第六節(jié)用量與用法本項(xiàng)最常用的英語(yǔ)表示法有：DosageandAdministration用（劑）量與用法RouteofAdministration給藥途徑（用法）Administration用法DirectionforUse用法Methodof（for）Administration用法ApplicationandDosage用法與用（劑）量ModeofApplication用法Dosage用（劑）量HowtoUse用法Posology劑量學(xué)還可能有其他的表示方法。本項(xiàng)也是閱讀的重點(diǎn)，讀者必須正確理解本項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中的給藥對(duì)象、給藥方式、劑量及劑量單位、給藥時(shí)間等。1、常用表示劑量的術(shù)語(yǔ)averagedose平均劑量minimal（minimum）dose最小有效量dailydose日劑量（一日量）multipledose多劑量divideddose分次劑量overdose（overdose）過(guò)量fatal（lethal）dose致死量singledose一次劑量indicateddose有效蠐量standarddose標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（合適）劑量initial（beginning,starting）dose首次量suggested（recommended）dose推薦劑量maintenancedose維持量therapeuticdose治療劑量maximumdose最大劑量(極量)usual(normal)dose常用劑量2、常用的劑量單位表示法g=gram克l=liter（litre）升mg=milligram毫克ml=milliliter毫升kg=kilogram千克c.c.毫升mcg=microgram微克I.U.=internationalunit國(guó)際單位ug微克bodyweight體重persquaremeterofbodysurface每平方米體表面積3、每次給藥次數(shù)的表示方法daily（perday,aday,everyday）每日every...hours每隔…小時(shí)intervatsof...每隔…once（twice）daily（aday）每日一（二）次everyotherday每隔一日threetimesaday（daily）每日三次threetimesaweek每周三次once（twice）aweek（weekly）每周一（二）次Dividedinto...doses分…次intwoorthreedivideddoses分為二或三次（個(gè)劑量）例1Unlessotherwiseprescribedbythephysician,theaveragedailydoseis1capsule3timesdaily.如果醫(yī)生不另開(kāi)處方，平均日劑量為每日3次、每次1個(gè)膠襄。例2Thesuggesteddoseis10to15mgperkgdodyweightdailyin3-4divideddosesorally,takenwithmeets.日劑量最好每公斤體重10-15mg，分3-4次口服，與食物共服。例3Theinitialdosagerecommendedis1/2tabletofMadopa250threetimesdaily.開(kāi)始劑量最好為每日3次，每次半片美多巴250.例4Children:Theusualdoseis50to100mg/kg/daytotal,giveninfourequallydividedandspaceddoses.兒童：常用總劑量為每日50-100mg/kg體重，均分為四等份，等間隔給藥。例5Therecommendedstartingdoseis20mggivenasasingledailydose.推薦的首劑量為每20mg，一次服用。4、給藥對(duì)象：最常見(jiàn)的用詞有adolescents青少年intant（s）幼兒adult（s）成年人male男性baby（babies）嬰兒newbornbaby（babies）新生兒children（child）兒童patient（s）患者，病人debilitatedpatients體弱患者pediatric兒科的elderlypatient（s）老年患者pregnantwomen孕婦female女性senilepatient（s）老年患者（病人）5、給藥方式的表示法：多用副詞成或介詞短語(yǔ)表示，例如：intra-arterially靜脈內(nèi)給藥bymouth（OS）口服intragluteally臀肌內(nèi)給藥byphleboclysis靜脈輸液intramuscularly肌內(nèi)給藥byintramuscular（IM）injection肌肉注射intraperitoneally腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥byintravenous(IV)injection靜脈注射intrapleurally胸(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥bytheintra-articataradministration關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)給藥intrathecally鞘內(nèi)給藥bytheintramuscularadministration(route)肌內(nèi)給藥intravenously靜脈內(nèi)給藥bytheintranasalroute鼻內(nèi)給藥locally局部給藥orally口服給藥parenterally腸道外給藥bytheintraperitonealadministration腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥subconjuntivally結(jié)膜下給藥bytheintravenousinfusion(perfusion)靜脈輸注subcutaneously皮下給藥sublingually舌下給藥submucously粘膜下給藥bytheintrathecaladministration鞘內(nèi)給藥byaerosol噴霧給藥bythesublingualadministration舌下給藥bydripphleboclysis點(diǎn)滴靜脈輸液perrectum直腸給藥byenema灌腸pervaginum陰道給藥bylumbar腰椎給藥prorecto直腸給藥此外還有許多其他的表示法，不一一列舉。