TheSettingofInterferenceItemsinEnglishMultipleChoiceQuestions目錄IntroductionTypesandcharacteristicsofinterferenceitemsPrinciplesandTechniquesforSettingInteractionItems目錄Exampleanalysis:ApplicationexamplesofvariousinterferenceitemsPrecautionsandMisunderstandingsforSettingInteractionItemsSummaryandOutlook01IntroductionPurposeandbackgroundBysettingeffectiveinterferenceitems,thequalityanddiversityofmultiplechoicequestionscanbeadjustedtobetterassessstudents'knowledgeandskillsImprovingthequalityofmultiplechoicequestionsInterferenceitemshelptoincreasethediscriminationpowerofmultiplechoicequestions,makingtheassessmentsmorereliableandvalidEnhancingthereliabilityandvalidityofassessmentsDefinitionandfunctionofinterferencetermDefinition:Interferenceitems,alsoknownasdistractors,areincorrectoptionsinmultiplechoicequestionsthataredesignedtomissstudentsandtesttheirabilitytodifferentiatebetweencorrectandincorrectinformationDefinitionandfunctionofinterferencetermFunctionsIncreasingthediversitylevelofquestions:Byincludingplainbutincorrectoptions,interferenceitemsmakeitmorechallengingforstudentstoidentifythecorrectanswerAssessingstudents'criticalthinkingskills:Interferenceitemsrequirestudentstocarefullyanalyzeandevaluateeachoption,promotingcriticalthinkingandproblem-solvingskillsPreventingguidance:Thepresenceofinterferenceitemsreducesthelikelihoodofstudentscorrectlyguidingtheanswer,ensuringthatassessmentsarebasedonactualknowledgeandunderstandingmorethanonelump02TypesandcharacteristicsofinterferenceitemsVocabularymistakeTheitemusesawordincorrectly,ofteninawaythatsoundsplainbutisnotactuallycorrectIncorrectlocationTheitempresentationsacombinationofwordsthatisnottypicallyusedtogetherinEnglishGrammarerrorTheinterferenceitemcontainsobjectivegraphicalerrors,suchasincorrectverbtensionsorsubjectverbagreementDirecterrortypeinterferencetermIndirecterrortypeinterferencetermTheitemreflectsaculturalnuanceoridolthatmaybeunfriendlytononnativespeakers,leadingthemtoselectitasthecorrectanswerCulturalmisunderstandingTheitemcontainsalessobjectivegrammarerrorthatmaybedifficultfornonnativespeakerstodetectTitlegrammarerrorTheitemusesawordinawaythatisslightlyincorrectorcommon,makingitmorechallengingtoidentifyasanerrorSubtlevocalmistakeTheitemincludesinformationthatisnotrelevanttothequestionoranswerchoices,makingitmoredifficulttofocusonthekeypointsIrrelevantinformationTheitemcontainsdetailsthataredesignedtodistractfromthemainideaorpointofthequestionDistributingdetailsTheitemusesunnecessarycomplexlanguageorstructure,makingitmoredifficulttounderstandandanalyzeUnnecessarycomplexityUnrelatedinformationinterferenceitems03PrinciplesandTechniquesforSettingInteractionItemsTheinterferenceitemshouldbecloselyrelatedtothetargetlanguageitemintermsofform,meaning,orusage,soastotestthestudent'sabilitytodifferentiatebetweenthetwoTheinterferenceitemshouldbedesignedtoexposethestudent'spotentialweaknessesormisunderstandingsaboutthetargetlanguageitemThelevelofdiversityoftheinterferenceitemshouldbeappropriateforthestudent'slanguageproficiencylevel,neithertooeasynortoodiverseTargetedprincipleTheinterferenceitemshouldcreateasenseoffusionorambiguityforthestudent,makingitdifficultforthemtodeterminethecorrectanswerThefusingelementcouldbeasubdifferenceinmeaning,form,orusagebetweentheinterferenceitemandthetargetlanguageitemThefusingelementcouldalsobeintroducedthroughtheuseofidiomaticexpressions,colloquialisms,orculturalreferencesthatareunfriendlytothestudentConfusingprinciple01Theinterferenceitemshouldbereasonableandlogicalintermsofitsform,meaning,andusage,soasnottomissthestudent02Theinterferenceitemshouldnotcontainanyobjectiveerrorsorinconsistenciesthatwouldmakeiteasyforthestudenttoidentifyandidentifyitasapotentialanswer03Theinterferenceitemshouldbedesignedtotestthestudent'sknowledgeandunderstandingofthetargetlanguageitem,ratherthantheirabilitytoidentifyobjectivemissesorinconsistenciesPrincipleofreasonability04Exampleanalysis:ApplicationexamplesofvariousinterferenceitemsExampleChoosethecorrectverbformtocompletethesentence:"He_______(go)tothestoreyesterday."Interactionitem"wented"ExplanationTheinterferenceitem"wented"isadirecterrortypebecauseitisanincorrectverbform.Thecorrectansweris"went."DirecterrortypeinterferenceiteminstanceExampleChoosethecorrectpositiontocompletethesentence:"Sheputthebook_______thetable."Interactionitem"in"ExplanationTheinterferenceitem"in"isanindirecterrortypebecauseitisapropositionthatcouldbeusedinothercontextsbutnotappropriateinthissenseThecorrectansweris"on."IndirecterrortypeinterferenceiteminstanceExampleExampleInteractionitemExplanationExplanationInteractionitemChoosethecapitalcityofFrance"Berlin"Theinterferenceitem"Berlin"isirrelevantinformationbecauseitisthecapitalcityofGermany,notFranceThecorrectansweris"Paris."Choosethecorrectspellingoftheword"receive""receive"Theinterferenceitem"received"containsirrelevantinformationintheformofanincorrectspeechThecorrectansweris"received."Examplesofirrelevantinformationinterferenceitems05PrecautionsandMisunderstandingsforSettingInteractionItemsAvoidexcessiveobjectiveorsimpleerrorsRefinefromincludingoptionsthatarecompletelyunrelatedorunrelatedtothequestiontopic,asthesecanbeeasilyidentifiedbystudentsAvoidingusinggrammarorspellingerrorsthataretooobjectiveoreasytospotasinterferenceitems,astheymaynoteffectivelyteststudents'languageproficiencyEnsurethattheinterferenceitemsareplausibleandcouldpotentiallybecorrectanswers,ratherthanbeingobjectivelyincorrectorinvisibleEnsurethattheoptionsarebalancedintermsoftheirdiversitylevel,length,andcomplexitytoavoidgivingstudentsanunfairadvantageordisadvantageAvoidingoneoptionsignificantlylongerormorecomplexthantheothers,asthismayunfairlyaffectstudents'choicesEnsurethatthecorrectanswerisnotalwaysthelongestormostcomplexoption,asthiscouldleadstudentstoincorrectlyassessapatternMaintainbalancebetweenoptionsAvoidusinglanguageorterminologythatisunfriendlyoruncleartostudents,asthiscouldleadtofusionandmisunderstandingsAvoidincludingculturalorcontextualreferencesthatmaybeunfriendlytostudents,asthesecouldleadtomisunderstandingsandincorrectanswersEnsurethatthequestionandoptionsareclearlywordedandeasytounderstand,withnoambiguousorvaguelanguageToavoidleadingstudentsandcausingmisunderstandings06SummaryandOutlookReviewthecontentofthisreportAnalysisofinterferenceitemtypes:ThisreporthasprovidedacomprehensiveoverviewofdifferenttypesofinterferenceitemscommonlyfoundinEnglishmultiplechoicequestions,includingdistractors,plainwronganswers,andnonfunctionalitemsDiscussiononitemquality:ThereporthasemphasizedtheimportanceofitemqualityinensuringtheeffectivenessandreliabilityofassessmentsIthasdiscussedvariousfactorsthatcontributetoitemquality,suchasclarity,reliability,anddiversitylevelGuidelinesforsettinginterferenceitems:ThereporthasofferedpracticalguidelinesforsettingeffectiveinterferenceitemsinmultiplechoicequestionsTheseincludeconsideringthetargetaudience,avoidingobjectiveclubs,andensuringabalancebetweenitemdiversityanddiscriminationExplorefuturedevelopmenttrendsIncreasinguseoftechnologyinitemdevelopment:Withtheadvancementsintechnology,thereisagrowingtrend