PidginandCreoleLanguages

---------LongJuanContents1IntroductionPidginsCreoles

Pidginizationandcreolization2CreoliguisticandLinguisticVariationandChangeTheCreolecontinuum

Grammaticalizationincreoles3TheBioprogramHypothesis

4CreoleandUSVBEFeaturesoftheVBEverbsystemThecreoleoriginhypothesisThedivergencecontroversy5Summary

IntroductionDefinition:Apidginlanguageisgenerallyunderstoodtobea“simplified”languagewithavocabularythatcomesmostlyfromanotherlanguage,butwhosegrammarisverydifferent.Features:

Pidginsarenotone’smotherlanguage.Theyareusedprimarilyintradingorplantationsituation.Function:toenableworkerstocommunicatewitheachother.

PidginsPidginare‘simplified’mostnoticeablyincertainaspectsofgrammarandpronunciation.Forexample:grammaticalgender,noun-verbagreementendingandsoon.Thebestwaytogetanimpressionofwhatapidginlanguageislikemightbetoseesomeexamples:Misi

kamesi

Arelu

Jounokamu

rukimeMr

Comins,Howareyou?Younocomelookme,Minoruki

iuo

Jou

rukuMaiPotiikoMaeteteMenolookyou.YoulookmyboathegoMaetoday.VakaromalamiraikiItiripi

Ausi

parogi

iouIVakaromalamelikehesleephousebelongyouhe

rukautiMaiPotiminomea

kaikaimeangikele

nauLook-outmyboat.Meno-morekaikai,mehungrynow

Poti

maniMaeIkivi

iou

Jamu

Vari

koti

iou

kivi

tamu

BoatmanMaehegiveyouyamverygood.Yougivesome

te

pako

paragimeIpenesi

nomoa

te

Paka

Tobacoobelongmehefinish.No-moretobacco.

Oloraiti

AllrightDearMr

Comins,Howareyou?Wehaven’tseeneachotherforawhile.PleasewatchfortheboatfromhereisgoingtoMaetoday.IwouldlikeVakaromala,whowillbelookingaftermyboat,tosleepatyourhouse.IhavenothingmoretoeatandIamhungrynow.ThefellowontheboattoMaewillgiveyousomeverygoodyams.Thetobaccoyougavemeisallusedup;Idon’thaveanymoretobacoo.sincerelyCreoles

1Creoles,accordingtothemostgeneralaccount,arisewhenapidginlanguagebecomesthenativelanguageofanewgenerationofchildren.2Onceapidginlanguagebecomesamothertongue,itmustsupportalltheinteractiveneedsofitsspeakers,sincetheyhavenootherlanguagetofallbackon.

.3Alistoftheworld’spidginandcreolelanguageshavebeencompiledbyHancock(漢考克)andhistwolistshavebeencollatedbyRomaine.Forexample:Hawaiiancreole,Gullah,Guyannese

creole,Jamaicancreocle,Tok

Posin.中葡混合語廣州英語洋涇浜英語后洋涇浜英語中國皮欽英語(chinesepidginEnglish)簡稱CPE,是在中國沿海地區(qū)及遠(yuǎn)東一帶原帝國主義的殖民地使用的一種語言變體.漢考克(Hancock)列出的127種皮欽語和克里奧爾語,CPE列出了是其中的一種。

馬偉林.中國皮欽英語的歷史演變1有一個(gè)洋行老板讓中國司機(jī)到大光明電影院買電影票，司機(jī)空手而歸，他告訴老板：“manmountainmansea,todaynosee,tomorrowsee,tomorrowsee,samesee”‘人山人海,今天看不到,明天看,明天看，一樣看，2陳存仁《銀元時(shí)代生活史》中有這么一個(gè)笑話：一個(gè)男廚子，與女主人談工價(jià)和食宿，他對(duì)主人說：twentydollaronemonth,eatyou,sleepyou.意思是：“月薪二十元，吃你的，住你的?！闭f者無心，聽者害臊不已。Goodgoodstudy,daydayup.好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上Youaskme,measkwho?你問我，我問誰(后洋涇浜英語)Pidginizationandcreolization1Thestudyofpidginandcreolelanguageiscontroversial,partlybecauseoftheiruniqueproperties①theirhistoricaloriginsandtheirhistoricalorigins.②pidginlanguagesarenotbeingformedtoday.③fewwrittenrecordsoftheirformativestages④thecombinationoflanguagemixtureandreduction2Itistruethathavingnativespeakersisperhapsthemostcommondefiningcriterionforacreole.Itisalsotruethatcreolearestructurallyenrichedcomparedtopidgins.Thereneednottobealeapfromtheearliestpidginstagestocreole.Muhlhauslerpresentthefollowingdevelopmentpatternfromearlypidginthroughtocreolesthatwouldrepresentthesecases.

jargon

stablepidgin

expandedpidgin

creoleDellHymeshassuggestedthestudyOfpidginzationandcreolization,‘notuniqueandmariginal,butasPartofourgeneralunderstandingoflinguisticchange.’