6、表示“投藥”的常用動(dòng)詞administer(或beadministered、give、begiven、indicate、beindicated)給藥、投藥use(或beused、employ、beemployed)用藥recommend(berecommended>suggest、besuggested)推薦給藥7、表示不同的用藥方式的動(dòng)詞：take服用inhale吸入applyto用于、涂于、敷于spray噴霧inject注射swallow吞服例6...Therecommendedsingledoseis1ampoule,givensubcutaneously,intramuscularlyorintravenously.建議一次劑量為1安瓶，皮下、肌肉或靜脈注射給藥。例7I.Minjectionsshouldbeadministeredintheamountof25-50mgdailyperkiloofbodyweight,subdividedintoinjectionsevery6-8-12hours.肌肉注射：每日每公斤體重給藥25-50mg，每6-8-12小時(shí)一次。例8Foradultsgiveintramuscularinjectionof400to600mgperdayin2-3divideddoses.Forinfantsgiveintramuscularinjectionof10-20mg/kgperdayintwodivideddoses.成年人：肌肉注射，每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射；嬰兒：肌肉注射，每日10-20mg/kg體重，分2次注射。例9Thetablets(orthesyrup)aretobetakenduringorafteramealwithalittleliquid.片劑(或糖漿)應(yīng)于食間或飯后用少量液體送服。例10ApplytheNitro-Dursystemfirmlytotheskinsurface.TheNitro-Dursystemmaybeappliedtoanyconvenientskinarea,arecommendedsideofapplicationisthearmorchest.把護(hù)心貼片緊貼在皮膚表面，護(hù)心貼片可貼在任何方便的皮膚區(qū)域，最好是貼在手臂或胸部。例11Ingeneral1to3metereddosesshouldbeinhaledorsprayedontoorunderthetongueattheeveryonsetofanginapain.一般應(yīng)在心絞痛開(kāi)始發(fā)作時(shí)就吸入，或向舌上或舌下噴入1-3個(gè)規(guī)定的劑量。8、其它的短語(yǔ)或句型，例如：accordingto根據(jù)beadjusted調(diào)整dependon依據(jù)adaptto適合，修改onthebasisof在…基礎(chǔ)上varyftom...to...變化范圍由…至…，因…而異rangefrom...to...變化范圍由…至…itisadvisableto(itisrecommendedto、itissuggestedto)建議...例子很多，不一一列舉。例12Dosageshouldbeadaptedtopatientsindividually,onthebasisofperiodictestsofglycosuriaandbloodsugar.在周期性檢驗(yàn)?zāi)蛱呛脱堑幕A(chǔ)上，調(diào)整劑量，使之適用于不同的患者。例13Itisadvisabletoinitiatetherapywithmassivedoses:3x2tabletsdailyaftermealsover2-4days.建議開(kāi)始治療時(shí)采用大劑量，每日劑量為3x2片，飯后服用，持續(xù)2-4日。例14Inseverschroniccases,treatmentisstartedwithdaily1to2ampoulesofBilocidandcontinuedwithoneampouleeveryotherday,injectedslowlybytheintravenousroute.治療嚴(yán)重的慢性疾病時(shí)，治療從每日1-2支利膽素注射劑開(kāi)始，繼續(xù)治療時(shí)每隔一日1安瓶緩慢靜脈注射。例15Thenumberofinjectionsrequiredmayvaryfrompatienttopatient.所需注射次數(shù)因患者而異。例16ThedosageofGlutrilmustbeadjustedbythedoctoraccordingtotheindividualmetabolicstate.格路特利的劑量需由醫(yī)生根據(jù)每個(gè)患者的代謝狀況調(diào)整。例17Insuchinstance,itisrecommendedthatthedosebereduced.在這種情況下，建議減少劑量。例18Themaintenancedosageisdeterminedbyresponseofthepatient.維持劑量視患者對(duì)藥物的反應(yīng)而定。第七節(jié)不良反應(yīng)不良反應(yīng)這一項(xiàng)中包括藥物的副作用、癥狀及體征、毒性作用及耐受力、過(guò)敏反應(yīng)、停藥等。現(xiàn)分述如下：1?“不良反應(yīng)”的常用的英語(yǔ)表示法有：AdverseReaction(s)不良反應(yīng)Unwanted(Untoward)Reaction(s)不良反應(yīng)2“副作用”的常用的英語(yǔ)表示法有：Side-effect(s)副作用Unwanted(Undesirable)Effects副作用SideReaction(s)副作用By-effects副作用3?常見(jiàn)的霉副反應(yīng)的癥狀及體征的詞語(yǔ)很多，但記住下列詞語(yǔ)很有必要:allergic(hypersensitive，anaphylactic)reaction(s)過(guò)敏反應(yīng)allergy(hypersensitivity)過(guò)敏dizziness冃玄暈gastrointestinaltract胃腸道fever發(fā)熱localreaction(s)局部反應(yīng)flush潮紅skinreaction(s)皮膚反應(yīng)headache頭痛symptom(s)癥狀nausea惡心systematic全身的pruritus瘙癢anorexia厭食rash皮疹bloodcount白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)spasm痙攣bloodpressure血壓thirst口渴coma昏迷tiredness疲倦diarrhea腹瀉vomiting嘔吐4?“毒性”、“耐受性”的英語(yǔ)表示法：toxicity毒性tolerance(tolerability)耐受力，耐藥性tolerate(toleration)耐受5.