行政行為違法性繼承的中國圖景一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle本文旨在探討中國法律環(huán)境下行政行為違法性繼承的現(xiàn)狀與前景。行政行為違法性繼承，是指當(dāng)上級行政機(jī)關(guān)的行政行為被認(rèn)定為違法時(shí)，下級行政機(jī)關(guān)在相同或類似情況下所作出的相同或類似行為，亦可能被視為違法。這一現(xiàn)象在各國法律體系中均有體現(xiàn)，但在中國，由于特殊的行政體制和法律環(huán)境，其表現(xiàn)和影響尤為顯著。ThisarticleaimstoexplorethecurrentsituationandprospectsofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsinthelegalenvironmentofChina.Theillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactionsreferstothefactthatwhentheadministrativeactionsofasuperioradministrativeagencyaredeemedillegal,thesameorsimilaractionsmadebyasubordinateadministrativeagencyunderthesameorsimilarcircumstancesmayalsobeconsideredillegal.Thisphenomenonisreflectedinthelegalsystemsofvariouscountries,butinChina,duetoitsspecialadministrativesystemandlegalenvironment,itsmanifestationandinfluenceareparticularlysignificant.本文將首先回顧中國行政法的發(fā)展歷程，特別是與行政行為違法性繼承相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)的演變。隨后，通過對典型案例的分析，揭示當(dāng)前中國行政行為違法性繼承的主要表現(xiàn)及其產(chǎn)生的深層次原因。在此基礎(chǔ)上，本文將進(jìn)一步探討行政行為違法性繼承對中國法治建設(shè)的影響，包括其對行政效率、行政公正和公民權(quán)益保障等方面的影響。ThisarticlewillfirstreviewthedevelopmentprocessofChineseadministrativelaw,especiallytheevolutionoflawsandregulationsrelatedtotheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeacts.Subsequently,throughtheanalysisoftypicalcases,themainmanifestationsandunderlyingreasonsfortheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsinChinaarerevealed.Onthisbasis,thisarticlewillfurtherexploretheimpactofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsonChina'sruleoflawconstruction,includingitsimpactonadministrativeefficiency,administrativejustice,andcitizenrightsprotection.本文將對如何有效防止和糾正行政行為違法性繼承提出策略建議。這些建議旨在促進(jìn)中國法治建設(shè)的深入發(fā)展，提升行政行為的合法性和公正性，保障公民權(quán)益不受侵犯。本文也期望通過這一研究，為國內(nèi)外學(xué)者和相關(guān)實(shí)踐者提供有益參考，共同推動(dòng)行政行為違法性繼承問題的深入研究和實(shí)踐改進(jìn)。Thisarticlewillprovidestrategicsuggestionsonhowtoeffectivelypreventandcorrecttheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactions.Thesesuggestionsaimtopromotethein-depthdevelopmentofChina'sruleoflawconstruction,enhancethelegitimacyandfairnessofadministrativeactions,andprotecttherightsandinterestsofcitizensfrominfringement.Thisarticlealsohopestoprovideusefulreferencesfordomesticandforeignscholarsandrelevantpractitionersthroughthisresearch,andjointlypromotein-depthresearchandpracticalimprovementontheissueofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts.二、行政行為違法性繼承的理論基礎(chǔ)Theoreticalbasisfortheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeacts行政行為違法性繼承，這一概念在行政法領(lǐng)域并非新生事物，它指的是當(dāng)一個(gè)行政行為因違法而被撤銷或確認(rèn)無效后，其違法狀態(tài)對于后續(xù)相關(guān)行政行為的法律效力產(chǎn)生的影響。簡而言之，就是違法行為的“后果”是否會(huì)被“繼承”到后續(xù)的行為中。Theconceptofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsisnotanewphenomenoninthefieldofadministrativelaw.Itreferstotheimpactoftheillegalstatusofanadministrativeactonthelegaleffectivenessofsubsequentrelatedadministrativeactswhenitisrevokedorconfirmedinvalidduetoillegality.Inshort,itiswhethertheconsequencesofillegalbehaviorwillbeinheritedintosubsequentactions.行政行為的連續(xù)性原理認(rèn)為，行政行為一旦作出，便會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的法律效力，這種效力會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而持續(xù)存在。