液壓馬達(dá)的認(rèn)知KnowledgeaboutHydraulicMotor任務(wù)1Task1任務(wù)描述TaskDescription1了解常見液壓缸的基本工作原理及符號(hào)，進(jìn)一步熟悉常見液壓缸的種類，熟悉常見液壓缸在不同場(chǎng)合的應(yīng)用。Understandthebasicworkingprinciplesandsymbolsofcommonhydrauliccylinders,beacquaintedwiththetypesofcommonhydrauliccylinders,andbefamiliarwiththeapplicationsofcommonhydrauliccylindersindifferentscenarios.液壓缸的類型特點(diǎn)及符號(hào)Types,CharacteristicsandSymbolsofHydraulicCylinders2液壓缸又稱為油缸，它是液壓系統(tǒng)中的一種執(zhí)行元件，其功能就是將液壓能轉(zhuǎn)變成機(jī)械能。Hydrauliccylinder,alsocalledfluidcylinder,isanactuatorinthehydraulicsystemanditisusedtoconverthydraulicenergyintomechanicalenergy.液壓缸的種類有很多，其詳細(xì)分類及符號(hào)可見表2-2-1。Therearemanytypesofhydrauliccylinders.RefertoTable2-2-1fordetailsabouttheirtypesandsymbols.液壓缸的類型特點(diǎn)及符號(hào)Types,CharacteristicsandSymbolsofHydraulicCylinders2常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3活塞式液壓缸根據(jù)其使用要求的不同，分為雙桿式和單桿式兩種。

Pistontypehydrauliccylindersaredividedintodouble-rodtypeandsingle-rodtypebyapplicationrequirements.1活塞式液壓缸1Pistontypehydrauliccylinder常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3雙桿式活塞缸如圖2-2-1?；钊麅啥硕加幸桓睆较嗟鹊幕钊麠U伸出的液壓缸稱為雙桿式活塞缸，它一般由缸蓋、活塞、缸體、活塞桿和密封件等零件構(gòu)成。根據(jù)安裝方式的不同，可分為缸筒固定式和活塞桿固定式兩種。Thedouble-rodpistoncylinderisshowninFigure2-2-1.Thehydrauliccylinderwithpistonrodsofthesamediameterextendingatbothendsofthepistoniscalleddouble-rodpistoncylinder,whichgenerallyconsistsofcylinderhead,piston,cylinderblock,pistonrod,seal,etc.Double-rodpistoncylindersaredividedintofixedbarreltypeandfixedpistonrodtypebyinstallationmethods.圖2-2-1雙桿活塞缸Figure2-2-1Double-RodPistonCylinder常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3單桿式活塞缸。如圖2-2-2所示，單桿液壓缸分為缸體固定和活塞桿固定兩種形式，其活塞只有一端帶活塞桿，但它們的工作臺(tái)移動(dòng)范圍都是活塞有效行程的兩倍。Single-rodpistoncylinder.AsshowninFigure2-2-2,single-rodpistoncylindersaredividedintofixedcylinderblocktypeandfixedpistonrodtype.Forsuchcylinders,onlyoneendofthepistonisprovidedwithapistonrod,buttheirmovingrangeoftableistwotimestheeffectivestrokeofpiston.圖2-2-2單桿式活塞缸

Figure2-2-2Single-RodPistonCylinder常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3差動(dòng)液壓缸。單桿活塞缸在其左右兩腔都接通高壓油時(shí)稱為：“差動(dòng)連接”，如圖2-2-3所示。Differentialcylinder.Thesingle-rodpistoncylinderforms"differentialconnection"ifbothofitsleftandrightchambersaresuppliedwithhighpressurefluid,asshowninFigure2-2-3.Figure2-2-3DifferentialCylinder常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders32柱塞缸2Plungercylinder如圖2-2-4（a）所示為柱塞缸，其只能實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)方向的液壓傳動(dòng)，反向運(yùn)動(dòng)需要依靠外力。如若需要實(shí)現(xiàn)雙向運(yùn)動(dòng)，則必須成對(duì)使用。如圖2-2-4（b）所示，在液壓缸中的柱塞和缸筒不接觸的情況下，運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)由缸蓋上的導(dǎo)向套來導(dǎo)向，因此這種缸筒的內(nèi)壁不需精加工，就特別適用于行程較長(zhǎng)的場(chǎng)合。Figure2-2-4(a)showsaplungercylinder,whichcanrealizeunidirectionalhydraulictransmissiononly.Thereversemovementofthiscylinderdependsonexternalforce.Ifbidirectionalmovementisrequired,apairofplungercylindersmustbeused.AsshowninFigure2-2-4(b),withoutthecontactbetweenplungerandbarrelofthehydrauliccylinder,themovementisguidedbytheguidesleeveonthecylinderhead.Therefore,thistypeofcylinderisespeciallyapplicabletothelongstrokescenariowithoutfinishmachiningoftheinnerwallofthebarrel.