbeenntingseedfornearlyamonthwhenitbegantoTheyarrivedwhileIwassunbathing.Whilethediscussionwasstillgoingon,Mr.Zhangcamebecause,as,since,用來引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。for雖然也是表示原因，但是它不是從屬連面，表示強調(diào)時也可放面。because引導(dǎo)的從句可以用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問Hegotthejobbecausehewasthebest“Whycan’tIgo?”“BecauseyouaretooasAsalltheseatswerefullhestoodup.Perhapsshe’llneedsomehelp,especiallyasshe’sbeenSinceyouaregoing,Iwillgotoo.for從語法分析的角度來說，它不是引導(dǎo)狀語從句，而是構(gòu)成一個并列句。for通常用于forHelaughedlittle,forhewasasadman.Shewasclearlyupset,forhereyeswerefilledwithWherehemademistakes,headmittedthesePutitwherewecanseeit.Let’sgowhereverthispathwilltake謂語（時態(tài)，語態(tài) （一）書”都一樣，沒有詞形變化。英語就不同了，book,books僅從詞形上就能知道是單數(shù)還是isagreatcountry.個偉大的國家。wasthegreatestcountryintheworld.中國曾經(jīng)是世界上最偉大的國家。be的形態(tài)變了，表示的時間變了，但意義沒有變化。英語就不同，它必須用動詞本身的形態(tài)變化來完成任務(wù)。Heoftenhelpsme.Hehelpedmeyesterday.他昨天幫助我了。Hehasbeenhelme.他一直在幫助我help（二）動詞：動詞在句子中形式不變。主要用于主語為非第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時，情態(tài)動詞之后，或根據(jù)語定必須用動詞的其他情況?，F(xiàn)在分詞：主要用于進行時態(tài)，或語定的其他情況過去分詞：主要用于完成時態(tài)，或語定的其他情況這里提到的“語定的其他情況”我們在以后的講座中會詳細介紹。動詞一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)（現(xiàn)單三）詞尾變化（也與名詞復(fù)數(shù)相同 Help---helps;read---Do,fix,pass,push,teach---does,ch,sh,s,xo后面加-

passes,pushes,以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加- Try,study---tries,動詞過去式和過去分詞，大多數(shù)是動詞+ed構(gòu)成，這是規(guī)則動詞。規(guī)則動詞的拼寫和詞尾變 舉 詞尾讀

清輔音之后讀

Want---wantedneed---needed [t],[d]之后讀[t] y--yed

清輔音之后讀現(xiàn)在分詞一律由動詞加-ing構(gòu)成，規(guī)則如下表詞尾變 舉 Look---looking,try---

Begin---beginning,swim---swimming,Run---running,sit---sitting以-ie結(jié)尾的詞，變ie為y，再加- Die---dying,lie---do時態(tài)一 進 完 完成進現(xiàn) Does; Had Hadbeen時將 Shall/will +將 時

Shall/willhave+Should/would+havedone

Shall/will+haveWould/should+havebeenng比如在“Theyarengtheirexercises.”這個句子中，動詞由do變成are“Theyhavedonetheirexercises.”這句中動詞由do變成havedone的形態(tài)，在“Theyalwaysdotheirexercises.”中，動詞用do的形態(tài)，說明這個事情是生在現(xiàn)在、并且是一般情況下如此，所以叫一般現(xiàn)在時do雖然用了不同的形態(tài)，其意義沒有變化，而是事情發(fā)生的時間構(gòu)成：通常以動詞表示。主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，用現(xiàn)單三形式。behave(表示“擁有”)各人稱的單數(shù)形式為：behave（表示“擁有not放在動詞之后，疑問式直接把動詞放否定 疑問 Iamnot(I’mnot)… Ihavenot

Am HaveYouarenot

Youhavenot

Are HaveHeisnot(isn’t)… Hehasnotbe

Ishe HasheAmInot(aren’tYes,youNo,youAreyounot(aren’tYes,INo,I’mIshenot(isn’tYes,heNo,hebehave(表示“擁有”)not放在動詞之后，疑問式直接把動詞放否定 疑問 Iamnot(I’mnot)… Ihavenot