因此，當(dāng)一個(gè)行政行為被認(rèn)定為違法并被撤銷或確認(rèn)無效后，其違法狀態(tài)也會(huì)隨之持續(xù)，并對后續(xù)的相關(guān)行政行為產(chǎn)生影響。Theprincipleofcontinuityofadministrativeactionsholdsthatonceanadministrativeactionistaken,itwillhaveacertainlegaleffect,whichwillcontinuetoexistovertime.Therefore,whenanadministrativeactionisdeemedillegalandrevokedorconfirmedinvalid,itsillegalstatuswillcontinueandhaveanimpactonsubsequentrelatedadministrativeactions.信賴?yán)姹Ｗo(hù)原則要求行政機(jī)關(guān)在作出行政行為時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)保護(hù)公民、法人和其他組織因?qū)ο惹靶姓袨榈男刨嚩a(chǎn)生的合法權(quán)益。如果一個(gè)先前行政行為被認(rèn)定為違法并被撤銷或確認(rèn)無效，那么后續(xù)相關(guān)行政行為如果繼續(xù)采用先前的違法狀態(tài)，就會(huì)損害公民、法人和其他組織的信賴?yán)妗heprincipleofprotectingtrustinterestsrequiresadministrativeagenciestoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofcitizens,legalpersons,andotherorganizationsarisingfromtheirtrustinpreviousadministrativeactionswhenmakingadministrativeactions.Ifapreviousadministrativeactionisdeemedillegalandrevokedorconfirmedinvalid,thenifsubsequentrelatedadministrativeactionscontinuetoadoptthepreviousillegalstatus,itwillharmthetrustandinterestsofcitizens,legalpersons,andotherorganizations.法治原則要求行政機(jī)關(guān)在行使行政權(quán)力時(shí)，必須遵守法律、法規(guī)和規(guī)章的規(guī)定，不得違法行使權(quán)力。如果一個(gè)行政行為被認(rèn)定為違法并被撤銷或確認(rèn)無效，那么后續(xù)相關(guān)行政行為就應(yīng)當(dāng)避免重復(fù)先前的違法行為，以確保行政行為的合法性。Theprincipleoftheruleoflawrequiresadministrativeorganstocomplywiththeprovisionsoflaws,regulations,andruleswhenexercisingadministrativepower,andnottoillegallyexercisepower.Ifanadministrativeactionisdeemedillegalandrevokedorconfirmedinvalid,subsequentrelatedadministrativeactionsshouldavoidrepeatingpreviousillegalactionstoensurethelegalityoftheadministrativeaction.行政行為違法性繼承的理論基礎(chǔ)主要包括行政行為的連續(xù)性原理、信賴?yán)姹Ｗo(hù)原則和法治原則。這些原理為行政行為違法性繼承提供了理論支撐和法律依據(jù)，有助于我們更好地理解和把握行政行為違法性繼承的相關(guān)問題。Thetheoreticalbasisforinheritingtheillegalityofadministrativeactsmainlyincludestheprincipleofcontinuityofadministrativeacts,theprincipleofprotectingtrustinterests,andtheprincipleofruleoflaw.Theseprinciplesprovidetheoreticalsupportandlegalbasisfortheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeacts,whichhelpsusbetterunderstandandgrasptherelevantissuesoftheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeacts.三、中國行政行為違法性繼承的歷史演變TheHistoricalEvolutionoftheLegalityInheritanceofAdministrativeActsinChina中國行政行為違法性繼承的歷史演變，可以大致劃分為幾個(gè)階段，每個(gè)階段都反映了不同的法律理念和社會(huì)背景。ThehistoricalevolutionoftheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeactsinChinacanberoughlydividedintoseveralstages,eachreflectingdifferentlegalconceptsandsocialbackgrounds.在新中國成立初期，由于法律體系的尚未完善，關(guān)于行政行為違法性繼承的問題并沒有明確的法律規(guī)定。在實(shí)踐中，行政機(jī)關(guān)和法院在面對此類問題時(shí)，往往依賴于個(gè)案的具體情況，以及法官和行政官員的個(gè)人理解和判斷。IntheearlydaysofthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,duetotheincompletelegalsystem,therewerenoclearlegalprovisionsontheissueofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts.Inpractice,administrativeagenciesandcourtsoftenrelyonthespecificcircumstancesofindividualcases,aswellasthepersonalunderstandingandjudgmentofjudgesandadministrativeofficials,whenfacingsuchproblems.隨著改革開放和法治建設(shè)的推進(jìn)，中國開始逐步明確行政行為違法性繼承的相關(guān)法律規(guī)定。在這一階段，相關(guān)法律法規(guī)不斷完善，為行政機(jī)關(guān)和法院提供了更為明確的指導(dǎo)。同時(shí)，隨著法治意識的提升，實(shí)踐中的行為也逐漸規(guī)范。