Pidginizationisthatcomplexprocessofsociolinguisticchangecomprising①reductionininnerform,withconvergence,inthecontextof②restrictioninuse.Creoizationisthatcomplexprocessofsociolinguisticchangecomprising①expansionininnerform,withconvergence,inthecontextof

②extensioninuse.③simplificationandcomplication.fromtheaspectofsociolinguisticswillgetthemostattentionNegativeattitudetowardscreolesThecreole

continuunBasilect(下層語言):Atypicalpatternforvariationinacreolethatisincontactwithitslexifierlanguageisfortheretobevarietythatismaximallydifferentinstructurefromthelexifierlanguage.Acrolect(上層語言):Thelocalvarietyofthelexifierlanguage.Mesolect(中層語言):betweenthebasilectandtheacrolecttherewillbemyriadwaysofusinglanguage.Thiskindofvariationiscalledthepost-creocle

continuunOneofthemostinfluentialcontributionstothestudyofthecreole

continuunwasmadebyDavidDeCamp.DeCampnoticedthattheJamaicanCreolecontinuunseemedtofallintoanimplicationalscale(蘊(yùn)含比例法)+Achild-Apikni+Beat-Bnyam+C/t/-C/t/+D/d/-D/d/+Egranny-Enana+Fdidn’t-Fno

benImplicationalscaleforsixfeaturesofJamaicanCreolespeakerBEFACD1++++++2+++++-3++++--4+++---5++----6+-----7------Theresultingorderoffeaturescanbeinterpretedasreflectingdegreesof“basilect-ness”or“acrolect-ness”Threeofthemajorcriticismaboutimplicationalscalingtechnique①Whetheranunidimensional

basilect-to-acrolectmodelcandojusticetotheactualfactsoflanguageuseincreolecommunities.②Itisn’taboutthecontinuunconceptitself,butaboutimplicationalscaling.③Inmanyscales,especiallyonmattersofgrammarratherthanphonology,thedatainagivencellislikelytobesparse.‘Grammaticalization’increolesItisthetracingofthedevelopmentofgrammaticalmarkersfromlexicalmarkerswithindiscoursestructureintheprocessofdecreolization.AnexamplebySankoffandBrown:①YoustayhereYustap

ia②deicticfunction

Disfela

ia,ol

ikosim

em

haumasthisone,howmuchdotheychargeforit?AlocativeadverbThenoun③AfurtheruseforiaistocallattentiontothenounphaseitfollowsasonethatisabouttoreceivefurtheridentifyingordescriptivematerialNaem,mania[lapunmania]stap

autsait

iaAndthisman,[thisoldman],stayedoutside.ThebioprogramhypothesisAccordingtoBickerton’shypothesis,humanbeinghaveabiologicalprogramforlanguagethatisdistinctfromwhatevergenerallearningresourcestheymayhave.Inotherwords,ahumanbeingcomesintothewordwithcapacityforacquiringalanguageandthiscapacityisofnouseforlearninganythingbutlanguage.1BickertonseeshishypothesisbasicallyasanenhancementofChomsky’sversionoftheinnatenesshypothesis.2Thedetailofbioprogramgrammarcouldbeoverriddenbytheinfluenceof‘culturallanguage’.3thereisonefundanmentalsetofsystacticprinciplesthatisvalidforalltheworld’slanguagesAswehaveseenintheprecedingchaptersandwillcontinuetosee,sociolinguiststendtotakelanguagetobeentirelyasocialphenomenonthathasrealityonlyinthecontextofpeoplecommunicatingwitheachother./p-5465418276741.htmlCreocleandUSVBE

FeaturesoftheVBEverbsystem1Definition:VBEisasubstantiallydecreolized

linguisticdescendantofaPlantationCreolespokenintheUSAbeforethecivilwar,withlinguistictiestoEnglishlexifiedcreolesspokenintheCaribbeanandwestAfrica.2FeaturesbyWolframandFasold①Habitualordistributive‘be’②Remotetime‘been’③Completiveorperfective‘done’④Futurecompletiveorfutureperfective‘bedone’⑤Aspectual‘steady’⑥Semi-auxiliary‘come’⑦Absentformsof‘be’⑧Absentverbal‘s’Thecreoleoriginhypothesis

ItwasgenerallytakenforgrantedthatthekindofEnglishusedbymostAmericanblackswascomparabletothelanguageofwhiteAmericanofthesamegeographicalreligionandsocialstatus.①

非洲語早期英語洋涇浜語

現(xiàn)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語黑人英語克里奧爾語

格拉語牙買加語②克里奧爾語猜想非洲語言早期英語

洋涇浜語現(xiàn)代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語

克里奧爾語

黑人英語格拉語牙買加語郭家栓.美國黑人英語的起源和歷史發(fā)展ThedivergencecontroversyInarecentarticle,LabovandHarriscametoastartlingconclusion:thePhiladelphiaspeechcommunityisseparatingintotwodistinctspeechcommunities:whiteandblack.Theyshare①alargepartofthegeneralEnglishlanguage,and②anumberoflocalwordsaswell…Butthenumberofdifferencesbetweenthem①ingrammarandpronunciationseemtobegrowingsteadilygreaterAnumberofpointwereagainstLabovandBailey:1Thedatareliesimplicitlyonthe‘a(chǎn)pparenttime’methodofsociolinguisticresearch.2Anotherfactorshastodowiththemethodofdataelicitation.Labovclarifiedhisviewofdivergencebymakingthefollowingthreepoints:①divergenceisamatterofqualitativechangesintheVBEliguisticsystem,notchangesinfrequenciesofvariants;②divergenceappliesonlytotheBlackEnglishVernacular,thespeechofthemostethnicallyisolatedblacks;③onlyc