“停藥”的英語(yǔ)表示法舉例：abandon停藥discontinue(discontinuance,discontinuation)停藥，中斷(治療)cease(cessation)(stop)停藥(停止治療)don'tuse勿使用（停藥）suspend停藥terminate停止，結(jié)束withdraw（bewithdrawn,withdrawal）停藥6.其他一些常見(jiàn)的基本詞匯及短語(yǔ)：acute急性的control（becontrolled）控制chronic慢性的diminish（reduce，reduction）減少common常見(jiàn)的disappear消失irreversible不可逆的encounter遇到，見(jiàn)到mild輕微的giveriseto產(chǎn)生normal正常的include包括rare（ly）罕見(jiàn)的（地）leadto導(dǎo)致riverside可逆的manifest表明，顯示severe嚴(yán)重的observe（beobserved）（被）觀察到temporary暫時(shí)的produce產(chǎn)生transient一過(guò)性的，短暫的reactto對(duì)反應(yīng)appear（develop，happen，occur）出現(xiàn)（產(chǎn)生）resultfrom由引起bereported（被）報(bào)道resultin導(dǎo)致cause（becausedby）（由）引起treat（treatment）治療specialcare（caution）shouldbeexercised特另U小心（注意）例1Ciprofloxactinisgenerallywelltolerated.Themostfrequentlyreportedadversereactionsare:nausea,diarrhaea,vomiting,dyspepsia,abdominalpain,headache,restlessness,rash,dizzinessandpruritus.環(huán)丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常報(bào)道的副作用有：惡心、腹瀉、嘔吐、消化不良、腹痛、頭痛、不安、皮疹、頭暈及瘙癢。例2Side-effectsarerarewithslow-K,asanyexcesspotassiumisrapidlyexcretedintheurine.施樂(lè)凱的副作用根罕見(jiàn)，因?yàn)槿魏芜^(guò)量的鉀都迅速由尿排出。例3Attherecommendeddosageside-effectse.g.venousirritationorhypersensitivityreactions(coetaneousandmucousreactions)areonlyobservedinisolatedcases.用推薦劑量治療時(shí)，僅見(jiàn)個(gè)別的靜脈刺激或過(guò)敏反應(yīng)(皮膚及粘膜反應(yīng))病例。例4Whenadversereactionsoccur,theyareusuallyreversibleanddisappearwhenthehormoneisdiscontinued.當(dāng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生時(shí)，它們往往是可逆的，停用激素后副作用即消失。例5Themostseriousside-effectisdamagetothebonemarrow.Becauseofthis,thewhitebloodcellcountshouldbecontrolledoftenenoughduringthetreatment.最嚴(yán)重的副作用是骨髓損害，因此在治療期間，要經(jīng)常監(jiān)測(cè)白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)。例6Theseunwantedeffectsusuallydisappearspontaneouslyafter7-14daysorfollowingatemporaryreductioninthedosage.這些副作用通常在7-14日之后，或者暫時(shí)降低劑量便自行消失。例7Withhighdosagecontinuousinfusion(morethan200mg/m2/day)over5to7days,thegastrointestinalcomplicationsaremorepronouncedandcanonoccasionleadtoileus.Allsideeffectsarereversibleaftercessationoftherapy.大劑量連續(xù)輸注超過(guò)5?7日(超過(guò)200mg/m2/日)，胃腸道并發(fā)癥更為明顯，偶爾可導(dǎo)致腸梗阻。停藥后副作用皆可逆轉(zhuǎn)。例8Insomepatientsnausea，dizziness，andvomitingmayoccurinthefirstdaysoftreatmentbutthetreatmentneednotbediscontinuedforthat.Inrarecasesadecreaseofbloodpressuremayappearforwhichabloodpressurecheck-upisrecommendedinout-patientsbeforethetreatmentisinitiated.Ifside-effectspersist,lowerdosesshouldbeadministered.服用本品的頭幾天，有些病人可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)惡心、頭暈和嘔吐，但不必停藥。偶有血壓下降的病例，為此，在治療開(kāi)始前建議對(duì)門(mén)診患者檢測(cè)血壓。若副作用持續(xù)不消失，應(yīng)減少服用劑量。例9Majoradversereactions(muchlesscommonthantheminoradversereactions)includeinhibitionofmyelopoiesis,drugfeverandhepatitis.較重的不良反應(yīng)(遠(yuǎn)不及輕度不良反應(yīng)常見(jiàn))包括抑制骨髓細(xì)胞生成，藥物熱及肝炎。例10Side-effects:Lossofappetiteandnauseaoccurinmostcases,sometimeswithvomiting.Thesesymptomsareusuallyconfinedtothefirstfewdaysoftreatmentandthentendtodisappear.副作用：多數(shù)病例出現(xiàn)食欲減退、惡心，有時(shí)嘔吐。這些癥狀通常發(fā)生在治療的最初幾天，以后逐漸消失。