Withtheadvancementofreformandopeningupandtheconstructionoftheruleoflaw,Chinahasgraduallyclarifiedtherelevantlegalprovisionsontheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeacts.Atthisstage,relevantlawsandregulationscontinuetoimprove,providingclearerguidanceforadministrativeagenciesandcourts.Meanwhile,withtheimprovementoflegalawareness,behaviorinpracticehasgraduallybecomestandardized.近年來，隨著中國全面推進(jìn)法治化進(jìn)程，行政行為違法性繼承的問題也受到了更多的關(guān)注和重視。行政機(jī)關(guān)和法院在處理相關(guān)問題時(shí)，更加注重依法辦事，嚴(yán)格監(jiān)督行政行為的合法性。公民和企業(yè)的法治意識也不斷提高，對行政行為的監(jiān)督和要求也日益增強(qiáng)。Inrecentyears,withthecomprehensivepromotionoftheruleoflawinChina,theissueofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactshasalsoreceivedmoreattentionandimportance.Administrativeagenciesandcourtspaymoreattentiontohandlingrelevantissuesinaccordancewiththelawandstrictlysupervisethelegalityofadministrativeactions.Thelegalawarenessofcitizensandenterprisesisconstantlyimproving,andthesupervisionandrequirementsforadministrativeactionsarealsoincreasing.回顧中國行政行為違法性繼承的歷史演變，可以看出，隨著法治建設(shè)的深入推進(jìn)，中國的行政行為越來越注重合法性和規(guī)范性。然而，仍然面臨著一些挑戰(zhàn)，如法律體系的不完善、行政機(jī)關(guān)和法院在實(shí)踐中的不一致等。因此，未來還需要繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)法治建設(shè)，完善相關(guān)法律規(guī)定，提高行政機(jī)關(guān)和法院的執(zhí)法水平，以更好地保障公民的合法權(quán)益。LookingbackatthehistoricalevolutionoftheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeactionsinChina,itcanbeseenthatwiththedeepeningoftheruleoflawconstruction,China'sadministrativeactionsareincreasinglyemphasizinglegitimacyandstandardization.However,therearestillsomechallenges,suchastheimperfectlegalsystemandtheinconsistencybetweenadministrativeagenciesandcourtsinpractice.Therefore,inthefuture,itisnecessarytocontinuetostrengthentheconstructionoftheruleoflaw,improverelevantlegalprovisions,andenhancetheenforcementlevelofadministrativeorgansandcourtstobetterprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofcitizens.四、中國行政行為違法性繼承的現(xiàn)狀分析AnalysisoftheCurrentSituationofIllegalInheritanceofAdministrativeActsinChina在中國，行政行為違法性繼承是一個(gè)相對較新的概念，其實(shí)際應(yīng)用和理論研究都還處于發(fā)展階段。然而，隨著中國法治建設(shè)的不斷深入，行政行為違法性繼承問題逐漸受到重視，并在實(shí)踐中得到了一定的體現(xiàn)。InChina,theconceptofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsisrelativelynew,anditspracticalapplicationandtheoreticalresearcharestillinthedevelopmentstage.However,withthecontinuousdeepeningofChina'sruleoflawconstruction,theissueofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactshasgraduallyreceivedattentionandhasbeenreflectedinpractice.從立法層面來看，中國《行政訴訟法》等相關(guān)法律法規(guī)對行政行為違法性繼承問題有所涉及，但并未形成完整、系統(tǒng)的規(guī)定。這導(dǎo)致在司法實(shí)踐中，對于行政行為違法性繼承的認(rèn)定和處理存在較大的不確定性和爭議。Fromalegislativeperspective,relevantlawsandregulationssuchastheAdministrativeLitigationLawofChinahaveaddressedtheissueofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts,buthavenotyetformedacompleteandsystematicprovision.Thisleadstosignificantuncertaintyandcontroversyinjudicialpracticeregardingthedeterminationandhandlingoftheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts.從實(shí)踐層面來看，中國行政機(jī)關(guān)在行政活動(dòng)中對違法性繼承問題的認(rèn)識和處理也存在一定的差異。一些行政機(jī)關(guān)對違法性繼承問題缺乏足夠的認(rèn)識，導(dǎo)致在行政決策和執(zhí)行過程中未能充分考慮違法性繼承因素，從而引發(fā)了一系列行政爭議和訴訟。