選擇題A（關(guān)鍵專業(yè)詞匯5題以上）Bacterialcellwallsarecomposedprincipallyofpeptidoglycans,andreproductionisbybinaryfission.[A.abruption;B.binaryfission;C.breakup;D.divide]ThephotosyntheticbacteriacontainarangeofbacteriochlorophyllsanddonotliberatefreeO2duringphotosynthesis.[A.photosynthesis;B.photosynthate;C.breath;D.Reverse]Conjugationinvolvesthetransferoflargeportionsofgeneticmaterialbetweendonorandrecipientcellsinmatingpairs.[A.donor;B.donate;C.donation;D.endow]Thecyanobacteriaarephotosyntheticprokaryotescontainingchlorophyll,andalsophycobiliproteinpigmentssuchasphycocyanin.[A.peptidoglycan;B.crystalviolet;C.chlorophyll;D.algae]Thoseusinglightastheirenergysourcearetermedphototrophic.[A.chemotrophic;B.lithotrophic;C.organotrophic;D.phototrophic]Excessiveextractionofwatercanlowerwater-tables,which,insomeinlands（內(nèi)陸）,mayleadto____.A.subsidenceB.salt-waterinstrusionC.earthquakeD.floodingButbecauseoflossesthrough______andplanttranspiration.A.evaporationB.environmentC.evaporateD.evaporativeIrrigationhasallowedtheexpansionofagricultureintosemi-aridandeven____environments.A.dryB.aridC.droughtd.waterThesteadyflowsthatdamscausealtertheseasonalcyclesof_____andriparianplantsandanimals.A.aquaticB.aquaticsC.aquacultureD.aquationNewlandfillshavecomplexbottomlayerstotrapcontaminant-ladenwater,calledleachate,leakingthroughtheburiedtrash[A.wallB.leachateC.leaderD.little]Amodernmunicipalsolidwastelandfillistypicallyconstructedaboveanimpermeableclay.[A.impressB.impermeableC.improveD.impolite]However,manyincineratorswereeliminatedbecauseofaestheticconcerns,suchasfoulodors,noxiousgases,andgrittysmoke.[A.graveB.grittyC.groveD.glass]Theburingwasteheatswaterandthesteamdriveaturbinetogenerateelectricity,whichissoldtoautility.[A.toolB.turbineC.troopD.type]Selectionoflandfillsitesisbasedonanunderstandingoflocalgeologyconditions.[A.geobloB.geologyC.conditionD.location]Theparadoxisthatinitsgaseousstate____,abundantthoughtitis,isunavailabletomostlife.A.nitrogenB.oxygenC.hydrgenD.alcoholTobeused,freemolecularnitrogenhastobefixed.This____comesaboutintwoways.A.energyB.fixationC.paradoxD.radiationThisfixationisaccomplishedby____bacterialivinginassociationwithleguminousandroot-noduledmonleguminousplants,byfree-livingaerobicbacteria,andbycyanobacteria(blue-greenalgae).A.togetherB.biologicalC.symbioticD.noneofaboveAccordingtotheauthor,theenergyneededforhighenergyfixationscomesfrom______.A.cosmicB.meteoriteC.lightningD.allabove_____isabiologicalprocessinwhichammoniaisoxidizedtonitriteandnitrate,yieldingenergy.A.ammonificationB.denitrificationC.bacterfiationD.nitrification1Howvolatilenitrogenisturnedinto______forplants?A.nutrientB.nitrateC.nitriteD.nitric2_____gasesemittedduringthefirstphaseofwastetreatmentareharvestedforuseasfuel.AgreenBwarmCgreenhouseDignite3______istheprocessinwhichsoilbacteriaoxidizeammonia(NH3)sequentiallyintonitrite(NO2-)andthennitrate(NO3-).ArespirationBdenitrificationCphotosynthesisDnitrification4Buttoomuchuntreatedwastesdumpeddirectlyintofishpondcanrobthefishof______,andendupkillingthefish.AnitrogenoxideBnitrogenCoxygenDcarbondioxide5The_____farmtypicallyconsistsofcrops,livestockandfishponds.AdreamBintergratingCintervaDintegratedEthanolisagood_______forgasolineinspark-ignitionengines