SummaryWriting福州教育研究院薛蓉Whatis“summary”?Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.

概要是一篇較長文章本質(zhì)思想的簡潔重述，它要求用盡量少的語言對原文的主旨進行復述。概要不是簡單的換句話說，更不是評論，而是作者思想中最基本部分的準確再現(xiàn)。Asummaryisa

shortstatementthatgivesonlythemainpoints

ofsth,notthedetails.《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》摘要是一種對原始文獻或文章的基本內(nèi)容進行濃縮的語義連貫的短文.

考查能力:閱讀理解能力,分析判斷能力，概括能力，表達能力…Whattogetfromsummary1.learntoobservethings,tograspitsessentialmeaning,toexpressthemselvesconcisely,correctlyandaccurately.2.practiseinparaphrasing,thechoiceofwordsandsentencemaking3.manifold《考試說明》：考查內(nèi)容與要求提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求學生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容摘要。（所選材料體裁沒有限制，以說明文、議論文和記敘文為主）閱卷時將主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：（1）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；（4）對各要點表達的獨立性情況。閱讀方法Taylor（1984）發(fā)現(xiàn)，專業(yè)閱讀者花較長時間閱讀與思考，通過文本提示來尋找主題和結(jié)構(gòu)，他們對于源文本條分縷析，分析作者目的、找出引入句、結(jié)論句、各部分要點，既能深入文本，也能跳出文本，多次回源文本核查要點和作者語氣，以保證概要的準確性，直到完全理解和精確反映作者意思才停止閱讀。相比之下，業(yè)余作者只看首尾，尋找大意，很少提及主題和結(jié)構(gòu)，只專注于細節(jié)，業(yè)余作者很少去核查概要的準確性，而是依據(jù)自己的理解提出觀點。寫作方面Campbell（1990）發(fā)現(xiàn)，高水平寫作者寫前做出計劃、反復安排全局問題，如組織結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容、讀者，同時還注意語法和詞匯問題。低水平寫作者所作的寫前計劃和全局安排較少，他們花較多時間做表層水平的修改工作，影響寫作進程的流暢性。Howtogetahighmark?《考試說明》中評分標準規(guī)定概要寫作閱卷時按5個檔次給分，其中最高檔次第五檔（21-25points）：理解準確，涵蓋全部要點；能準確使用相應的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；完全使用自己的語言；有效使用了語句間的連接成分，使完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。contents(內(nèi)容)languageskills(語言)structure(結(jié)構(gòu))概要寫作考核的語言能力快速閱讀，準確把握文章主旨及各段主要內(nèi)容的能力；熟練運用語法知識分析句子成分與結(jié)構(gòu)的能力，主要體現(xiàn)在概要寫作的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯準確性上；對固定搭配和短語的識記和再現(xiàn)能力，體現(xiàn)在不能出現(xiàn)和原文同樣的句子上；單詞拼寫能力。agoodsummaryallthekeypointsgrammar,vocabularytightandcoherent(連貫)yourownwordsabout60-80wordsrightspelling,properpunctuationHowtowriteagoodsummary?定位findouttheessentialinformation改寫rewritetheinformationinyourownwords核查checkthesentencesandaddsomeconjunctionsA.定位

通過閱讀定位語篇的核心信息，包括核心單詞，核心短語和核心句子。（句子為主，以單詞和短語為輔）

typeskeyinformation記敘文narration人物+時間+地點+事件（起因+發(fā)展+結(jié)果）說明文exposition描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對象+性質(zhì)功用+利好”；針對某個問題提出解決方法或措施。即“問題+解決方法”；介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象+原因+結(jié)果”議論文argumentation論點+論據(jù)(+結(jié)論)1.確定文體thetypesofthepassage√√2.消減事例

Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglishin1546.3.省略細節(jié)（盡量減少實事，大膽省略實事）essentialinformationB.改寫

在核心信息的基礎上進行語言表達形式的改寫，對原文的語言表達形式盡可能實現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的改變。