Fromapracticalperspective,therearealsocertaindifferencesintheunderstandingandhandlingofillegalinheritanceissuesamongChineseadministrativeagenciesintheiradministrativeactivities.Someadministrativeagencieslacksufficientunderstandingoftheissueofillegalinheritance,resultingininsufficientconsiderationofillegalinheritancefactorsinadministrativedecision-makingandexecution,leadingtoaseriesofadministrativedisputesandlawsuits.中國法學(xué)界對行政行為違法性繼承問題的研究也相對較少，尚未形成統(tǒng)一的理論體系和學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)。這在一定程度上制約了行政行為違法性繼承問題的深入研究和實(shí)際應(yīng)用。ThereisrelativelylittleresearchintheChineselegalcommunityontheissueofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts,andaunifiedtheoreticalsystemandacademicperspectivehavenotyetbeenformed.Thistosomeextentrestrictsthein-depthresearchandpracticalapplicationoftheissueofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts.中國行政行為違法性繼承的現(xiàn)狀呈現(xiàn)出立法不足、實(shí)踐差異和學(xué)術(shù)研究滯后等特點(diǎn)。為了推動(dòng)中國行政行為違法性繼承問題的有效解決，需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)立法建設(shè)、提高行政機(jī)關(guān)的認(rèn)識和處理能力、加強(qiáng)法學(xué)研究等方面的努力。還需要借鑒國外相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和做法，結(jié)合中國實(shí)際情況，不斷完善和發(fā)展行政行為違法性繼承的理論和實(shí)踐。ThecurrentsituationofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsinChinashowscharacteristicssuchasinsufficientlegislation,differencesinpractice,andlaggingacademicresearch.InordertoeffectivelysolvetheproblemofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsinChina,effortsneedtobemadetofurtherstrengthenlegislativeconstruction,improvetheunderstandingandhandlingcapacityofadministrativeorgans,andstrengthenlegalresearch.Itisalsonecessarytolearnfromrelevantforeignexperiencesandpractices,combinedwiththeactualsituationinChina,tocontinuouslyimproveanddevelopthetheoryandpracticeoftheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeacts.五、行政行為違法性繼承的國際比較與借鑒InternationalComparisonandReferenceontheLegalityInheritanceofAdministrativeActs行政行為違法性繼承，作為行政法領(lǐng)域的一項(xiàng)重要原則，在不同國家和地區(qū)的法律體系中呈現(xiàn)出多樣化的表現(xiàn)形態(tài)。通過對各國和地區(qū)的相關(guān)制度進(jìn)行比較與借鑒，可以為我們深化對行政行為違法性繼承的理解，以及完善我國的相關(guān)法律制度提供有益的參考。Theinheritanceofillegaladministrativeacts,asanimportantprincipleinthefieldofadministrativelaw,presentsdiversemanifestationsinthelegalsystemsofdifferentcountriesandregions.Bycomparinganddrawingontherelevantsystemsofvariouscountriesandregions,wecandeepenourunderstandingoftheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsandprovideusefulreferencesforimprovingChina'srelevantlegalsystem.在大陸法系國家，如德國和法國，行政行為的違法性繼承原則得到了較為充分的理論論證和制度構(gòu)建。德國行政法學(xué)者毛雷爾指出：“一個(gè)違法的行政行為使隨后的行政行為也成為違法，即所謂的違法繼承?！痹诜▏m然并沒有明確的“違法性繼承”概念，但通過對行政行為的合法性審查，以及對后續(xù)行政行為的監(jiān)督，實(shí)際上也體現(xiàn)了對違法性繼承的規(guī)制。IncivillawcountriessuchasGermanyandFrance,theprincipleofinheritanceoftheillegalityofadministrativeactshasreceivedsufficienttheoreticalevidenceandinstitutionalconstruction.GermanadministrativelawscholarMaurerpointedoutthat"anillegaladministrativeactmakessubsequentadministrativeactsillegal,alsoknownasillegalinheritance."InFrance,althoughthereisnoclearconceptof"illegalinheritance,"thelegalityreviewofadministrativeactsandthesupervisionofsubsequentadministrativeactsactuallyreflecttheregulationofillegalinheritance.在英美法系國家，雖然沒有像大陸法系那樣明確的行政法體系，但通過對行政行為的司法審查，以及對行政權(quán)力的監(jiān)督，也體現(xiàn)了對行政行為違法性繼承的關(guān)注和規(guī)制。例如，在美國，通過司法審查制度，法院可以對行政行為的合法性進(jìn)行審查，并對違法的行政行為進(jìn)行糾正，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對違法性繼承的控制。