.A.reserveB.substituteC.replaceD.shiftAsasummary,thelongstorywas______intoafewsentences.A.condensedB.condemnedC.concealedD.concentratedTheproblemwiththecountryishowtoliftitseconomyoutof____.A.reservationB.recreationC.recessionD.reversionEthanoldoes_____lesscarbonmonoxideandsulfuroxidesthangasoline.A.releaseB.outputC.setD.affranchiseAlcoholcanbeobtainedfrom_____A.sugarcropsB.starchycropsC.celluloseD.allofaboveTheairwhichwebreatheconsists,byvolume,ofabout78percent______.A.OxygenB.NitrogenC.carbondioxideD.ArgonGaseoushydrogen,producedbythe______ofwater,isanother______topetroleum.A.electrolysis,choiceB.hydrolysis,choiceC.electrolysis,alternativeD.alternative,alternative選擇題B（關(guān)鍵短語(yǔ)5題以上）Bacterialcellwallsarecomposedprincipallyofpeptidoglycans,andreproductionisbybinaryfission.[A.makeupof;B.buildup;C.arecomposed;D.constitute]AspeciesadaptedtolivingunderconditionsofabountifulenergysourceisdesignatedasKselected.[A.livingunder;B.livingin;C.living;D.lived]Itwouldbeexposedtoselectionpressuresdifferentfromthoseaffectinganr-selectedorganismlivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictiveenvironments.[A.differentfrom;B.differentwith;C.otherthan;D.differwith]Someestimateplacetheirnumberashighas40%ofthetotalplate-countpopulation.[A.ashighas;B.ishighas;C.highas;D.ashighto]Ther-selectedorganismsexposedtoflushesofsubstrateinanotherwiseuncrowdedenvironmentwouldplaceapremiumonhighgrowthincreaseperunitoffoodratherthanoncompetitiveness.[A.placeapremiumon;B.placeapremiumto;C.placeapremiuminto;D.placeapremiumwith]Nowadays,governmentsinmostOECDcountriesare____largeprogrammerstodevelopirrigation.A.scalebackB.scaledbackC.scalingbackD.scalesbackIndrierpartsofthearea,suchasCalifornia,andtheMurray–DarlingbasininAustralia,agricultureaccountsforwellover90%ofconsumptiveuse.A.accountsB.accountsuptoC.accountsforD.accountsfromWeallwanttoknowhowOECDgovernmentsarerespondingtotheincreaseddemandforwaterinagriculturalproduction.A.areresponsibleforB.arerespondingtoC.areresponsibilitytoD.responsetoLanddegradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.(A.abilityB.ableC.capacityD.capacitly)Soilcompactionisaworldwideproblem.(A.compactB.compactionC.compactnessD.degradate)Acceleratedsoilerosionisanotherprincipallanddegradationprocess.Similartocompaction.(A.erosionB.erosionalC.degradationD.degradate)Nutrientdepletionisanotherprincipalprocessoflanddegradationwithsevereeconomicimpactonaglobalscale.(A.depletionB.depleteC.expandD.expanding)Despitethevoluminousliterature,landdegradationremainsadebatableissue.(A.degradationB.degradateC.gradateD.gradation)Landdegradation,declinesinlandqualityduetonaturalprocessesandanthropicactivities,isamajorglobalissueforthe20thcenturyandwillremainhighontheinternationalagendaevenforthe21stcentury.(A.becauseofB.duetoC.althoughD.asif)2.Landdegradationcanalsobeconsideredintermsofthelossofactualorpotentialproductivityorutilityasaresultofnaturaloranthropicfactors.(A.intermsof;B.referto;C.evolvedfrom;D.simplystated)3.Highpopulationdensityisnotnecessarilyrelatedtolanddegradation.(A.asthoughB.resultedinC.relatedtoD.aswellas)4.Lands,dependingontheirinherentcharacteristicsandclimaticconditions,rangefromhighlyresistantorstabletoextremelysensitiveandfragile.