第八節(jié)注意事項(xiàng)“注意事項(xiàng)”也是藥品說(shuō)明書(shū)中的重要內(nèi)容之一。為了安全用藥，廠商在本項(xiàng)中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)，其中主要包括：正確的劑量和用法，超過(guò)劑量時(shí)的應(yīng)急措施，用藥對(duì)象，可能出現(xiàn)的較嚴(yán)重的副作用及治療方案，藥物的配伍，藥液的配制、使用及保管等、方面的注意事項(xiàng)?，F(xiàn)就本項(xiàng)內(nèi)容詳細(xì)介紹如下：本項(xiàng)常用的英語(yǔ)表示法：Precaution(s)注意事項(xiàng)Specialnote(caution,precaution)特另U注意Caution(s)注意事項(xiàng)N.B.注意Note注意Warning(s)警告有時(shí)也用：Important重要事項(xiàng)Importantforthepatients患者須知本項(xiàng)中常見(jiàn)的檢查項(xiàng)目：bloodcount血細(xì)胞汁數(shù)Kidney(renal)function腎功能bloodpicture(hemogram)血象Liver(hepatic)function肝功bloodlevel血濃度serumconcentration血清濃度bloodpressure血壓serumcreatininetest血清肌酸酐檢驗(yàn)clottingtime凝血時(shí)間urineroutine(examination)尿常規(guī)creatinineclearance肌酸酐清除率本項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是內(nèi)容長(zhǎng)短不一，有難有易；詞匯量大，涉及面廣，既有普通詞匯，也有大量的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯及編寫(xiě)詞。許多詞匯、結(jié)構(gòu)和句型可在藥理作用、適應(yīng)癥、禁忌癥、劑量和用法、副作用，貯藏等項(xiàng)中見(jiàn)到。從英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)上分析，句型變化較多，長(zhǎng)句、難句也屢屢出現(xiàn)，是比較難讀的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。例1Warningsandprecautions:CiprofloxacinshouldbeusedwithcautioninepilepticsandpatientswithahistoryofCNSdisordersandonlyifthebenefitsoftreatmentareconsideredtooutweighttheriskofpossibleCNSside-effects.警告和注意事項(xiàng)：癲癇病人及有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病史的患者慎用環(huán)丙沙星，僅當(dāng)認(rèn)為療效超過(guò)可能產(chǎn)生的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副作用的危險(xiǎn)時(shí)才可使用。例2Ciprofloxacincouldresultinimpainnentofthepatientsabilitytodriveoroperatemachinary,particularlyinconjunctionwithalcohol.環(huán)丙沙星能損害人們駕駛汽車(chē)或操縱機(jī)器的能力，尤其是在飲酒之后。例3Warnings:Vfepesideshouldbeadministeredunderthesupervisionofaqualifiedphysicainexperiencedintheuseofcancerchemotherapeuticagents.警告:泛必治應(yīng)該在使用治療癌癥的化療制劑方面有經(jīng)驗(yàn)、有資格的醫(yī)生的監(jiān)護(hù)下使用。例4Themostseriousriskassociatedwithanticoagulanttherapywithsodiumwarfarinarehemorrhageinanytissueororganandlessfrequently,necrosisand/organgreneofskinandothertissues.Theriskofhermorrhageisrelatedtolevelofintensityandthedurationofanticoagulanttherapy.用華注林鈉進(jìn)行抗凝治療產(chǎn)生的最嚴(yán)重的危險(xiǎn)就是組織或器官出血，以及不大常出現(xiàn)的皮膚和其他組織的壞死和（或）壞疽。出血的危險(xiǎn)與抗凝治療的藥物濃度（水平）及療程長(zhǎng)短有關(guān)。例5Theoccurrenceofaplateletcountbelow50,000/mm3oranabsoluteneutrophilcountbelow500/mm3isanindicationtowithholdfurthertherapyuntilthebloodcountshavesufficientlyrecovered.血小板數(shù)低于s0，000/mm3或絕對(duì)中性白細(xì)胞數(shù)低于500/mm3，表明不能繼續(xù)使用本品治療，待白細(xì)胞計(jì)教充分恢復(fù)后才能繼續(xù)用藥。例6Wayfaringtherapyshouldbediscontinuedwhenwayfaringissuspectedtobethecauseofdevelopingnecrosisandheparintherapymaybeconsideredforanticoagulation.當(dāng)懷疑華法林治療引起壞死時(shí)，則須停止治療，并且考慮使用肝素治療。例7Dosageshouldbecontrolledbyperiodicdeterminationsofprothrombintime(PT)orothersuitablecoagulationtests.必須定期檢查凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT),或做其他相應(yīng)的凝血試驗(yàn)來(lái)控制劑量。