Incommonlawcountries,althoughthereisnoclearadministrativelawsystemlikeinthecivillawsystem,thejudicialreviewofadministrativeactsandthesupervisionofadministrativepoweralsoreflecttheattentionandregulationoftheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts.Forexample,intheUnitedStates,throughthejudicialreviewsystem,courtscanreviewthelegalityofadministrativeactionsandcorrectillegaladministrativeactions,therebyachievingcontroloverillegalinheritance.在比較各國和地區(qū)的行政行為違法性繼承制度時(shí)，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一些值得借鑒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和做法。明確行政行為違法性繼承的原則和規(guī)則，有助于防止違法行政行為的擴(kuò)散和延續(xù)。加強(qiáng)對行政行為的監(jiān)督和審查，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正違法的行政行為，有助于維護(hù)行政法治的權(quán)威性和公信力。注重行政行為的連續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性，避免因?yàn)檫^度強(qiáng)調(diào)違法性繼承而導(dǎo)致行政效率的降低和行政成本的增加。Whencomparingtheillegalinheritancesystemsofadministrativeactsinvariouscountriesandregions,wecandiscoversomevaluableexperiencesandpracticesthatareworthlearningfrom.Clarifyingtheprinciplesandrulesfortheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeactscanhelppreventthespreadandcontinuationofillegaladministrativeacts.Strengtheningsupervisionandreviewofadministrativeactions,timelydiscoveringandcorrectingillegaladministrativeactions,helpstomaintaintheauthorityandcredibilityofadministrativeruleoflaw.Payattentiontothecontinuityandstabilityofadministrativeactions,andavoidreducingadministrativeefficiencyandincreasingadministrativecostsduetoexcessiveemphasisonillegalinheritance.借鑒各國和地區(qū)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我國可以在完善行政行為違法性繼承制度方面采取以下措施：一是明確行政行為違法性繼承的原則和規(guī)則，為行政行為的連續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性提供法律保障；二是加強(qiáng)對行政行為的監(jiān)督和審查，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正違法的行政行為，維護(hù)行政法治的權(quán)威性和公信力；三是注重平衡行政行為的連續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性與違法性繼承的關(guān)系，避免過度強(qiáng)調(diào)違法性繼承而導(dǎo)致行政效率的降低和行政成本的增加。Drawingonthesuccessfulexperiencesofvariouscountriesandregions,Chinacantakethefollowingmeasurestoimprovethesystemofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts:firstly,clarifytheprinciplesandrulesofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts,andprovidelegalprotectionforthecontinuityandstabilityofadministrativeacts;Thesecondistostrengthensupervisionandreviewofadministrativeactions,timelydetectandcorrectillegaladministrativeactions,andmaintaintheauthorityandcredibilityofadministrativeruleoflaw;Thirdly,emphasisshouldbeplacedonbalancingthecontinuityandstabilityofadministrativeactionswiththeinheritanceofillegality,inordertoavoidoveremphasizingtheinheritanceofillegalityandresultinginadecreaseinadministrativeefficiencyandanincreaseinadministrativecosts.通過對各國和地區(qū)行政行為違法性繼承制度的比較與借鑒，我們可以更加深入地理解這一原則的內(nèi)涵和價(jià)值，并為完善我國的相關(guān)法律制度提供有益的參考。Bycomparinganddrawingontheinheritancesystemofillegaladministrativeactsinvariouscountriesandregions,wecangainadeeperunderstandingoftheconnotationandvalueofthisprinciple,andprovideusefulreferencesforimprovingChina'srelevantlegalsystem.六、完善中國行政行為違法性繼承的建議與措施SuggestionsandMeasuresforImprovingtheLegalityInheritanceofAdministrativeActsinChina隨著中國法治建設(shè)的不斷推進(jìn)，對行政行為違法性繼承的認(rèn)定與處理也提出了更高的要求。