改寫過程中，原則上字數(shù)不超過原句，不改變原文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，充分考慮語句壓縮。1.使用近義詞或反義詞

ZhouYangwillrememberhisfirsttaskasareporter.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBakerperformedtwoexperiments.NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentasajournalist.studyifcarriedout/did/made

Shebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazines.2.把短語變?yōu)閱卧~Cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleaningawaydirtbenefitshealth.3.使用廣義詞(generalwords)代替具體詞(specificwords)ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.Hedidn’tlikethecity.Hehatedit.4.消除重復5.把直接引語的主要信息變?yōu)殚g接引語Thebosssaidtohim,“Tillyou’remoreexperiencedyoucancoverastory.”Hedislikedthecity.Thebosssaidthatwithmoreexperiencehecouldcovernews.6.

主動句和被動句互換RobertBaker,apsychologistattheUniversityofKentucky,performedtwoexperiments.Twoexperimentswerecarriedoutbyapsychologist.7.基本句型間靈活轉(zhuǎn)換

Dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.S+V+PS+V+ODirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.Youwillobtainalltheinformationifvariousquestionsareasked.8.

特殊句式（強調(diào)句，倒裝句，therebe）和正常語序句式的轉(zhuǎn)化Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformation.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBaker,…thereisreallyasixthsense9.把從句變?yōu)槎陶Z(介詞短語，非謂語動詞短語)Iftheintervieweeagrees,youcanusearecordertogetthefactsstraight.Withtheinterviewee’sagreement,arecordercouldbeused.________________________________________Theskinisanecessaryorgan,whichcanserveasabarrieragainstoutsidedangers.

Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.10.各種從句的靈活轉(zhuǎn)化Hisconclusionisthatpeoplearenotequippedwiththeabilitytofeelothers’observation.C.核查核查連貫性優(yōu)先考慮使用最短連接詞（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）核查字數(shù)（60-80words）核查標點和語法+StepsofwritingsummarystepscontentsThe1ststep定位核心信息The2ndstep在核心信息基礎上，進行語言表達形式改寫（改詞，換句型）The3rdstep核查連接詞，語法和標點2016年《考試說明》概要寫作樣題段落核心信息功能1…thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.論點+論據(jù)2Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease….France/EnglandInEurope3…sincethe18thcentury…cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.4nowadays…anAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.…thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.have,exist,changingopinions，viewpointsPeoplehave

changingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Changingviewpointstowarddirtexist.People’sviewpointstowardsdirtarechanging.…S+V+PIntheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease….France/EnglandInEuropeItwasthoughtthat…/Peoplebelievedthat…protect…from…;prevent…from…;keep…freefromillness,gettingillIntheearly16thcentury,people,especiallythoseinsomeEuropeancountries,

thoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectthemfromgettingill.Intheearly16thcentury,peopleincludingsomeEuropeansbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.someEuropeancountries…sincethe18thcentury…cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.DoingAisgoodtoBItisgoodforBtodoAPeoplehaverealizedthat

itwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.remove,wash…offbenefityourhealth,keep…h(huán)ealthySincethe18thcentury,peoplehavebeentoldthat

washingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.…Nowadays…anAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.now/atpresentsomescientistsadvise,suggest,holdtheviewpowerfulexpose…toNow,morepeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttohaveapowerfulimmunesystem.Moreandmorepeoplebelievethat

exposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.…Peoplehavechangingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Intheearly16thcentury,itwasthoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.However,peoplehaverealizedthatitwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.