(A.relatingtoB.dependingonC.soastoD.therefore)5.Landdegradationisabiophysicalprocessdrivenbysocioeconomicandpoliticalcauses.(A.drivenbyB.resultedinC.becauseofD.aswell)Asbetterwaste-disposaltechnologiesweredevelopedandasvalueschanged,moreemphasiswasplacedontheenvironmentandqualityoflife.[A.areplacedonB.wasplacedonC.locateinD.waslocatedin]Theheatderivedfromtheburingisconvertedintosteamandelectricity.[A.convertedtoB.convertedintoC.transformtoD.being]However,thelandfilloftodayisfardifferentfromasimpleholeinthegroundintowhichgarbageisdumped.[A.differentB.differentfromC.abstrictonD.referto]Theycurrentlycostupto$1millionperhectaretoprepare.[A.rightB.uptoC.belowD.about]Untilrecently,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwastedidnotattractmuchpublicattention.[A.attempB.attractC.absortD.eyeson]Cosmicradiation,meteoritetrails,andlightningprovidethehighenergy______combinenitrogenwiththeoxygenandhydrogenofwater.A.neededtoB.gottentoC.cametoD.needingtoFixation___molecularnitrogen(N2)___twoatomsoffteeN.A.go…intoB.get….intoC.splits….intoD.jump…..intoInnonagriculturalsystemssome12,000species,fromcyanobacteriatonodule-bacteriaplants,_____nitrogenfixation.A.bereponsibleforB.beingreponsibleforC.isreponsibleforD.arereponsibleforInterrestrialecosystemnitrogen,largelyintheformofammoniaornitrates,_______byplants,whichconvertittoaminoacids.A.istakenupB.aretakenupC.isbrokedownD.arebrokedownInaquaticecosystems,nitrogencyclesinasimilarmanner,exceptthatthelargereservoirinthesoil______.A.islackingB.lackedC.arelackedD.islackedTheintegratedfarmtypically______crops,livestockandfishponds.A.makeupB.madeupofC.isconsistedofD.consistsofBothofwinterwheatandsummercornhasstillgreatpotentialtoincrease____.A.yellB.yieldsC.yieldD.yellsThesmallamountofresidualnutrientsleftaftertremendouslossesthat_____theenvironmenthavetakenplace.AdestroyBdamageCruinDviolateOfficialsalsosayawomanmay_____asecondattackinthenorthernpartofthecountry.\o"點(diǎn)擊發(fā)音"A.arerespectiveforB.ispossibleforC.areresponsibleforD.arelookingforNearlyallorgansfortransplant______executedprisoners.\o"點(diǎn)擊發(fā)音"A.areproducedfromB.areharvestofC.areharvestedfromD.aregottenfromLiquidfuels______theUSeconomy.A.isindispensabletoB.areindispensabletoC.isprojectedtoD.areprojectedtoTheproductionanduseofethanolfuel______theincreaseinatmosphericcarbondioxideandtoglobalwarming.A.resultinB.bringoutC.asresultD.contributetoChangingherjoblikethat______givingherthesack.A.isequivalenttoB.isequabletonC.isdifferentfromD.isdisparateto

Hydrogenhasthepotentialtoserve______arenewablegaseousfuelfortransportionvehicles.A.onB.forC.upD.as______gasoline,bothmethanolandethanolreducetheamountofcarbondioxide,whichisgoodforourenvironment.A.comparedtoB.withregardtoC.consideringD.inviewofMankindmusttakecarenotto______theearth______itsnaturalresources.A.expend，ofB.spend，onC.deplete，ofD.defray，to配對(duì)題（核心專業(yè)詞匯8題以上）Ethanol乙醇，酒精Cellulose纖維素Sugarcane甘蔗Hydrolysis水解（作用）Electrolysis電解Photovoltaics太陽(yáng)能電池Carbonmonoxide一氧化碳Distillation蒸餾Livestock家畜，牲畜Hydrogenperoxide過(guò)氧化氫fungi真菌eukaryote真核生物peptidoglycan肽聚糖binaryfission二分裂a(bǔ)utotrophic自養(yǎng)的heterotrophic異樣的cyanobacteria藍(lán)細(xì)菌aerobic好氧的、需氧的chlorophyll葉綠素bacteriochlorophyll細(xì)菌葉綠素transpiration植物蒸騰semi-arid半干旱aquifers含水層erosion腐蝕，侵蝕replenish補(bǔ)充，填滿Degradation退化Anthropology人類學(xué)Eutrophication富養(yǎng)化Contamination污染Regulatory調(diào)整的Compaction板結(jié)Unsustainable不可持續(xù)的Acidification酸化Impermeable 