例8PleasenoteCerebralconvulsivediseaseisregardedasarelativecontraindicationforexaminationsinthesubarachnoidspace.Ifaftercarefulconsideration,theseexaminationsareneverthelessperformed,allequipmentandmedicinesnecessarytocounteranyconvulsionsmayoccurmustbepreparedreadyforusebeforehand.請(qǐng)注意：腦驚厥被認(rèn)為相對(duì)禁止進(jìn)行蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔檢查，如經(jīng)謹(jǐn)慎考慮后、仍要進(jìn)行這些檢查時(shí).必須事先備妥應(yīng)付可能發(fā)生驚厥所需的所有設(shè)備與藥品。例9Cautionmustbeexercisedinthecaseofhypersensitivitytoiodinatedcontrastmedia,latenthyperthyroidismandblandnodulargoiter.對(duì)碘造影劑過(guò)敏、隱匿性甲狀腺亢進(jìn)和輕微甲狀腺腫的病例，應(yīng)慎重。例10CautionAlcoholintakemayenhancenitrateeffectsandoccasionallyinducehypotensionwithsubsequentimpairmentofreactivity.Duringthefirstthreemonthsofpregnancydrugsshouldonlybeusedontheexpressdirectionoftheattendantphysician.Isketsprayshouldnotbestoredattemperaturesabove25.C!Temperaturesabove40°Caretobeavoided,evenforbriedperiods!Donotforcecanisteropen,evenwhenempty!注意：飲酒可增強(qiáng)硝酸鹽的作用、偶爾引起低血壓，繼而損害反應(yīng)力。妊娠三個(gè)月時(shí)，只有在監(jiān)護(hù)醫(yī)生明確指導(dǎo)下才可使用本品。異舒吉噴霧劑的貯存溫度不應(yīng)超過(guò)25C!避免超過(guò)40Co即使短時(shí)間也不可！不要用力開(kāi)罐，即使空罐時(shí)也不可用力開(kāi)！勿使兒童接觸本品例11Aswithallnewdrugs，patientsshouldbefollowedcarefullysothatanyside-effectsorunusualmanifestationsofdrugidiosyncrasymaybedetected.IfanyallergicreactiontoKeflexoccurs,thedrugshouldbediscontinuedandthepatienttreatedwiththeusualagents.像使用所有新藥一樣，應(yīng)細(xì)心地隨訪患者，以便觀察任何副作用或藥物特異反應(yīng)。如果出現(xiàn)對(duì)頭抱菌素IV的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)，應(yīng)停藥，并用常規(guī)藥物治療患者。例12Inpatientswithnormalrenalfunction,chronichypocalcaemiamaybeassociatedwithanincreaseinserumcreatinine.Whilethisisusuallyreversible,itisimportantinsuchpatientstopaycarefulattentiontothosefactorswhichmayleadtohypocalcaemia.對(duì)于腎功能正常的患者,慢性高鈣血癥可能與血清肌酸酐增多有關(guān)。這通常雖然是可逆的，然而對(duì)這樣的病人，密切注意可能導(dǎo)致血鈣過(guò)多的各種因素是很重要的。例13Precautions一Avoidtheconcomitantuse,intheabsenceofspecialmonitoringlaboratoryofparameters,ofanticoagulantsoraspirin.一Informtheattendingphysicianintheeventofbleedingoroftheoccurrenceofahematoma.注意事項(xiàng)：在無(wú)化驗(yàn)室參考指標(biāo)的專(zhuān)門(mén)監(jiān)測(cè)情況下，避免與抗凝劑或阿司匹林合用。如發(fā)生出血或出現(xiàn)血腫，應(yīng)通知主治醫(yī)生。例14PeriodicalexaminationofhepaticorrenalfunctionandbloodpictureisdesirablesinceKedacillinmayincreaseSGOT.SGPTandBUN,anddecreaseerythrocyteandleukocyte.磺芐青霉素鈉可使血清谷-草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶，血清谷-丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和血液尿素氮增高，使紅細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞減少.所以最好要定期檢查肝、腎功能和血象。例15N.B.TransferencefrominsulintoGluteimaybeattemptedincaseofmaturity-onsetdiabeteswithobesity;dosageisbasedupontheresultofthenecessarilyfrequentmetabolictests.注意：伴有肥胖癥的成年型糖尿病患者，可試從胰島素改用格路特利治療，劑量應(yīng)以必須經(jīng)常進(jìn)行的代謝試驗(yàn)為依據(jù)。第九節(jié)包裝1“包裝”在英文藥品說(shuō)明書(shū)中的表示法有許多，最常用的是Pack(Package)和Supply，例如：Pack(s)(Packing(s))包裝Supplys(Supplied)包裝Package(s)包裝HowSupplied包裝方式PackingforHospital醫(yī)院用包裝MethodofSupply包裝方式PackageQuantitiess(Quantity)包裝量此外還有，Presentation包裝Hospital(Size)Packs醫(yī)院用包裝Availability包裝TradePacks(Packings)商品包裝Mode(Form)ofIssue包裝2常見(jiàn)的包裝單位(工具)的英語(yǔ)表示法：ampoule(s)安咅瓦carton紙盒blisterpack(package)鋁塑包裝(水泡眼包裝)pack包blisterstrip鋁塑條狀包裝(水泡眼條包裝)sheet張bottle瓶strip條box盒tube管canist罐vial玻璃小瓶3藥物的常見(jiàn)劑型的英語(yǔ)表示法：aerosol(spray,inhaler)氣霧齊Uampoule針齊Ucapsules膠囊oralsolution口服液coated(-)tablets包衣片pill丸劑cream孚L膏powder粉齊UdermTTS皮膚貼膏retardcapsules(tablets)緩釋膠囊(片)dragee糖衣丸scored-tablets刻(劃)痕片drops滴劑solution溶液劑emulsion乳劑栓劑sugar-coatedtablets糖衣片film-coatedtablets薄膜片。