常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3Figure2-2-3DifferentialCylinder常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders33其他液壓缸3Otherhydrauliccylinders增壓液壓缸，如圖2-2-5。增壓液壓缸又稱增壓器，它利用活塞和柱塞有效面積的不同使液壓系統(tǒng)中的局部區(qū)域獲得高壓。它有單作用和雙作用兩種型式，單作用增壓缸的工作原理如圖2-2-5(a)所示.SuperchargingcylinderisshowninFigure2-2-5.Superchargingcylinder,alsocalledsupercharger,makesuseofthedifferencebetweeneffectiveareasofthepistonandtheplungertogetahighpressureinlocalareasofthehydraulicsystem.Superchargingcylindersaredividedintosingle-actingtypeanddouble-actingtype.Theworkingprincipleofthesingle-actingsuperchargingcylinderisshowninFigure2-2-5(a).常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3Figure2-2-5SuperchargingCylinder常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3伸縮缸。伸縮缸由兩個(gè)或多個(gè)活塞缸套裝而成，前一級(jí)活塞缸的活塞桿內(nèi)孔是后一級(jí)活塞缸的缸筒，伸出時(shí)可獲得很長(zhǎng)的工作行程，縮回時(shí)可保持很小的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸，伸縮缸被廣泛用于起重運(yùn)輸車輛上。Telescopiccylinder.Atelescopiccylinderconsistsoftwoormorepistoncylinders,withtheinnerboreofpistonrodoftheprevious-stagepistoncylinderbeingthebarrelofthenext-statepistoncylinder.Alongworkingstrokecanbeobtainedwiththebarrelextendedandasmallstructuralsizekeptwiththebarrelretracted.Telescopiccylinderiswidelyappliedtoliftingandtransportvehicles.常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3伸縮缸可以是如圖2-2-6(a)所示的單作用式，也可以是如圖2-2-6(b)所示的雙作用式，前者靠外力回程，后者靠液壓回程。Thetelescopiccylindermaybeofsingle-actingtypeshowninFigure2-2-6(a)ordouble-actingtypeshowninFigure2-2-6(b).Theformerretractsdependingonexternalforce,whilethelatterretractsdependingonhydraulicpressure.Figure2-2-6TelescopicCylinder常用的液壓缸CommonlyUsedHydraulicCylinders3齒輪缸，如圖2-2-7所示。它由兩個(gè)柱塞缸和一套齒條傳動(dòng)裝置組成。柱塞的移動(dòng)經(jīng)齒輪齒條傳動(dòng)裝置變成齒輪的傳動(dòng)，用于實(shí)現(xiàn)工作部件的往復(fù)擺動(dòng)或間歇進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。GearcylinderisshowninFigure2-2-7.Itconsistsoftwoplungercylindersandasetofrackandpiniontransmissiondevice.Themovementofplungerisconvertedintothedriveofgearviatherackandpiniontransmissiondevicetorealizethereciprocatingswingorintermittentfeedmotionoftheworkpiece.Figure2-2-7GearCylinder液壓缸的典型結(jié)構(gòu)TypicalStructuresofHydraulicCylinders4圖2-2-8所示的是一個(gè)比較常見的雙作用單活塞桿液壓缸。它是由缸底20、缸蓋兼導(dǎo)向套9、缸筒10、活塞11和活塞桿18組成。缸筒一端與缸底焊接，另一端缸蓋（導(dǎo)向套）與缸筒用卡鍵6、套5和彈簧擋圈4固定，以便于拆裝檢修，兩端設(shè)有油口A和B?；钊?1與活塞桿18利用卡鍵15、卡鍵帽16和彈簧擋圈17連接在一起?；钊c缸孔的密封采用的是一對(duì)Y形聚氨酯密封圈12，由于活塞與缸孔有一定間隙，采用由尼龍1010制成的耐磨環(huán)（又稱支承環(huán)）13定心導(dǎo)向，桿18和活塞11的內(nèi)孔由密封圈14密封。較長(zhǎng)的導(dǎo)向套9則可保證活塞桿不偏離中心，導(dǎo)向套外徑由O形圈7密封，而其內(nèi)孔則由Y形密封圈8可防止油外漏，防塵圈3可有效避免將灰塵帶入缸內(nèi)。缸與桿端銷孔與外界連接，銷孔內(nèi)有尼龍襯套抗磨。