Now,anincreasingnumberofpeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttostrengthenimmunesystem.Don’tforgettomakeyoursummarytight!關(guān)注記敘文的基本要素 5W1HWhen:onafreezingwinterdayWhere:onthestreetWho:asuccessfulbusinessmanofabout60What:helpahomelessmanofabout60withmoneyandgoods(socks,etc.)Why:kindnessHow:happenedtocomeacross…andgaveaway…如何評分概寫評分有問題。我們知道續(xù)寫是可以根據(jù)學生英語客觀實力進行評分的，但是概寫呢?很難體現(xiàn)。僅僅考察了學生提煉的能力和優(yōu)化句子、變換句型的水平。何況，到底怎么評判你是否達到了全部要點?或者如何判斷你答對了多少，有多少要點又是正確無誤的呢？這有很大難度。第二檔6-8分

Therearetwoopinionsofdirtontheskin.Somesaythatit'sgoodforus,andweneedn'twashoffdirt.Invainweletillsin.Otherssaydirtisbadforus,becausedirt

increasethepossibilityofgettingdisease.

Nowadays,theopinionofplayingindirtgainsmoresupport.Buteveryopinionhasimportanteffectonus.11分：第三檔下?Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtdirtcanprotectthemselvesfromills.Inthe18

century,peoplethoughtclean

awaydirt

isgoodtohealth.Nowadaysdifferentpeoplehavedifferentattitudes.Butmanypeoplethinkdirtcanbuildupastrongimmunesystem.第四檔下第一檔下學生習作1 Nowadays，technologygreatlyinfluencesourdailylife，justlikeprintingoncespedupthespreadofideas.MichaelWeschhasbeenworkingonitforalongtime.Inhisdiscovery，onlinecommunicatecanhaveawideconnectiontoothers，butisfragiletoo.Hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperlytoimproveourlifes，notbeingtheslavesofthem.（61words）其授課教師打了21分，也就是第五檔（下）。（1）雖然說其語法錯誤不影響理解，但有幾處比較明顯，比如：“Nowadays，technologygreatlyinfluencesourdailylife”，最好改為“Today，technologyhasasignificantinfluenceonourdailylives”；“onlinecommunicatecanhaveawideconnectiontoothers”，應該改為“onlinecommunicationcanhaveawideconnectiontoothers”，這里很可能是學生粗心大意，但體現(xiàn)為語法錯誤；另外，“improveourlifes”應該改為“improveourlives”。（2）邏輯聯(lián)系不夠明顯，句子內(nèi)部雖然用了一些連接詞，但句子之間基本上沒有用連接詞來表明邏輯關(guān)系。若能適當添加個別連接詞語，會更具有表達力，如：“Therefore，hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperly....”（3）語義指代不夠明確。由于第一句中用了籠統(tǒng)的“technology”，而不是“communicationtechnology”，這樣就造成了后面一句中的“it”指代不夠明確。另外，“Hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperlytoimproveourlifes”這一句中，“people”跟“our”也存在語義不搭，our建議改為“their”。綜上，該學生習作分數(shù)區(qū)間在第四檔（下）比較合適，也就是16～18分區(qū)間。學生習作學生習作1 Nowadays，technologygreatlyinfluencesourdailylife，justlikeprintingoncespedupthespreadofideas.MichaelWeschhasbeenworkingonitforalongtime.Inhisdiscovery，onlinecommunicatecanhaveawideconnectiontoothers，butisfragiletoo.Hewishespeopletousetechnologyproperlytoimproveourlifes，notbeingtheslavesofthem.（61words）學生習作2MichaelWeschwondershowcommunicationswillbeinthefuturebecausetechnologynowplaysagreatroleinhuman’slife，whichissimilartotheinfluenceoftheprintingpressinvented500yearsago.HesaysthatcommunicatingonInternetisn’tarealrelationshipanditwillchangeourconnections.Healsoarguesthathumanshouldn’tbecontrolledbytechnology，whichissupposedtobenefithumansconnection.（68words）其授課老師打了20分首先，理解準確，涵蓋了全部要點。