膜衣片suppositories栓齊Ugranule顆粒suspension懸浮劑，混懸劑injection注射劑，針劑sustainedreleasetablets恒(緩)釋片liniment搽劑syrup糖漿liquid液劑tablets片劑ointment軟膏4本項(xiàng)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)；內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，多為不完全句，或僅僅列出包裝工具、劑型、裝量等，詞匯量容易閱讀。例1Presentation30capsules.包裝：30粒膠囊裝。例2Packages：Boxcontainingone100mgbottle包裝：盒裝，每盒1瓶，每瓶100mg.例3PackingBottleof12capsules250mgand500mg.Boxof12capsules250mginblister.Bottleforpediatricuse(granulated):20gmgranulatedcontain1gmampicillin,Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto100mgampicillin.包裝瓶裝12粒膠囊，每粒含量250或500mg.盒裝12粒膠囊(水泡眼包裝)，每粒含量250mg.瓶裝兒童用顆粒劑：20克顆粒劑每瓶含有1g氨芐青霉素。附在包裝內(nèi)的一匙的量,相當(dāng)于1O0mg氨芐青霉素。例4ModeofissueCeopranIsissuedinvialscontaining250mg,500mgand1gramofcephaloridine.包裝方式本品小瓶包裝，內(nèi)裝250mg、500mg及1g頭抱菌素II.例5TradepacksTradepackscontaining50and100sugarcoatedtablets.商品包裝50及100糖衣片包裝。例6Packs(Madopar)250:Cross-scoredtabletseachcontaining200mglevodopa+50mgbenserazide.包裝美多巴“250刻痕片，每片含200mg左族多巴50mg羥芐絲肼。例7MethodofsupplyTabletsintubes,eachcontaining30tablets.Paintinglassbottlesof24ml.Meladinineissuppliedonlyonprescriiption.包裝方式管裝片劑.每管30片。玻璃瓶裝搽劑，每瓶24ml?敏白靈只按處方供藥。例8AvailabilitySyrup:Orbeninsyrupisavailableinbottlescontainingreconstitutablepowderforpreparinganaqueoussolution.Whendispensedeach5mlteaspoonfulcontains125mgcloxacillinasthesodiumsalt.包裝糖漿：全霉林糖漿為瓶裝，內(nèi)含可供再配制水溶液的粉末。配制后的每茶匙5ml藥液中含125ml鄰氯青霉素鈉鹽，例9HowsuppliedTablets:Coumadin(crystallineWartarinSodiumUSP),Fororaluse,singlescoredimprintednumericallyandPackagedinbottleswithpotenciesandcolorsasfollows:包裝片劑：香豆定(結(jié)晶華法林鋼一美國(guó)藥典標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。供口服。藥片上有一條劃痕，印有數(shù)字。瓶裝，效價(jià)及顏色如下：例10AlsoavailableinHospitalUnit-Doseblisterpackageof100.也提供醫(yī)院用的單位劑量的鋁塑包裝，(每包〕100片裝。例11Temaril250white,film-coatedtabletsmarkedononesidewith250,eachtabletcontaining291.5mgciprofloxacinhydrochloridemonohydrate(equivalent50250mgciprofloxacin).替馬利爾25U：白色有刻痕標(biāo)記的薄膜片，一面刻有“250mg”字樣、每片含291.5mg鹽酸環(huán)丙沙星-水合物(相當(dāng)于250mg環(huán)丙沙星)。例12PacksStandardpacksof20drageesHospitalpacksof100,500and1000dragees.包裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包裝為20粒糖衣九。醫(yī)院用包裝為100，500及1000粒糖衣丸。例13PackageouantitiesBeconaseNasalSprayisametered-doseaerosolswithaspeciallydesignednasalapplicator.Eachcanisterprovides200sprays.包裝噴霧劑是一種氣霧劑.配有專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)可供鼻用的噴霧器，每罐可噴霧200次。第十節(jié)貯存“貯存”的英語(yǔ)常用表示法是Storage.本項(xiàng)中常用的一些短語(yǔ)有：store(keep)inacoolanddryplace存于于陰涼干燥處awayfromlight避光awayfromchildren勿讓兒童接觸protectfromlight(heat)避光(熱)outof(the)reachofchildren勿讓兒童觸及preventmoisture防潮本項(xiàng)的句子較簡(jiǎn)單多為一簡(jiǎn)單句，其中多為祈使句；用詞也不多。例1storemedicinescarefully.Keepawayfromchildren.注意保存.勿讓兒童接觸。