液壓缸的典型結(jié)構(gòu)TypicalStructuresofHydraulicCylinders4Figure2-2-8showsacommondouble-actinghydrauliccylinderwithsinglepistonrod.Itconsistsofcylinderbottom(20),cylinderheadandguidesleeve(9),barrel(10),piston(11)andpistonrod(18).Oneendofthebarrelisweldedtothecylinderbottom,andtheotherendofthebarrelisfixedtothecylinderhead(guidesleeve)withstirrup(6),sleeve(5)andspringcollar(4)foreasyremoval,installationandmaintenance.FluidportsAandBareprovidedatbothends.Piston(11)isconnectedtopistonrod(18)withstirrup(15),stirrupcap(16)andspringcollar(17).ThepistonandthecylinderborearesealedwithapairofY-shapedpolyurethanesealrings(12).Duetothecertaingapbetweenthepistonandthecylinderbore,awearring(13,alsocalledsupportring)madeofnylon1010isusedforcenteringandguiding.Theinnerboreofrod(18)andpiston(11)issealedwithasealring(14).Alongguidesleeve(9)canensurenodecentralizationofthepistonrod.Asfortheguidesleeve,itsouterboreissealedwithanO-ring(7)anditsinnerboreissealedwithaY-shapedsealring(8)topreventfluidleakage.Theuseofdustring(3)caneffectivelypreventdustfromenteringthecylinder.Thecylinderandtherodendareconnectedtoexternalpartsthroughpinholes,inwhichnylonbushingsareprovidedforwearresistance.液壓缸的典型結(jié)構(gòu)TypicalStructuresofHydraulicCylinders4圖2-2-8雙作用單活塞桿液壓缸

Figure2-2-8Double-ActingHydraulicCylinderwithSinglePistonRod1-耳環(huán)2-螺母3-防塵圈4、17-彈簧擋圈5-套6、15-卡鍵7、14-O形密封圈8、12-Y形密封圈9-缸蓋兼導(dǎo)向套10-缸筒11-活塞13-耐磨環(huán)16-卡鍵帽18-活塞桿19-襯套20-缸底

1-Trunnion2-Nut3-Dustring4&17-Springcollar5-Sleeve6&15-Stirrup7&14-O-ring8&12-Y-shapedsealring9-Cylinderheadandguidesleeve10-Barrel11Piston-13Wearring16-Stirrupcap18-Pistonrod19-Bushing20-Cylinderbottom液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder41液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和步驟1Contentsofandstepsfordesignofhydrauliccylinder（2）確定液壓缸的工作參數(shù)和結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。(2)Determineworkingparametersandstructuraldimensionsofthehydrauliccylinder.（3）結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度、剛度的計(jì)算和校核。(3)Calculateandcheckthestructuralstrengthandrigidity.(4）導(dǎo)向、密封、防塵、排氣和緩沖等裝置的設(shè)計(jì)。(4)Designtheguiding,sealing,dust-proofing,ventingandcushiondevices.（5）繪制裝配圖、零件圖、編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。(5)Plottheassemblydrawingandthepartdrawingandcompilethedesignspecification.液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder42計(jì)算液壓缸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸2Calculationofstructuraldimensionsofhydrauliccylinder液壓缸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸主要有：缸筒內(nèi)徑D、活塞桿外徑d和缸筒長(zhǎng)度L。Structuraldimensionsofahydrauliccylindermainlyincludetheinnerdiameterofbarrel(D),theouterdiameterofpistonrod(d)andthelengthofbarrel(L).（1）缸筒內(nèi)徑D。液壓缸的缸筒內(nèi)徑是指根據(jù)負(fù)載的大小選定工作壓力與往返運(yùn)動(dòng)速度比，以此計(jì)算出液壓缸的有效工作面積，從而得到缸筒內(nèi)徑D，再?gòu)腉B2348-80標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中選取最近的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值作為所設(shè)計(jì)的缸筒內(nèi)徑。(1)Innerdiameterofbarrel(D).Determiningtheinnerdiameterofbarrelofthehydrauliccylinderistoselecttheworkingpressureandthespeedratioofreciprocatingmotionbasedontheload,thuscalculatingtheeffectiveworkingareaofthehydrauliccylinderandobtainingtheinnerdiameterofbarrel(D).Next,thecloseststandardvaluegiveninGB2348-80shouldbeselectedasthedesignedinnerdiameterofbarrel.