為確保行政行為的合法性、公正性和連續(xù)性，本文提出以下幾點(diǎn)完善中國行政行為違法性繼承的建議與措施：WiththecontinuouspromotionofChina'sruleoflawconstruction,higherrequirementshavebeenputforwardfortherecognitionandhandlingoftheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts.Toensurethelegality,impartiality,andcontinuityofadministrativeactions,thisarticleproposesthefollowingsuggestionsandmeasurestoimprovetheinheritanceofillegaladministrativeactionsinChina:應(yīng)在相關(guān)法律中明確行政行為違法性繼承的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、程序和后果。同時(shí)，最高人民法院應(yīng)發(fā)布相關(guān)司法解釋或指導(dǎo)意見，為各級法院在審理相關(guān)案件時(shí)提供明確的法律依據(jù)。Thecriteria,procedures,andconsequencesfordeterminingtheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsshouldbeclearlydefinedinrelevantlaws.Atthesametime,theSupremePeople'sCourtshouldissuerelevantjudicialinterpretationsorguidance,providingclearlegalbasisforcourtsatalllevelstohearrelevantcases.行政機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對行政行為的內(nèi)部監(jiān)督，確保行政行為的合法性。同時(shí)，各級人大及其常委會(huì)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對行政行為的審查，防止違法行政行為的產(chǎn)生。Administrativeagenciesshouldstrengtheninternalsupervisionofadministrativeactionstoensuretheirlegality.Atthesametime,people'scongressesandtheirstandingcommitteesatalllevelsshouldstrengthenthereviewofadministrativeactstopreventtheoccurrenceofillegaladministrativeacts.通過加強(qiáng)行政人員的法律培訓(xùn)和專業(yè)素養(yǎng)提升，減少因行政人員個(gè)人原因?qū)е碌男姓袨檫`法。同時(shí)，建立嚴(yán)格的行政人員選拔和考核機(jī)制，確保行政人員具備履行職責(zé)的能力和素質(zhì)。Bystrengtheninglegaltrainingandimprovingprofessionalcompetenceforadministrativepersonnel,wecanreduceillegaladministrativeactionscausedbypersonalreasonsofadministrativepersonnel.Atthesametime,establishastrictmechanismforselectingandassessingadministrativepersonneltoensurethattheyhavetheabilityandqualitytoperformtheirduties.對于因行政行為違法性繼承而受到損害的公民、法人或其他組織，應(yīng)提供暢通的救濟(jì)途徑，包括行政復(fù)議、行政訴訟等。同時(shí)，建立完善的賠償機(jī)制，對受損方進(jìn)行及時(shí)、公正的賠償。Forcitizens,legalpersons,orotherorganizationswhohavesuffereddamageduetoillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts,smoothremediesshouldbeprovided,includingadministrativereconsideration,administrativelitigation,etc.Atthesametime,establishasoundcompensationmechanismtoprovidetimelyandfaircompensationtothedamagedparty.推動(dòng)政府信息公開，保障公眾的知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)和監(jiān)督權(quán)。鼓勵(lì)公眾參與行政決策過程，提高行政決策的透明度和公正性。Promotethedisclosureofgovernmentinformationandsafeguardthepublic'srighttoinformation,participation,andsupervision.Encouragepublicparticipationintheadministrativedecision-makingprocess,andimprovethetransparencyandfairnessofadministrativedecision-making.定期發(fā)布行政行為違法性繼承的典型案例，為各級行政機(jī)關(guān)和司法機(jī)關(guān)提供參考。建立案例分析與指導(dǎo)制度，對類似案件的處理提供指導(dǎo)意見。Regularlyreleasetypicalcasesofillegalinheritanceofadministrativeacts,providingreferenceforadministrativeandjudicialorgansatalllevels.Establishacaseanalysisandguidancesystemtoprovideguidanceonthehandlingofsimilarcases.通過上述措施的實(shí)施，可以有效完善中國行政行為違法性繼承的認(rèn)定與處理機(jī)制，提高行政行為的合法性和公正性，促進(jìn)法治政府的建設(shè)。TheimplementationoftheabovemeasurescaneffectivelyimprovetherecognitionandhandlingmechanismfortheillegalinheritanceofadministrativeactsinChina,enhancethelegitimacyandfairnessofadministrativeacts,andpromotetheconstructionofaruleoflawgovernment.七、結(jié)論Conclusion在深入研究中國行政行為違法性繼承的問題后，我們可以清晰地描繪出其在中國的具體圖景。中國在這方面的法律規(guī)定相對完善，為行政行為的規(guī)范性和合