2023年研究生類研究生入學(xué)考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)英漢互譯歷年高頻考題帶答案難題附詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）第1卷一.歷年考點試題黑鉆版(共50題)1.頑石

賈平凹

我常常遺憾我家門前的那塊丑石呢：它黑黝黝地臥在那里，牛似的模樣；誰也不知道是什么時候留在這里的，誰也不去理會它。只是麥?zhǔn)諘r節(jié)，門前攤了麥子，奶奶總是要說：這塊丑石，多礙地面喲，多時把它搬走吧。

于是，伯父家蓋房，想以它壘山墻，但苦于它極不規(guī)矩，沒棱角兒，也沒平面；用鏨破開吧，又懶得花那么大力氣，因為河灘并不甚遠，隨便去掮一塊回來，哪一塊也比它強。房蓋起來，壓鋪臺階，伯父也沒有看上它。有一年，來了一個石匠，為我家洗一臺石磨，奶奶又說：用這塊丑石吧，省得從遠處搬運。石匠看了看，搖著頭，嫌它石質(zhì)太細，也不采用。2.TowardthelanditselfHaskell'speopledevelopedanambivalentattitudethatrevealedaswellasanythinghowinchoatewastheirsenseofplace.Ontheonehandtheyacceptedthelandasapositivepresenceintheirlive.WiththeMonitor,theycouldcelebratetheirproximitytonatureasmakingthemsuperiortourbanAmericans:"Wewalkontheearthratherthanpavement.Weseetheun-smokedskiesandhearthecallofbirdsthroughoutthedayWildflowersbloomalmostonourdoorstep...Atnightthereisthepeacethatsoothesman'ssoul."Ontheotherhand,theywouldsellallthis,whenevertheyhadthechancetobeapartofthefar-offmasssociety.Theyhaddonejustthatinthegreatplow-upofthelatetwenties;thegroundconsequentlyhadbecomeintruthapavement-likecrust,theskiesweretilledwithdirt,thewildflowershaddisappearedwiththesod,andtherewaslittlepeace.Worstyet,thepeoplehadcometoseetheirlandasaninferiorone—somethingtobeapologizedfor.Ifitcouldnotproducewealth,whatgoodwasit?Afterseveraldecadesofsettlementalltheyfeltgenuinelyworthyofattentionwasthetechnologytheyhadpurchasedthatsomedaywouldmakeofthisareaagardenafterall.3.PleasequoteusyourlowestpriceFOBLondonforwalnut.4.TheCostofFireofAffection

JeromeK.Jerome

You'vebeeninlove,ofcourse!Ifnotyou'vegotittocome.Loveislikethemeasles;weallhavetogothroughit.Alsolikethemeasles,wetakeitonlyonce.Oneneverneedbeafraidofcatchingitasecondtime.Themanwhohashaditcangointothemostdangerousplaces,andplaythemostfool-hardytrickswithperfectsafety.Hecan,toseethelastofafriend,ventureintotheveryjawsofthemarriageceremonyitself.Hecankeephisheadthroughthewhirlofaravishingwaltz,andrestafterwardsinadarkconservatory,catchingnothingmorelastingthanacold.

No,weneversickenwithlovetwice.Cupidspendsnosecondarrowonthesameheart.Love'shandmaidsareourlife-longfriends.Respect,andAdmiration,andAffection,ourdoorsmayalwaysbeleftopenfor,buttheirgreatcelestialmaster,inhisroyalprogress,paysbutonevisit,anddeparts.Meteor-like,itblazesforamoment,andlightswithitsglorythewholeworldbeneath.Happythosewho,hasteningdownagaine'eritdiesout,cankindletheirearthlyaltarsatitsflame.Loveistoopurealighttoburnlongamongthenoisomegasesthatwebreathe,butbeforeitischokedoutwemayuseitasatorchtoignitethecozyfireofaffection.5.我愛花，所以也愛養(yǎng)花。我可還沒成為養(yǎng)花專家，因為沒有工夫去作研究與試驗。我只把養(yǎng)花當(dāng)作生活中的一種樂趣，花開得大小好壞都不計較，只要開花，我就高興。在我的小院中，到夏天，滿是花草，小貓兒們只好上房去玩耍，地上沒有它們的運動場。

