ComputerProfessionalEnglishChapter4目錄FundamentalsofComputerHardwareFundamentalsofComputerSoftwareDatastorageandprocessingNetworkandCommunication01FundamentalsofComputerHardwareComputerComposition01Thecomputerismadeupofvariouscomponentsthatworktogethertoperformtasksandstoredata02ThemaincomponentsincludetheCentralProcessingUnit(CPU),memory,storagedevices,andinput/outputdevices03TheCPUisthebrainofthecomputer,responsibleforexecutingprogramsandmanipulatingdata04Memorystoresdatatemporarily,allowingquickaccesstofrequentlyusedinformationTheCPUistheheartofthecomputer,responsibleforexecutinginstructionsandprocessingdataItcontainsmicroprocessors,controlunits,arithmeticlogicunits,andregistersTheCPUisconnectedtothemotherboardviaasocket,anditcommunicateswithothercomponentsthroughthesystembusCentralProcessingUnit(CPU)StoragedevicesareusedtopermanentlystoredataandprogramsonacomputerTherearedifferenttypesofstoragedevices,suchasharddisks,solidstatedrives(SSDs),opticaldisks,andremovablestoragemediaHarddisksandSSDsareinternalstoragedevicesthatareinstalledinsidethecomputercase,whileopticaldisksandremovablestoragemediaareexternalstoragedevicesthatcanbeinsertedintothecomputer010203StorageDevice輸入標題02010403Input/OutputDevicesInput/outputdevicesareusedtointeractwiththecomputerInput/outputdevicesareconnectedtothemotherboardordirectlytotheCPUthroughexpansionslotsorconnectionportsOutputdevicesincludemonitors,printers,speakers,andheadphonesInputdevicesincludekeyboards,mice,touchscreens,scanners,andcameras02FundamentalsofComputerSoftwareTheoperatingsystemisasetofprogramsthatmanagescomputerresourcesandprovidesaplatformforrunningotherprogramsIthandlestaskssuchasmemorymanagement,devicedrivers,andfilesystemsTherearedifferenttypesofoperatingsystems,includingWindows,macOS,Linux,iOS,andAndroidEachtypehasitsownuniquefeaturesandisdesignedfordifferentpurposesTheoperatingsystemisacriticalcomponentofanycomputersystemasitprovidesthenecessaryinfrastructureforotherprogramstofunctionproperlyItalsoservesasabridgebetweenthehardwareandsoftwarecomponentsofthecomputerFunctionTypesImportanceOperatingsystemApplicationsoftwareisdesignedtoperformspecifictasksorprovidespecificservicestousersItincludessoftwaresuchaswordprocessors,spreadsheets,databases,andwebbrowsersApplicationsoftwarecanbecategorizedintomultipletypes,includingproductivitysoftware,utilitysoftware,andentertainmentsoftwareEachtypeofferdifferentfunctionalitiesandisusedfordifferentpurposesApplicationsoftwareiscriticalfordaytodaytasksandproductivityItallowsuserstocreatedocuments,managedata,communicatewithothers,andaccessinformationontheinternetFunctionTypesImportanceApplicationsoftwareFunction:Softwaredevelopmentistheprocessofdesigning,creating,testing,andmaintainingsoftwareapplicationsItinvolvesmultiplestages,includingrequirementsanalysis,design,coding,testing,anddeploymentTechniques:Softwaredevelopmentusesvarioustechniquessuchasobjectorientedprogramming,Agiledevelopment,Waterfallmodel,Iterativedevelopment,etc.EachtechniquehasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantagesandissuitablefordifferenttypesofprojectsImportance:Softwaredevelopmentiscrucialintoday'sdigitalageasitenablesthecreationofinnovativeproductsandservicesthatdriveeconomicgrowthandsocialprogressItinvolvescomplexprocessesthatrequireskilledprofessionswithacombinationoftechnicalknowledgeandproblem-solvingskillsSoftwaredevelopment03DatastorageandprocessingThesearethebasicdatatypesthatarebuiltintotheprogramminglanguageTheyincludeinteger,floatingpoint,character,boolean,etcPrimitiveDataTypesThesearedatatypesthatarecomposedofmultipleprimarydatatypesTheyincludearrays,structures,records,etcComplexDataTypesThesearedatatypesthataredefinedbytheuseraccordingtotheirspecificneedsTheyincludeclasses,interfaces,enumerations,etcUserDefinedDataTypesThisistheprocessofconvertingonedatatypetoanotherItisnecessarywhendealingwithdifferentdatatypesinarithmeticorlogicaloperationsDataTypeConversionDatatype01ThisisthetemporarystoragewheredataisstoredwhilethecomputerisrunningItincludesRAM(RandomAccessMemory)andcachememoryVolatileStorage02Thisisthepermanentstoragewheredataisstoredevenwhenthecomputeristurnedoff.Itincludesharddrives,flashdrives,CDs,DVDs,etcNonVolatileStorage03ThesearephysicaldevicesthatareusedfordatastorageTheyincludeharddrives,SSDs(SolidStateDrivers),CD-ROM,USBdrives,etcStorageDevices04ThesearethephysicalmediaonwhichdataisstoredTheyincludemagnetictape,opticaldiscs,flashmemorychips,etcStorageMediaDatastorageDataprocessingInput:ThisistheprocessofgettingdataintothecomputerfromanexternalsourceItcanbedonethroughvariousinputdevicessuchaskeyboards,mice,scanners,etcProcessing:ThisisthemanipulationofdatainsidethecomputerItincludesvariousoperationssuchassorting,filtering,calculating,etcOutput:ThisistheprocessofsendingdataoutofthecomputertoanexternaldestinationItcanbedonethroughvariousoutputdevicessuchasmonitors,printers,speakers,etcDataWarehousing:ThisisamethodofstorageandorganizinglargeamountsofdatainacentralizedlocationforeasyaccessandanalysisItincludestechnologiessuchasdatawarehousesanddatamarks04NetworkandCommunicationNetworkFundamentals01NetworkComponents02NetworkInterfaceCard(NIC):Responsibleforsendingandreceivingdataonthenetwork03Router:ConnectdifferentnetworksandforwardsdatabetweenthemHub:AcentraldevicethatallowsmultiplecomputerstoconnectandsharedataNetworkFundamentalsNetworkTopologiesStar:Eachdeviceconnectstoacentraldevice(e.g.,aswitch)Ring:Devicesareconnectedinaclosedloop,withdatatravelinginonedirectionMesh:Eachdeviceisconnectedtomultipleotherdevices,formingawebofconnections01020304Netwo