例2Storebelow25°Cprotectingfromfreezingandlight.存于25C以下，防凍，避光。例3Validityandstorage.Thesolutionwillkeepforfiveyearsifstoredatatemperaturebelow+20C有效期及貯法：放置于20C以下可保存5年。例4Storageinstructions:Protectfromheatandlight.貯存方法；避光及防熱貯存。例5Tobestoredinadryplaceatatemperaturenotabove25C存于不高于25C的干燥之處。例6Donotstorethesuppositoriesover25C本栓劑不得存于25C以上的溫度。例7storeatbelow25Candprotectfrommoisture,存于25C以下，防潮。例8Thesolutionshouldbepreparedimmediatelypriortouse,butcanbestoredat4Coruptooneweek.藥液應(yīng)在配制后立即使用，但在4C下可貯存一周。有時(shí)也有較復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，或較多的內(nèi)容，如:

例9Ampoulesandunopenednasalspraybottlesshouldbestoredinarefrigerator(2一8°C).Onceopenedthenasalspraybottlemustbekeptatroomtemperature;itshouldbekeptintheuprightpositionandusedforamaximumof4weeks.Likealldrugs,Miacalcicshouldbekeptoutofreachofchildren.安瓿或未開(kāi)啟的噴霧劑瓶應(yīng)存于冰箱(2—8C)中。噴霧劑瓶一旦開(kāi)啟。就應(yīng)于室溫下保存、藥瓶應(yīng)直立存放，使用時(shí)間最多為4周。與其他藥物一樣，密鈣息應(yīng)妥善保存，勿讓兒童接觸。例10Protectfromlight.Storeincartonuntilcontentshavebeenused.Storeatcontrolledroomtemperature(59一86F,15C—30C).Dispenseinaltight,light-resistantcontainerasdefinedintheU.S.P.避光保存。藥片在使用前于紙盒中保存。在恒溫室溫(59?86F,15C—30C)下保存。調(diào)劑時(shí)，使用美國(guó)藥典規(guī)定的密閉，避光容器。例11Fungizoneintravenousinpowderformshouldbestoredintherefrigerator,protectedagainstexposuretolight.Theconcentratemaybestoredinthedark,atroomtemperaturefor24hours,oratrefrigeratortemperaturesforoneweekwithminimallossofpotencyandclarity.Anyunusedmaterialshouldthenbediscarded.兩性霉素B粉劑應(yīng)避光存于冰箱中。濃縮液可存于暗處，室溫下可保存Z4小時(shí)，或可在冰箱溫度下保存一周，其效價(jià)及澄明度變化極小。那以后一切尚未用的藥物就應(yīng)棄之。第十一節(jié)其他項(xiàng)目上述10項(xiàng)是絕大多數(shù)英文藥品說(shuō)明書(shū)中必備項(xiàng)目，但是許多說(shuō)明書(shū)中還常常出現(xiàn)其他一些項(xiàng)目。例如：1、特點(diǎn)(Characteristics)，2、性質(zhì)(Properties)，3、藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)(Phamacokinetics)，4、2、性質(zhì)(Properties)，3、藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)(Phamacokinetics)，4、用藥過(guò)量(Overdosage).5、相互作用(Interactions)，6、有效期(Validity)，7、其他可能出現(xiàn)的項(xiàng)目?，F(xiàn)將各項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)要分述如下:1、Characteristics（特點(diǎn)）或Features（特點(diǎn)）的主要內(nèi)容是藥物的藥理作用特點(diǎn)、療效、劑量及藥物代謝等。所以本項(xiàng)內(nèi)的英語(yǔ)詞匯及結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)與“藥理學(xué)”、“劑量”等項(xiàng)內(nèi)容相似。例1Characteristics:1）AsverinIsanentirelynewandpatentedcoughmedicinedevelopedbyTanabe'srocess.2）Asverinbeinganon-narcotic,canbeusedasacommonmedicine.3）AntitussiveeffectofAsverinisequaltoormorepowerfulthanthatofcodeine.4）Asverinisprovidedwithanexpectoratingactionwhichhasbeenneverfoundinanyconventionalantitussitiveagentssofaravailableinthemarket.5）Asverincanbeadministeredsafelyforalongdurationwithoutanysideeffect.特點(diǎn)1）安嗽靈是一種全新的、獲有專(zhuān)利的用塔那勃氏方法研制的鎮(zhèn)咳藥。2）安嗽靈屬非麻醉藥，可作為常用藥使用。3）安嗽靈的鎮(zhèn)咳作用相當(dāng)于或強(qiáng)于可待因。4）安嗽靈的祛痰作用是迄今市場(chǎng)上可買(mǎi)到的常用鎮(zhèn)咳藥中前所未有的。5）安嗽靈可長(zhǎng)期服用，既安全又無(wú)副作用。2.Properties（Property）（性質(zhì)）：本項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與Characteristics基本相同。例2Methotrexate（MTX）isanantimetaboliteoffolicacidwhichhasbeenusedforalongtimeinthechemotherapyoftumors.