花雖多，但無奇花異草。珍貴的花草不易養(yǎng)活，看著一棵好花生病欲死是件難過的事。我不愿時時落淚。北京的氣候，對養(yǎng)花來說，不算很好。冬天冷，春天多風(fēng)，夏天不是干旱就是大雨傾盆；秋天最好，可是忽然會鬧霜凍。在這種氣候里，想把南方的好花養(yǎng)活，我還沒有那么大的本事。因此，我只養(yǎng)些好種易活、自己會奮斗的花草。6.LondonrespondedtoterroristattackonJuly7thintrueBlitzstyle:rescuerswereheroic,andordinarycitizensshowedcompassionandfortitude.Orsothepoliticallycorrectversiongoes.AreportthisweekfromtheLondonAssemblytakesasternerline.Infact,radiosfailedtowork,medicalsupplieswerelacking,someambulancesarrivedinexplicablylateandtraumatizedpeoplewerelefttowanderoff.

Thisisthethirdofficialreportintothebombsontubeandbusthatkilled56peoplelastyearandinjuredhundredsmoreInMaytheHomeOfficeoffereda"narrative"ofeventsbutcastblameonlyontheterrorists.Aparliamentaryinvestigationconcludedthattheintelligenceservices,stretchedthin,haddonetheirbest.TheLondonAssembly'stakeonthematterwillnotsatisfythosewhowantanindependentpublicinquiry.Butithas,atleast,gotbeneaththegloss.

TheresponsetotheJuly7thbombingswaschaotic,andinwaysthatoughttohavebeerpreventable.Theemergencyserviceshadnocoherentplaninplacetocareforthosewhosurvived,thereportsuggests.Butmostcripplingwerethecommunicationfailures.

Police,ambulanceworkersandfirefighterswereunabletotalktoeachotherunderground;onlytheradiosofthetransportpoliceworkedinthetunnels.Theemergencyserviceshadtorelyonrunnerstopassinformationtoandfromdisasterareas.YetareportonabigfireatKing'sCrosstubestationhaddrawnattentiontopreciselythisproblemin1988.

Communicationsabovegroundwerenotmuchbetter.Rescueworkerscompetedwithbewilderedbystandersforaccesstooverloadedmobile-phonenetworks.TheCityofLondonPolice,foritspart,askedonewirelessoperatortofavorcertainrescueworkersbylimitingserviceforordinaryusers.Earlier,abodyheadedbytheMetropolitanPolicehaddecidedthiswasunnecessary.

RichardBarnes,whochairedtheassembly'sJuly7threviewcommittee,saysthereportisnotmeanttodisparagetheworkoftherescuersbutrathertofixtheproblemstheyencountered.Almostayearlater,thesituationhasbarelyimproved:anewdigitalradionetworkforLondon'sunderground,forexample,isrunningbehindschedule.TheassemblyplansnewhearingsinNovembertoholdvariousfeettothefire.7.AccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenWorknearlyashardasiftheywerepoor,whilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofwhoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded.8.Thetermworkusedincopyrightlawreferstoanyoriginalcreationofauthorshipfixedinatangiblemedium.Thus,worksthatcanbeprotectedbycopyrightincludeliterarypieces,musicalcomposition,dramaticselections,dances,photographs,drawings,paintings,sculpture,diagrams,advertisements,maps,motionpictures,radioandtelevisionprograms,soundrecordings,andcomputersoftwareprograms.9.Whenachild,IwaspermittedtohandleonSundaycertainbookswhichcouldnotbeexposedtothemorecarelessusageofcommondays:volumesfinelyillustrated,orthemorehandsomeeditionsoffamiliarauthors,orworkswhich,merelybytheirbulk,demandedspecialcare.Happily,thesebookswereallofthehigherrankinliterature,andsotherecametobeestablishedinmymindanassociationbetweenthedayofrestandnameswhicharethegreatestinverseandprose.Throughmylifethishabithasremainedwithme;IhavealwayswishedtospendsomepartoftheSundayquietwithbookswhich,atmosttimes,itisfatallyeasytoleaveaside,one'sveryknowledgeandloveofthemservingasanexcusefortheirneglectinfavourofprintwhichhastheattractionofnewness.10.TheTexasRuffian(無賴)