其次，準確使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，寫作中幾乎沒有語法問題。再次，完全使用自己語言，所完成的概要語言流暢，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。當然，該學生沒有嘗試用比較難的生詞或句子結(jié)構(gòu)。所以，我們認為可以打到第五檔（下），即21～23分區(qū)間。學生習作3Technologyiscomprehensivelychangingtheworld，especiallythewaysofcommutationswhicharefundamentaltoourrelationship.Hundredsofyearsago，theinventionoftheprintingpressmadeitpossibletospreadideasquicklyandeasily.Currently，socialnetworkingandotherinteractiveInternettoolsarewidelyaccepted.Peoplecanfeelmuchmoreabouttheworld，althoughitsnotarealrelationship.Anditisbelievedthatnewmediawillleadtheworldtoapositiveway.（74words）其授課老師給了23分（其中包括1分卷面分）對該生習作，其授課老師給了23分（其中包括1分卷面分），我們總體贊同。明顯可以看出，該學生的整體語言水平較高，對原文的理解也比較準確。通過“Hundredsofyearsago”和“Currently”的比照，達到了較好的信息與語義關(guān)聯(lián)。唯一的不足是，原文中的主人公“MichaelWesch”及其作為一個研究者的身份被完全忽略了。如果能在最后點明，“AnditisbelievedbyresearcherslikeMichaelWeschthat...”或許更好些。學生習作4Neverhassomethingalteredthewaypeopleconnectsoentirelyas500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnologyhavedone.MichaelWeschisconvincedthatsocialnetworkinghasanenormouseffectonsocialrelationshipsbutdoubtfulthatthoserelationshipsarejustunrealandswallow.Healsoputsanemphasisonindividualscontroloverthetechnologyandadvocatesthatweresupposedtotakeadvantageofitbothtothefullestandinpositivebrand-newways.雖然說這篇習作有一些語言錯誤，但我們還是傾向于打到第五檔（下），即21～23分區(qū)間因為這些錯誤基本上是由于嘗試比較復雜的句式結(jié)構(gòu)和比較高級的詞匯而造成的。開篇就用了一個倒裝的強調(diào)句型，比較正確的句子應該是：“Neverhasanythingelsealteredthewaypeopleconnectsoentirelytoeachotherasthe500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnologyhavedone.”或改進為“Nothingelsehassoprofoundlyalteredtheconnectionamongpeoplemore/betterthanthe500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnology.”或者索性改成比較自然的說法，如“Apartfromthe500-year-oldprintingpressandmoderndigitaltechnology，nothingelsehasexertedagreaterimpactonthewaypeoplecommunicatewithoneanother.”第二句中的“butdoubtful”應該改為“butisdoubtful”，同一句中的“swallow”應該是“shallow”的誤用，說明詞匯的掌握還不夠精準。除了這幾個基本上是由于嘗試復雜結(jié)構(gòu)造成的語言問題外，應該說其他條件都是符合第五檔的。學生習作5Digitaltechnologyisthestrongestconnectingtooluptonow，theaffectofwhichinterestsMichaelWesch.Inhisopinion，digitaltechnologywillchangepeople'srelationships.It'llstrengthenpeople'sconnectionwiththewholeworldthoughtherelationshipiswithoutanyrealresponsibility.Healsobelievesthatnowmediahasagreatpossibilityandwaystouseitarebeyondimagination.It'llhaveapositiveimpact，too.這同樣是一篇容易得高分的學生習作。理解準確，要點齊全，語法結(jié)構(gòu)比較正確，語言表達總體流暢自然，句子顯然是原創(chuàng)。上下文之間的承接比較順理成章，雖然沒有用太多的連接詞語。略顯不足的是，最后一句話分量有些不足?？梢源蛟诘谖鍣n，也就是21～25分區(qū)間。概要寫作體驗

It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校園)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.概要寫作體驗There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.概要寫作體驗

Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(傾問)，anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.概要寫作體驗