不透性的impermeablemembrane 非滲透性膜geologic 地質(zhì)的scavenge 清除hectare 公頃turbine 渦輪mercury 水銀gritty 有沙的Fixation固定Symbiotic共生Ammonification氨化作用Nitrification硝化作用Glucose葡萄糖Nitrogen氮Nitricacid硝酸Photosynthesis光合作用aerobically 需氧地，好氧性的nitrogenperoxide 過(guò)氧化氮zeroinputandzeroemission 零輸入和零排放plankton 浮游植物decompose 分解non-arid 不干旱的potablewater 飲用水manure 糞肥by-product 副產(chǎn)品是非題（重點(diǎn)專業(yè)知識(shí)句子3題以上）（F表示錯(cuò)誤，T表示正確）Carbonmonoxideisharmfultomankind'shealth.[T]Ethanolcanbeobtainedfromoilcrops.[F]Theoxygencanbecombinedwithhydrogeninafuelcell.[T]Alcoholproducedfromcornisarenewableenergysource.[F]Asolarcellworksmainlybasedontheoptoelectronicseffec.[T]Bacteriaaretermedprokaryoticbecausetheylacknuclearmembranes.[T]Chemoorganotrophsarereferredtoasautotrophs.[F]AspeciessurvivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictiveenvironmentsisdesignatedasK-selected.[F]ThenumericallypredominantbacteriainsoilareStreptomycetes.[F]Throughoutmostoftheworld,industryistheleadingconsumptiveuserofwater.[F]WithdrawalsforagriculturalpurposescurrentlyaccountforovertwothirdstotalabstractioninallOECDcountries.[F]Thepracticeofexploitingundergroundwaterforagricultureisessentialfortheprotectionofnaturalresources.[F]Landdegradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.[T]Landdegradationisaphysicalprocessdrivenbysocioeconomicandpoliticalcauses.[F]Acceleratedsoilerosionisanotherprincipallanddegradationprocess[T]Inancienttimes,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwasteattractedmuchpublicattention[F]Nowadays,noneofcountriesofareasdumpssolidwastesoutsideofthecityorvillage[F]Landfillshadbeentheprimarymethodofwastedisposalbecauseofthelowestcostandthesimplesttechnologyuntilthethreatofgroundwatercontaminationwasrecognized.[T]Highenergyfixationisthemainwayofnitrogenfixation.[F]AccordingtothetextthesecondstepofbiologicalfixationisthatthefreeNatomscombinewithoxygentoformtwomoleculesofnitrate.[F]Nitrogenisdirectlyabsorbedbyplantrootsandincorporatedintoaminoacids,whichpassthroughthefoodchain.[T]Nitrosomonasbacteriaandnitrobacteraretwogroupsofmicroorganismsthatinvolvedintheprocessofnitrification.[T]Accordingtothetext,nitrogencyclesinaquaticsystemsinasimilarmannerwithterrestrialecosystem.[F]Forestsareimportanttotheenvironmentbecausetheytakeincarbondioxideandreleaseanothergas–oxygen.[T]Livestockmanurecontainslargeamountsofammoniagasthatmustbeturnedbackintostablenitratebeforeitcanbeabsorbedasnutrientbyplant.[T]Abundantlyproductivefarmswithzeroinputandzeroemissionarepoweredbywaste-gobblingbugsandhumaningenuity.[T]句子翻譯題（重點(diǎn)難、長(zhǎng)句子3題以上）Variousrawmaterialscanbeusedformethanolproduction,includingnaturalgas,coal,wood,andmunicipalsolidwastes.[許多種原料可用于甲醇生產(chǎn)，包括天然氣、煤炭、木材和城市固體廢物。]Methanolcanbeobtainedfromwoodorwoodycropsbymeansofawoodgasificationprocessfollowedbycompressionandmethanolsynthesis.[甲醇可以由木材或木本作物經(jīng)過(guò)氣化、壓縮、合成三個(gè)階段制得。]Partofthereasonforthisdifferenceisthatthevolumeofhydrogenfuelisaboutfourtimesgreaterthanthatforthesameenergycontentofgasoline.[這種差異的原因之一是：在能量相同的情況下，氫燃料的體積約為汽油的四倍。]