(Excerpts)

Hewastheelementalman,amanofendless,restlessambition.Nothingwasevercompleted;eachaccomplishmentwasachallengetoreachformore.Hewasapoliticianthelikeofwhichweshallnotseeagaininthiscentury,amanwhobridgedverydifferentAmericas,hisearlydaysandedgeandattitudesforgesbyearthy,frontierattitudes,andwhosefinalactsasPresidenttookustotheveryedgeofthemoon.Hewasamanofstunningforce,driveandintelligence,andofequallystunninginsecurity.Theenormityofhisaccomplishmentsneverdimmedthehiddenfearswhichhadpropelledhiminthefirstplace;hewas,inthatsense,themosthumanofpoliticians.TherewasaboutLyndonJohnsonsomethingcompelling;themorehetriedtohidehiswarts(爛瘡疤),themoreherevealedthem.Loyaltywascrucial:Washington,afterall,wasacitywithenemieseverywhere,withsharksswimmingouttherewaitingforanysignofweakness.Thustheinnercirclehadtobesecure,trulysecure;particularlyamanwithasprofoundasenseofhisownweaknessandvulnerabilitiesasLyndonJohnsonwantedmenaroundhecouldtrust.

"Howloyalisthatman?"heaskedaWhiteHousestafferaboutapotentialhand.

"Well,heseemsquiteloyal,Mr.President."saidthestaffer.

"Idon'twantloyalty,Iwantloyalty,IwanthimtokissmyassinMacy'swindowathighnoonandtellmeitsmellsroses..."

Hisalmostdesperateneedforloyaltywasthehalfofthecoinofinsecurityofthisgreattoweringfigurewhohadaccomplishedsomuch,wassomuchamanofWashington,andyetinsomanyimportantsectionsofthecityfelthimselfanalien,theTexasruffianamongtheperfumeddarlingsoftheEast.Itwasaprofoundpartofhim;hissenseofbeingalien,ofthereduceagainsthim,wasneverassuaged(inOctober1964whenGeorgeBallhandedinhisfirstmemoagainsttheVietnamwar,Johnsonturnedtoanaidandsaid,"you'vegottobecarefuloftheseEasternlawyers.Ifyou'renotcarefulthey'lltakeyouandturnyouinsideout").HewashuntedbyregionalprejudiceandeventheattainmentofthePresidencydidnottemperhisfeelings.Later,afterhehadleftoffice,hebecameconvincedthatitwasSouthernorigins,notthewar,whichhaddrivenhimput,andthattheyhadlaininwaitforanissue,anyissued,andhadusedthewar,whichwastheirwarinthefirstplace,todrivehimfromoffice.

Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.Hehumiliatedtheminfrontoftheirpeers,thensometimesrewardedthem,dressingdownonestaffmemberwhileotherswatched,thenlaterinthedayawardingthestaffmanaCadillac,winkingandexplainingtosomeoneelsethatithelpedamantostrikewithmunificencewhenhewasdown.11.2008年11月9日，中國政府出臺了進一步擴大內(nèi)需、促進經(jīng)濟增長的十項措施，預(yù)計在未來兩年時間內(nèi)投資4萬億人民幣。中國政府在例行的中央經(jīng)濟工作會議召開之前突然宣布該方案，既顯示了中國政府抗擊金融危機、防范經(jīng)濟增長下滑的信心，也反映了中國政府對國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟增長前景的預(yù)期明顯惡化。該方案剛一出臺便引發(fā)世界范圍內(nèi)高度關(guān)注，并直接推動全球股市上漲。然而，但由于中國政府并未在第一時間詳細披露該方案實施細則，近日來圍繞該方案的猜測與爭議綿延不絕。12.InlikemannerArnoldisthepoetofunpoeticalnatures.Inhisversethereisnorebellion,nodivinediscontent,nohumansympathy,noreachingfortheunattainable.MagnificentdisdainfortheconventionsoftheworldisnottobefoundinArnold.WhenO'ConnortoldhimthatthehighestmeritofWhitmanwashisunlikenesstoanyoneelse,herepliedthatthiswashisdemerit."Noone,"hecontinued,"canaffordinliteraturetotrademerelyonhisownbottomandtotakenoaccountofwhattheotheragesandnationshaveacquired:agreatoriginalliteratureAmericawillnevergetinthisway,andherintellectmustinevitablyconsenttocome,inaconsiderablemeasure,intotheEuropeanmovement."