Am HaveIYouarenot

Youhavenot

Areyou HaveHeisnot(isn’t)… Hehasnot

Ishe Hashehave(表示“擁有”)HaveInot(haven’tYes,youNo,youHaveyounotYes,INo,IHashenot(hasn’t Yes,he No,he注意：have行為動詞（以study為例）一般現(xiàn)在時的否定式、疑問式和簡單回答（否定 疑問Idonot(don’t) DoIYoudonot(don’t) DoyouHedoesnot(doesn’t) Doeshe否定疑問句 簡單回答（肯定/否定DoInot(Don’tI) Yes,Ido.No,IDoyounot(Don’tyou)study…? Yes,youdo.No,youdon’t.Doeshenot(Doesn’the)study…? Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.Hehasanuncle.他有個叔叔。Autumnfollowssummer.夏天之后是秋天。Itisfinetoday.今天天氣好。Youlookpale.Heisgoodatmusic.HeknowsalotofEnglish.oftenusuallyalways,sometimes,everydayonceaweekonSundays,never等表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的時間狀語連用。例如：Doyouoftengotothecinema?你經(jīng)常去看嗎Healwayshelpsothers.TomdoesnotstudyashardasJane.在學(xué)習(xí)方面不如簡努力Myfathernevertakesabus;hewalkstohisoffice.我父親從來不坐公共汽車，他走著Japanliestotheeast .的東邊Thesunrisesintheeast.從東方升起Ahorseisausefulanimal.Waterboilsat100℃.水在攝氏一時沸騰October1stisourNationalDay.十月一日是我們的節(jié)WhenWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎？（英國浪Beautyistruth,truthbeauty.美即真理，真理即美（英國浪漫主義詩人的名句）3）go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,be等的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示按規(guī)Thenetakesoffatsixpastfive.飛機將于六點零五分起飛TomorrowisSunday.OursummervacationbeginsinearlyJuly.I’llletyouknowassoonasIhearfromHe’llgoifitisfine Ishallbeawaywhenhe Weshallnotbeginthediscussionuntilhearrives.等他來了，我們再開始討論。5）在某些以here,there開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作。Herecomesthebus. Theregoesthe 了Herethey BaterpassestheballtoYaoMing.Yaoshoots？Afineshot!把球傳給，姚在戲劇、等的劇本或的說明文字中，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示動作。例如：Whenthecurtainrises,Julietissittingatherdesk.Thephonerings.Shepicksitupandlistensquietly.幕啟，坐在桌旁。 NowpleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:Iamverygladtosee/meetyou.LiHuaonlyknowsalittleEnglish.TheywatchTVeveryevening.Ileavebyairandarrivethereatsixtomorrowmorning.5）你多久給你的母親寫？Howoftendoyouwritetoyourmother?Yourfriendlooksveryyoung.Tomoftenreadsinbed.你在發(fā)音方面有嗎Doyouhaveanytroublewithbebe有人稱和數(shù)的變化，有三種形式：第am,is,are。study為例：否定 疑問Iamnot AmIYouarenot AreyouHeisnot IsheIamwritingaletter.我正在寫信。TheyarelearningEnglish.Isitrainingnow?MoreandmorepeoplearepayingattentiontotheirHeistranslatinga come,goleave,returnarrive,beginstart等，它們的現(xiàn)在進行時可Flight1095islanding 1095Iknowtheendis MaryiscomingbackfromhervisittoShanghai.很快就要從回來了alwayscontinuallyconstantly等副詞連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)Heisalwaysasking Youarealwayssayingthatsortof Sheisalwayscom Hefrowns.Heisworryingabouthisboy.Shecriticizeshim.Sheistryingtocorrecthisbadhabits.她，想糾正他的壞習(xí)Sheletsherchildhavehisownway.Sheisspoilinghim.她不管孩子。這是在把Thenewstudentsarearrivingnextweek.Whatishappeningoverthere?Whyisthatcarparking(stop)outsidethegate?4）他們正在看電視里的賽。Theyarewatchingafootballmatchonevision.Heisalways6）我們從國口機器，我們在學(xué)習(xí)新的科學(xué)技術(shù)Weimportmachinesfromabroad;wearelearningnewscienceandhave+have否定 疑問Ihavenot(