氨甲葉酸（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)MTX）為甲酰四氫葉酸的抗代謝物，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直用作治療腫瘤的化療藥物。例3Unlikenitroglycerine,itisnotrapidlyinactivatedintheliverandareliableclinicaleffectcanbeexpected.Toxicityislow-effectsareminimalwithMotazomin.脈心導(dǎo)敏與硝酸甘油不同，在肝臟不能迅速失活，因而可望具有可靠的臨床效果，本品毒性小，副作用極為輕微。例4Urgeninactsasananti-inflammatory,reducingtheswellingintheprostaticbladderregioncausedbygeneralobstruction.Italsostimulatesthebloodcirculationinthisareaandthebody'snaturaldefensemechanism.護(hù)前列腺素具有抗炎作用，能減輕前列腺膀胱區(qū)因一般性梗阻引起的腫脹，本品能刺激上述部位的血液循環(huán)，并增加機(jī)體的自然防御機(jī)制。例5Medomininducesrestorativesleeplasting6-8hours.Becauseitisrapidlyandcompletelybrokendowninthebody,itisunlikelytoproducemorninghangoveranddoesnotcumulate.Itretainsitsfullactivityevenwhenusedrepeatedly.美多眠可使消除疲勞的睡眠持續(xù)6?8小時(shí)；由于本品在體內(nèi)能迅速和完全分解，因而不會(huì)產(chǎn)生清晨的“殘留作用.也沒(méi)有積蓄作用。即使經(jīng)常服用，本品仍能保持充分的活性。Pharmacokinetics(藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué))的內(nèi)容王要是代謝(metabolism)，吸收(absorption),分布與排泄(distributionandelimination)等：例6Ampicillinisstableinthepresenceofgastricacidandiswellabsorbedfromthegastrointestinaltract(30-60%ofadosebeingabsorbedbythisroute).Itsabsorption,however,isdiminishedwhenitistakentogetherwithfood.氨芐青霉素在胃酸中穩(wěn)定.而且易被胃腸道吸收(30?60%的一次劑量經(jīng)此途徑吸收)然而與食物共服，其吸收減少。例7TheabsolutebioavailabilityofMiacalicfouowingintramuscularorsubcutaneousinjectionisapproximately70%.Itspeakplasmaconcentrationisattainedwithinonehourandithashalf-lifeofeliminationof70—90minutes.Upto95%ofthedoseisexcretedviathekidneys,2%asunchangeddrug.Theapparentvolumeofdistributionis0.15?0.31/kgandproteinbinding30?40%.肌注或者下注射后.密鈣息的絕對(duì)生物利用率約為70%。1小時(shí)內(nèi)其血藥濃度可達(dá)高峰，其半衰期為70?90分鐘。高達(dá)95%的劑量經(jīng)由腎臟排出，2%以其不變的藥物原型排出。表觀分布容積為0.15?0.31/kg、蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合率為30?4C%。例8Midazolamiscompletelymetabolizedinthebody.Theprimarymetaboliteisa-hydroxy-midazolam,whichcanbetracedintheplasma.Immediatelyafteritsformation,thisactivemetaboliteisconjugatedwithglucuronicacid(inactivation)andtheneliminatedbythekidneys.速眠安在體內(nèi)代謝完全，主要的代謝產(chǎn)物為a-羥基速眠安，可在血漿中查出。代謝產(chǎn)物形成后，此活性代謝物便立即與葡萄糖醛酸結(jié)合(失活)，然后由腎臟排出。Overdosage(超劑量，藥物過(guò)量)主要介紹用藥過(guò)量所產(chǎn)生的后果(effect)，癥狀(signsandsymptoms)及處理(treatment)方法。其英語(yǔ)詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)等與'劑量與用法"，“副作用”，“注意事項(xiàng)”等項(xiàng)目中的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)相似。例9Overdosagemaygiverisetothefollowingsignsandsymptoms:tremor,xcitation,convulsions,changesinbloodpressureimpairmentofconsciousness,andcoma.EEGandECGchangesmayalsooccur.Treatment:Measurestomonitorandsafeguardvitalfunctions.Administrationofdiazepamwherenecessary.超劑量可能引起下列體征和癥狀：震顫、興奮、痙攣、血壓改變、意識(shí)損害及昏迷。心電圖和腦電圖也可能發(fā)生改變。治療：采取措施監(jiān)護(hù)重要器官的功能。必要時(shí)給予安定。例10ManifestationsofHalcionoverdosageincludeextensionsofitspharmacologicalactivity,namelysomnolenceandhypnosis.Asinallcasesofdrugoverdosage,respiration,pulse,andbloodpressureshouldbemonitoredandsupportedbygeneralmeasureswhennecessary.Immediategas