Arnoldhadadeep,unreasoningfearofthefiresofcreativegenius.Hispoetryisthehistoryofasoulstrugglingagainstitsdeepestimpulses.Nowandthencreativeenergyovercameintellectualdisdainandhesoaredintotheempyrean;morefrequentlytherestraintofconventionalanddisciplinedthoughttiedhimtotheworld.Whenitdid,originalitysuccumbedtoimitation;instinctgavewaytoreason;defiancedwindledintodespair;thedeep-seatedimpulsesofthesoulresolvedthemselvesintoformalism;andbeautydied.13.諸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言語，與漢異音。云其書為天書，語為天語。名物不同，傳實不易。……始者維祗難出自天竺，以黃武三年來適武昌。仆從受此五百偈本，請其同道竺將炎為譯。將炎雖善天竺語，未備曉漢。其所傳言，或得胡語，或以義出音，近于質(zhì)直。仆初嫌其詞不雅。維祗難曰：“佛言，依其義不用飾，取其法不以嚴(yán)。其傳經(jīng)者，當(dāng)令易曉，勿失厥義，是則為善?！弊邢淘唬骸袄鲜戏Q：‘美言不信，信言不美’。仲尼亦云：‘書不盡言，言不盡意?！魇ト艘?，深邃無極。今傳胡義，實宜徑達?！笔且宰再适茏g人口，因循本旨，不加文飾。14.Thedevelopingworldandmanydevelopedcountrieshavecalledfor"cooperationinsteadofconfrontation"intheNorth-Southrelations.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatsuchcooperationshouldbebasedonthecontinuousrestructuringoftheunjustandinequitableinternationaleconomicrelations.Otherwise,cooperationcouldhardlybemaintainedandconfrontationavoided.Therefore,internationalaid,privateinvestment,transferoftechnology,trade,moneyandfinanceshouldbeguidedbytheprincipleofbeingjustandreasonableandofequalityandmutualbenefit.Itisessentialtorespectthesovereigntyofthedevelopingcountriesandnotinterfereintheirinternalaffairsorcontroltheireconomiclife-lines.

Aglobalandintegratedapproachshouldbeadoptedandunremittingandsolideffortsbemadefortheestablishmentofnewinternationaleconomicorder.Atpresent,manydevelopingcountries,especiallytheleastdevelopedcountries,haveindeedsomeurgentproblemswhichshouldbeaccordedpriority.Butthesolutionoftheseproblemsshouldmeettheneedsofthelong-termdevelopmentofthedevelopingcountriesandfacilitatetheprocessofestablishingthenewinternationaleconomicorder.Itshouldnotserveaslimitedmeasuresdivorcedfromthefundamentalobjectiveofestablishingthenewinternationaleconomicorder.15.ForyearsIwassooccupiedtakingcareofmychildrenthat1neglectedmyself.Fromtheageoftwentythreetonearlythirtyfive,Idrovemychildrentotheirsportingeventsandthensatonahardbenchwaitingforthem,withouteverpickingupatennisracquet,ortakingadancelesson,orgoingtoagym.Ilovedtoskate,butspentmywholetimeatthepondortherinklacingandunlacingmychildren'sskates,andnevergettingoutontheiceexcepttoholdthehandofmyfouryearold,whilewemovedslowly,slowly,aroundtheice.Andbecauseofexperienceslikethat—smalldeficits,accumulatedoverlongperiodsoftime—IcarriedaroundasenseofmartyrdomandfrustrationIhavetofighttoavoid,evennow,asImaketimeformytennisgamesandcrosscountryskiingandmysalsadancinglessons.16.陜西榆林紅石峽

“來我們榆林，第一要看鎮(zhèn)北臺，第二要看紅石峽。那紅石峽都出了名了，專有攝制組上這兒拍電影哩!”在前往榆林的長途汽車上，兩個當(dāng)?shù)厝诉@么跟我們說。