液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder4①無桿腔作工作腔時(shí)Ifthechamberwithoutrodservesastheworkingchamber②有桿腔作工作腔時(shí)Ifthechamberwithrodservesastheworkingchamber式中：pI為缸工作腔的工作壓力，可根據(jù)機(jī)床類型或負(fù)載的大小來確定；Fmax為最大作用負(fù)載。Where:pIistheworkingpressureofthecylinder'sworkingchamber,whichcanbedeterminedbasedonthetypeorloadofthemachinetool;Fmaxisthemaximumactingload.液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder4（2）活塞桿外徑d?；钊麠U外徑d通常先通過滿足速度或速度比的要求后，再校核其結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性。若速度比為λv，則該處應(yīng)有一個(gè)帶根號(hào)的式子：(2)Outerdiameterofpistonrod(d).Generally,theouterdiameterofpistonrod(d)shouldmeetthespeedorspeedratiorequirementbeforethestructuralstrengthandstabilityarechecked.Ifthespeedratioisrecordedasλv,thefollowingformulawitharadicalsigncanbeobtained:液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder4（3）缸筒長(zhǎng)度L。缸筒長(zhǎng)度L由最大工作行程長(zhǎng)度加上各種結(jié)構(gòu)需要來確定，即：(3)Lengthofbarrel(L).Thelengthofbarrel(L)isdeterminedbasedonthemaximumworkingstrokeplusvariousstructuraldemands,namely:L=l+B+A+M+C式中：l為活塞的最大工作行程；B為活塞寬度，一般為（0.6-1）D；A為活塞桿導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度，?。?.6-1.5）D；M為活塞桿密封長(zhǎng)度，由密封方式定；C為其他長(zhǎng)度。Where:listhemaximumworkingstrokeofpiston;Bisthewidthofpiston,generallytakenas(0.6-1)D;Aistheguidelengthofpistonrod,takeas(0.6-1.5)D;Misthesealinglengthofpistonrod,whichisdeterminedbythesealingmethod;Cisthelengthofotherpart.液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder43液壓缸設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)注意的問題3Precautionsduringthedesignofhydrauliccylinder（1）盡量使液壓缸的活塞桿在受拉狀態(tài)下承受最大負(fù)載，或在受壓狀態(tài)下具有良好的穩(wěn)定性。(1)Thepistonrodofthehydrauliccylindershouldbearthemaximumloadintensionstateorhavegoodstabilityincompressionstateasfaraspossible.（2）考慮液壓缸行程終了處的制動(dòng)問題和液壓缸的排氣問題，缸內(nèi)如無緩沖裝置和排氣裝置，系統(tǒng)中需有相應(yīng)的措施，但并非所有的液壓缸都需要考慮此問題。(2)Bothbrakingatthestrokeendofthehydrauliccylinderandventingofthehydrauliccylindershouldbeconsidered.Incaseofnocushiondeviceandventingdeviceinthecylinder,correspondingmeasuresshouldbetakenforthesystem.However,notallhydrauliccylindersinvolvethisissue.液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder4（3）正確安裝及固定液壓缸。如承受彎曲的活塞桿不能用螺紋連接，要用止口連接；液壓缸只能在一端定位，而不能在兩端用鍵或銷定位，目的是不致阻礙它在受熱時(shí)的膨脹；如沖擊載荷使活塞桿壓縮，定位件須設(shè)置在活塞桿端，反之則設(shè)置在缸蓋端。

(3)Thehydrauliccylindershouldbeinstalledandfixedcorrectly.Ifthepistonrodsubjectedtobendingneedsrabbetconnectionratherthanthreadedconnection,thehydrauliccylindershouldonlybepositionedatoneend,notpositionedatbothendswithkeysorpins,soasnottohinderitsexpansionwhenheated.Ifthepistonrodiscompressedbytheimpactload,thepositioningpieceshouldbearrangedatthepistonrodend;otherwise,itshouldbearrangedatthecylinderheadend.液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)DesignofHydraulicCylinder4（4）液壓缸各部分的結(jié)構(gòu)需根據(jù)推薦的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，盡可能做到結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、緊湊，加工、裝配和維修方便。(4)Thestructureofeachpartofthehydrauliccylindershouldbedesignedaccordingtotherecommendedstr