It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校園)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.概要寫作體驗There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,

attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.概要寫作體驗Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(傾問)，anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.Sample1Toensureabrilliantcollegelife,you'dbettersparetimetovisitcampusestoexamineallaspectsofyourdreamcolleges,evenifitmaybecostly.(要點1)Ifyoulivenearby,besuretocheckitoutbeforeyouapply.(要點2)Evenaftersubmittingapplications,avisitcanhelpavoidmuchtrouble.(要點3)However,visitingtheonlinecollegefairsat,ifnotpossibletoseeforyourselfforlackoftimeandmoney,willbebeneficial.(要點4)(75字)Sample2

Sample3

Sample4

Sample4It'sreallyworthwhiletopayavisittotheirdesiredcollegespersonallybeforeapplying.Undoubtedly,studentsshouldvisittheirlocalcolleges,whichmaybeincludedinapplications.Atleast,theyshouldvisittheschoolandfigureoutitsrealconditionsinadvance.Forstudentswhoareshortofmoneyandtime,registeringonlineisagoodalternativetohelpthembetterunderstandschools.Sample5Forstudentapplicants,itisthebestpolicyforthemtomakecampustoursbeforeapplyingandmakeawell-informedchoiceoftargetuniversities.Theyareespeciallyremindedtoincludethelocalcampusesintheirvisitinglist.Evenatourtakenbeforetheygetacceptedwillbedesirableforthemtoavoidmuchregretinthefuture.Theymaymakeanon-linetoursaswellat

ifnothavingenoughtimeandmoney.評分標準評分時，應主要從以下四個方面考慮：（1）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；（4）對各要點表達的獨立性情況。（5）拼寫與標點符號是語言準確性的一個重要方面，評分時，應視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。（6）如書寫較差以致影響交際，可將分數(shù)降低一個檔次。各檔次的給分范圍和要求概要寫作樣題概要寫作要求與評分標準

——考試說明樣題檔次描述第五檔（21－25）－準確理解，涵蓋全部要點。－準確使用相應的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯。－有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。－完全使用自己的語言。第四檔（16－20）－準確理解，涵蓋絕大部分要點。－所使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯可能有些許錯誤，但完全不影響意義表達。－比較有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。－有個別整句抄自原文。概要寫作要求與評分標準

——考試說明樣題檔次描述第三檔（11－15－理解較為準確，涵蓋大部分要點。－所使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯雖有錯誤，但不影響意義表達。－應用簡單的語句間連接成分，使上下文內(nèi)容連貫。－出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象。第二檔（6－10）－理解有誤差，僅涵蓋半數(shù)要點。－有些語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，影響了意義的表達。－較少使用語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性。－出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象。概要寫作要求與評分標準

——考試說明樣題檔次描述第一檔（1－5）－沒有理解原文，造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符。－有較多語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，嚴重影響了意義的表達。－缺乏語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容不連貫。－多個句子抄自原文。0白卷、內(nèi)容太少無法評判或所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無關(guān)。福州市高一質(zhì)檢評分要求檔次內(nèi)容語言結(jié)構(gòu)16-20涵蓋全部要點準確使用相應的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，完全使用自己的語言有效使用了語句間的連接成分，使完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊11-15遺漏個別主要信息少量不影響表意的語言錯誤語言較連貫6-10遺漏部分主要信息嚴重語言錯誤較多連貫性較差1-5遺漏較多信息或留有過多細節(jié)信息幾乎不能用自己的語言表達連貫性差0未作答或作答與本題無關(guān)借用的底線Roig(2001)對美國紐約49位心理學教師抄錄的分析從抄錄5詞

詞串開始一直分析到8詞詞串。Roig認為3詞、4詞的標準過于嚴格。但是對于Shi(2004)來說底線是4詞。在大規(guī)模高風險測試中，給出的限制是4詞，也就是說如果考生連續(xù)使用原文本4個詞，就要用引號來標識出，這是原文本作者的語言而非概要作者的語言在教學實踐中，5詞的抄錄可以不算作冒剽竊之嫌，6詞就有可能是抄襲了。在嚴格的學術(shù)寫作中，3詞還沒有剽竊問題，而4詞或5詞就有剽竊之嫌。在考試中3詞還沒有抄襲問題，4詞就要注意改數(shù)或加引號了。概要寫作的語言使用要略1Use

yourownlanguage2Tobeconcise(leaveoutthedetails;reducetheexamples,simplifythedescriptionsandeliminateallrepetitions.)3Topresenttheinformationfairly,don'tgiveyourowncomments4.Tousethethirdpersontoretell5.Consistencetense(narrationoftenusesthepresenttenseorthepastone.)教學建議單擊此處添加副標題M1U4:

Writingasummaryofapassagemeanslookingforthemainideaofeachpartandputtingitdowninasentence.Lookateachparagraphofthereadingpassageandwritedownitsmainidea.Para.1:Beforetheearthquakestrangethingsbegantohappenbutnoonepaidattentiontothem.Para.2:TheearthquakedestroyedthecityofTangshan.Para.3:Thepeoplewereveryshockedatthedestruction.Para.4:Thearmycametohelpthesurvivors,bringinghopeforanewlife.Summary:__________________________________________lawyerguidancelegalhopefulvoteattackfightviolenceequal

blowupoutofworkasamatteroffact

reachastagewhereAccordingtothesekeywords,writeasummaryaboutElia’sStory:________________________________M1U5:Elia’sStoryM4U3:Amasterofnon-verbalhumorWhypeopleneededcheeringupWhatCharlie’schildhoodwaslikeWhathismostfamouscharacterwaslikeAnexampleofasadsituationthathemadefunnyHisachievementsInBritainandAmericapeoplewerefeelingmiserablebecauseofthebadeconomicsituation.Charlieunderstoodtheirproblems.Hischaracter“thelittletramp”waspoorandhomeless,buteverybodylovedhimforhiskindheartandthewayhedealtwithhisdifficultsituation.CharlieChaplinmadepeoplelaughatsomeoftheseterriblesituationslikebeingwithoutfoodormoney.HewroteanddirectedhisownfilmsandreceivedanOscarforhisoutstandingwork.(76words)

注重語篇教學，讀后進行概要寫作（1）把握文本體裁結(jié)構(gòu)，培養(yǎng)學生語篇意識

注重培養(yǎng)學生在閱讀過程中整體把握文本大意并探索語篇結(jié)構(gòu)及其意義的意識與能力，幫助學生在大腦里建立起閱讀文本體裁的形式圖式。

……Styleofwriting：Exposition（problem-solution）Mainidea:Chemicalfertilizerscancausemanyproblems,soorganicfarmingisbecomingmorepopular.Writeasummaryofthispassagefollowingtheprocedures.Step1:Skimthepassagetofinditsmainidea.Writeitdowninyourownwords.Step2:Findandunderlinethetopicsentenceofeachparagraph.Rewriteeachtopicsentence,usingyourownwords.Donotcopyfromthepassage!Step3:Writeyoursummary.Firststatethemainideaofthepassageandthenthetopicscoveredbyeachparagraph.Remember,useyourownwords!Step4:Swapsummarieswithyourpartnersandgiveeachothercomments.Checkyourpartner’ssummaryforthemainideaandtopicsentences.Para.1:Inrecentdays,scientistshavediscoveredthatusingchemicalfertilizersforalongtimecanhurtthelandandalsopeople’shealth.Para.2:Thereareseveralproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizers.Para.3:Organicfarmingisbecomingmorepopularwithsomefarmersandmanycustomersafterthesediscoveriescameout.Para.4:Therearemanyorganicfarmingmethodsformakingthelandhealthyandproductive.Summary:_______________________________________________（2）圍繞各類文體，開展過程性寫作訓練議論文：主題概括Author’sopinion(Topicsentence):Supportingreasons(Supportingsentences):1.2.3.ConclusionThearticlegivestheviewthat…should/shouldn’t…（主題）.…..（補充論據(jù)）.Thepassagehighlightstheimportanceof…..Theauthorarguesthat…說明文：段意合并現(xiàn)象類：Problem+reaso