既然如此，當(dāng)然要去。不過，對當(dāng)?shù)厝说摹袄贤踬u瓜”也做了一些思想準(zhǔn)備。

卻不料，紅石峽果真是個了不得的去處!它竟然是陜西省內(nèi)最大一處摩崖石窟群。但見峽谷兩側(cè)赭紅色的巖壁上驚人地布滿大大小小的石刻和洞窟，一條湍急的清流則在谷底刷刷地流淌。靜靜往那兒一站，立刻就被中華大地那千古的歷史、文化以及大自然的熏風(fēng)吹醉了!17.WhatDoesTranslationTheoryDo?

Theoryfirst,istoidentifyanddefineatranslationproblem(noproblem—notranslationtheory!);second,toindicateallthefactorsthathavetobetakenintoaccountinsolvingtheproblem;third,tolistallthepossibletranslationprocedures;finally,torecommendthemostsuitabletranslationprocedure,plustheappropriatetranslation.

Translationispointlessandsterileifitdoesnotarisefromtheproblemsoftranslationpractice,fromtheneedtostandbackandreflect,toconsiderallthefactors,withinthetextandoutsideit,beforecomingtoadecision.

Iclosethischapterbyenumeratingthenewelementsintranslationnow,asopposedto,say,atthebeginningofthecentury:

(1)Theemphasisonthereadershipandthesetting,andthereforeonnaturalness,easeofunderstandingandanappropriateregister,whenthesefactorsareappropriate.

(2)Expansionoftopicsbeyondthereligious,theliteraryandthescientifictotechnology,trade,currentevents,publicity,propaganda,infacttovirtuallyeverytopicofwriting.

(3)Increaseinvarietyoftextformats,frombooks(includingplaysandpoems)toarticles,papers,contracts,treaties,laws,notices,instructions,advertisements,publicity,recipes,letters,reports,businessforums,documents,etc.18.最后我聽了一堂音樂課，應(yīng)該說是欣賞了一堂音樂課。老師很活潑，這堂課先是播放了邁克爾·杰克遜的《我們同屬一個世界》，這堂課的主題是讓世界充滿愛。我對音樂是門外漢，但是我邊聽邊感到這是一堂藝術(shù)熏陶課，對孩子是藝術(shù)的熏陶，也可以說是堂美學(xué)(aesthetics)課。美學(xué)從大的方面講就是真善美，就是世界事物的真善美，這就是那首歌的真諦。因此聽完課我就即席講了一篇話，我說沒有愛就沒有教育，沒有愛就沒有一切。一堂音樂課讓孩子們通過唱歌來懂得人世間的愛，懂得人世間的真善美。其次是人們的心底。孩子們都有心理活動，就是孩子們心底都有知、情、義。這就要求學(xué)生要有愛心，懂得愛父母、愛老師、愛家鄉(xiāng)、愛祖國，人最起碼的愛就是這些。19.Thediversitygivesendlesscolortothecity,sothatwalkinginitisaconstanteducationinsightsandsmells.Thereisawonderfulvarietyofplacestoeatorshop,andthoughthemostsuccessfulofsuchplacesarelikelytobetouristyhybridcompromises,theytoohavegenuineroots.OtherAmericancitieshaveethnicturfsjealouslydefended,butnot,Ithink,suchanadmixtureofgroups,throwntogetherinsuchjarringjuxtapositions.Inthesameway,avenuesofhigh-riseluxuryinNewYorkmustbecelebrated,alongwithitstreasuresofartandmusic.Thecombinationisunstable;itproducesfriction,oranuneasyforbearancethatsometimesbecomesarealtoleration.20.Everybookstandsbyitself,likeaone-familyhouse,butbooksinalibraryarelikehousesinacity.Althoughtheyareseparate,togethertheyalladduptosomething;theyareconnectedwitheachotherandwithothercities.Thesameideas,orrelatedones,turnupindifferentplaces;thehumanproblemsthatrepeatthemselvesinliferepeatthemselvesinliterature,butwithdifferentsolutionsaccordingtodifferentwritingsatdifferenttimes.Booksinfluenceeachother;theylinkthepast,thepresentandthefutureandhavetheirowngenerations,likefamilies.Whereveryoustartreadingyouconnectyourselfwithoneofthefamiliesofideas,and,inthelongrun,younotonlyfindoutabouttheworldandthepeopleinit;youfindoutaboutyourself,too.

Readingcanonlybefunifyouexpectittobe.Ifyouconcentrateonbookssomebodytellsyouyou"ought"toread,youprobablywon'thavefun.Butifyouputdownabookyoudon'tlikeandtryanothertillyoufindonethatmeanssomethingtoyou,andthenrelaxwithit,youwillalmostcertainlyhaveagoodtime—andifyoubecome,asaresultofreading,better,wiser,kinder,ormoregentle,youwon'thavesufferedduringtheprocess.21.我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到京城里，一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。其間耳聞目睹的所謂國家人事，算起來也很不少，但在我心里，都不留什么痕跡。倘要我尋出這些事的影響來說，便只是增長了我的壞脾氣，——老實說，便是叫我一天比一天的看不起人。

但有一件小事，卻于我有意義，將我從壞脾氣里拖開，使我至今忘記不得。

這是民國六年的冬天，大北風(fēng)刮得正猛，我因為生計關(guān)系，不得不一早在路上走。一路幾乎遇不見人，好容易才雇定了一輛人力車，教他拉到S門去。不一會，北風(fēng)小了，路上浮塵早已刮凈，剩下一條潔白的大道來，車夫也跑得更快。剛近S門，忽而車把上帶著一個人，慢慢地倒了。

(摘自魯迅；《一件小事》，1920年7月。)22.Outsidemywindowthenightisstrugglingtowake;inthemoonlight,theblindedgardendreamssovividlyofitslostcolours.Thewhite-washedwallsarebrilliantagainstthedark-bluesky.Thewhitewallsofthehousecoldlyreverberatethelunarradiance.Themoonisfull.

Themoonisastone;butitisahighlynuminousstone.Or,tobemoreprecise,itisastoneaboutwhichandbecauseofwhichmenandwomenhavenuminousfeelings.Thus,thereisasoftmoonlightthatcangiveusthepeacethatpassesunderstanding.Thereisamoonlightthatinspiresakindofawe.Thereisacoldandausteremoonlightthattellsthesoulofitslonelinessanddesperateisolation,itsinsignificanceoritsuncleanness.Thereisanamorousmoonlightpromptingtolove—tolovenotonlyforanindividualbutsometimesevenforthewhaleuniverse.Butthemoonshinesonthebodyaswellas,throughthewindowsoftheeyes,withinthemind.Itaffectsthesouldirectly;butitcanaffectitalsobyobscureandcircuitousways—throughtheblood.Haftthehumanracelivesinmanifestobediencetothelunarrhythm;andthereisevidencetoshowthatthephysiologicalandthereforethespirituallife,notonlyofwomen,butofmentoo,mysteriouslyebbsandflowswiththechangesofthemoon.Thereareunreasonedjoys,inexplicablemiseries,laughtersandremorseswithoutacause.Theirsuddenandfantasticalternationsconstitutetheordinaryweatherofourminds.Thesemoods,arethechildrenofthebloodandhumours.Butthebloodandhumoursobey,amongmanyothermasters,thechangingmoon.Touchingthesouldirectlythroughtheeyesand,indirectly,alongthedarkchannelsoftheblood,themoonisdoublyadivinity.

Evenifwethinkofthemoonasonlyastone,weshallfinditsverystoninesspotentiallyanumen.Astonegonecold.Anairless,waterlessstoneandthepropheticimageofourownearthwhen,somefewmillionyearsfromnow,thesenescentsunshallhavelostitspresentfosteringpower...Andsoon.Thispassagecouldeasilybeprolonged—aStudyinPurple.ButIforbear.Leteveryreaderlayonasmuchoftheroyalrhetoricalcolourashefindstohistaste.Anyhow,purpleornopurple,therethestoneis—stony.Youcannotthinkaboutitforlongwithoutfindingyourselfinvadedbyoneorotherofseveralessentiallynuminoussentiments.ThesesentimentsbelongtooneorotheroftwocontrastedandcomplementarygroupsSentimentsofHumanInsignificanceSentimentsofHumanGreatness.23.人生最大的快樂莫過于受人尊重：訴說時有人聆聽，求助時得人幫忙。24.Itisaninterestingreflectiononthegeneralclimateofthoughtbeforethetwentiethcenturythatnoonehadsuggestedthattheuniversewasexpandingorcontracting.Itwasgenerallyacceptedthateithertheuniversehadexistedforeverinanunchangingstate,orthatithadbeencreatedatafinitetimeinthepastmoreorlessasweobserveittoday.Inpartthismayhavebeenduetopeople'stendencytobelieveineternaltruths,aswellasthecomforttheyfoundinthethoughtthateventhoughtheymaygrowoldanddie,theuniverseiseternalandunchanging.25.10月14日信已悉，兩塊布樣也已收到，謝謝。兩塊布樣已交工廠。

我們已向廠方說明，你們對質(zhì)量感到失望我們是十分關(guān)切的，也把這批貨已賣給新客戶一事告訴了他們，廠方深表遺憾，我們已與廠方談妥，立即將替換貨物按買方目的港指定地點交貨稅款已付條款發(fā)出。廠方還對這批替換貨物的品質(zhì)予以保證。

如果你方同意按所能得到的最高價處理掉這批次布，我們一俟聽到你方消息，就將兩者差額的付款通知單寄去。

給你方造成麻煩，深表歉意，并將采取一切措施以保證不再發(fā)生類似事情。26.OnGoingaJourney

WilliamHazlitt

Oneofthepleasantthingsintheworldisgoingajourney;butIliketogobymyself.Icanenjoysocietyinaroom;butoutofdoors,natureiscompanyenoughforme.Iamthenneverlessalonethanwhenalone.

"Thefieldhisstudy,naturewashisbook."

Icannotseethewitofwalkingandtalkingatthesametime.WhenIaminthecountry,Iwishtovegetatelikethecountry.Iamnotforcriticizinghedgerowsandblackcattle.Igooutoftowninordertoforgetthetownandallthatisinit.Therearethosewhoforthispurposegotowatering-places,andcarrythemetropoliswiththem.Ilikemoreelbow-room,andfewerincumbrances.Ilikesolitude,whenIgivemyselfuptoit,forthesakeofsolitude;nordoIaskfor

"—afriendinmyretreat,

WhomImaywhispersolitudeissweet."

Thesoulofjourneyisliberty,perfectliberty,tothink,feel,dojustasonepleases.Wegoajourneychieflytobefreeofallimpedimentsandofallinconveniences;toleaveourselvesbehind,muchmoretogetridofothers.ItisbecauseIwantalittlebreath-spacestomuseonindifferentmatters,whereContemplation

"Mayplumeherfeathersandletgrowherwings,

thatinthevariousbustleofresort

Werealltooruffled,andsometimesimpair'd,"

thatIabsentmyselffromthetownforawhile,withoutfeelingatalossthemomentIamleftbymyself.27.Bismarckwas47whenhebecamePrimeMinister.Hewastoooldtolearnpoliticalhabits.Heknewnothingofinternal'affairsorofeconomieswhenhebecamePrimeMinister;andheleftthesemattersentirelytootherministersuntilsomeeventsuddenlydrovehimtointervenewithdevastatingeffectyetontheotherhand,hehadgreatpersonalcharm.HebewitchedAlexanderⅢ,NapoleonⅢandQueenVictoria—allofwhomhadstartedoutwithstrongprejudiceagainsthim.ForeignstatesmenandGermanradicalsalikesuccumbedtohismagic.28.Agoodbookisoftenthebesturnofalifeenshriningthebestthatlifecouldthinkout;fortheworldofaman'slifeis,forthemostpart,buttheworldofhisthoughts.Thusthebestbooksaretreasuriesofgoodwords,thegoldenthoughts,which,rememberedandcherished,becomeourconstantcompanionsandcomforters."Theyarcneveralone,"saidaphilosopher,"thatareaccompaniedbynoblethoughts."

Thegoodandtruethoughtmayintimesoftemptationbeasanangelofmercypurifyingandguardingthesoul.Italsoenshrinesthegermsofaction,forgoodwordsalmostalwaysinspiretogoodworks.

Bookspossessanessenceofimmortality.Theyarebyfarthemostlastingproductsofhumaneffort.Templesandstatuesdecay,butbookssurvive.Timeisofnoaccountwithgreatthoughts,whichareasfreshtodayaswhentheyfirstpassedthroughtheirauthor'sminds,agesago.Whatwasthensaidandthoughtstillspeakstousasvividlyaseverfromtheprintedpage.Theonlyeffectoftimehasbeentosiftoutthebadproducts;fornothinginliteraturecanlongsurvivebutwhatisreallygood.29.Style,theLatinnameforanironpen,hascometodesignatetheartthathandles,witheverfreshvitalityandwaryalacrity,thefluidelementsofspeech.Byafigure,obviousenough,whichyetmightserveforanepitomeofliterarymethod,themostrigidandsimplestofinstrumentshaslentitsnametothesubtlestandmostflexibleofarts.Thencetheapplicationofthewordhasbeenextendedtoartsotherthanliterature,tothewholerangeoftheactivitiesofman.Thefactthatweusetheword"style"inspeakingofarchitectureandsculpture,paintingandmusic,dancing,play-acting,andcricket,thatwecanapplyittothespontaneousanimalmovementsofthelimbsofmanorbeast,isthenoblestofunconscioustributestothefacultyofletters.Thepen,scratchingonwaxorpaper,hasbecomethesymbolofallthatisexpressive,allthatisintimate,inhumannature;notonlyarmsandarts,butmanhimself,hasyieldedtoit.Hislivingvoice,withitsundulationsandinflexions,assistedbythemobileplayoffeatureandaninfinitevarietyofbodilygesture,isdriventoborrowdignityfromthesamemetaphor;theoratorandtheactorarefaintobejudgedbystyle.30.DownsizinginVogue

Inrecentyearscorporatedownsizinghasbeenontherisethroughouttheworld.Downsizingisreducingcostsbydismissingemployeesandreassigningtheirdutiestotheemployeeswhoremain.Theyusuallycallitrestructuring,rightsizing,reallocatingresources,orjobseparation.Theysometimesusedietingmetaphorslike"trimmingthefat,""gettingleanandmean,"or"sheddingweight."Whatevertheeuphemism,employeesaffectedbythesepracticesknowwhatthewordsmeantothem:layoff.Andno"kinder,gentler"wordscandomuchtoalleviatetheanxietyanddistressthatcomewithlosingajob.

Intheirquesttolowercoststostaycompetitive,companiesoftenwieldtheaxwithlittleornoregardforthewell-beingofthepeopleinvolved.Forexample,inthepastyearsAT&Thavedismissedthousandsofmanagersandemployeesthroughdownsizing,thoughmanyofthesepeoplehavetwentyormoreyearsofloyalemploymentwiththefirm.Industryanalystsassertthatiforganizationswishtoconsiderthemselvesresponsible,ethicalcorporatecitizens,theymustdemonstrateconcernfortheiremployees,evenwhentheyhavetotellthemtheyarenolongeremployed.31.2008年5月12日，我國發(fā)生了震驚世界的汶川特大地震。在黨中央、國務(wù)院堅強領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，全國各族人民特別是災(zāi)區(qū)人民萬眾一心、眾志成城，人民子弟兵舍生忘死、沖鋒在前，展開了我國歷史上救援速度最快、動員范圍最廣、投入力量最大的抗震救災(zāi)斗爭。我們堅持把搶救人的生命放在第一位，從廢墟中搶救生還者8.4萬人。中央財政安排384億元救災(zāi)款和740億元恢復(fù)重建資金，迅速出臺一系列支援災(zāi)區(qū)的政策措施。這場艱苦卓絕的抗震救災(zāi)斗爭，涌現(xiàn)出無數(shù)感天動地、可歌可泣的英雄事跡，充分展現(xiàn)了中國人民不屈不撓、自強不息的偉大民族精神，譜寫了氣壯山河的壯麗篇章。32.產(chǎn)品安全問題關(guān)系消費者的生命和健康，雖然“中國制造”中僅有少數(shù)產(chǎn)品存在質(zhì)量和安全問題，但對“中國制造”的品牌已造成極大的負面影響。對此，中國