Themajorlimitationinusingbiomassformethanolproductionistheenormousquantitiesneededforaplantwithsuitableeconomiesofscale.[利用生物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)甲醇主要的局限性就在于一個(gè)具有相當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模的工廠對(duì)于生物質(zhì)的巨大需求量。]Essentiallythesamedifferentiationgiveninthetermslithotrophicandorganotrophicisprovidedbythetermsautotrophicandheterotrophic,respectively.[實(shí)際上，“無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)型”和“有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)型”這兩個(gè)詞間的區(qū)別可以分別用“自養(yǎng)型”和“異養(yǎng)型”這兩個(gè)詞來(lái)表達(dá)。]Theobligatechemolithotrophsusethesamebasicphysiologicalpathway(theCalvinCycle)foundinmostotherorganismsinmetabolizingtheirowncellconstituents..[專性化能無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)菌采用與其他大多數(shù)相同的基本的生理途徑（即Calvin循環(huán)），這些生物都利用這種途徑代謝自身細(xì)胞成分。]AdesignationG+isgiventocellsthatretaincrystalvioletfollowingsubsequentexposurestoKIsolution,alcohol,andcounterstain,andG-forcellsfromwhichthecrystalvioletreadilydestains.[那些浸泡在碘溶液、酒精和革蘭氏試劑后細(xì)胞內(nèi)含有結(jié)晶紫的細(xì)菌為革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌，反之，細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)晶紫消褪的為革蘭氏陰性菌。]Ther-selectedorganismsexposedtoflushesofsubstrateinanotherwiseuncrowdedenvironmentwouldplaceapremiumonhighgrowthincreaseperunitoffoodratherthanoncompetitiveness,aswouldbethecaseofaK-selectedorganism.[當(dāng)r選擇性微生物處于營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富而且其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性微生物不多的環(huán)境時(shí)，它們會(huì)更加傾向于利用好現(xiàn)在的食物來(lái)快速繁殖，而不是像K選擇性微生物那樣傾向于增強(qiáng)其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。]Water-useinagriculturehasmarkedeffectsontheenvironment,notallofthemadverse.農(nóng)業(yè)用水對(duì)環(huán)境有顯著的影響，但這些影響并不全是負(fù)面的。HowareOECDgovernmentsrespondingtotheincreaseddemandforwaterinagriculturalproductionandthegrowingpublicawarenessoftheimpactofagricultureontheenvironment?經(jīng)合組織各國(guó)如何應(yīng)對(duì)增長(zhǎng)中的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)用水需求和農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境影響的公共意識(shí)。Buttheexploitationofgroundwateraquifersforfarmingcontinuestogrowapace-notonlyinaridandsemi-aridregionsbutinmanyhumidareasaswell.但是無(wú)論干旱、半干旱地區(qū)還是在一些潮濕的地區(qū)，為農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)行的地下水蓄水層的開發(fā)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。Landdegradationcanalsobeconsideredintermsofthelossofactualorpotentialproductivityorutilityasaresultofnaturaloranthropicfactors.土地退化也可依自然或人為因素造成的實(shí)際或潛在的生產(chǎn)力或效用損失考慮。Nutrientdepletionisanotherprincipalprocessoflanddegradationwithsevereeconomicimpactonaglobalscale.養(yǎng)分消耗是在全球范圍內(nèi)另一個(gè)對(duì)有嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的土地退化主要過(guò)程。Landdegradationisthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.土地退化指土地質(zhì)量下降或者生產(chǎn)率、環(huán)境自身調(diào)節(jié)能力降低。Amodernmunicipalsolidwastelandfillistypicallyconstructedaboveanimpermeableclaylayerthatislinedwithanimpermeablemembraneandincludesmechanismsfordealingwithliquidandgasmaterialsgeneratedbythecontentsofthelandfill.[一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的城市固體廢物填埋場(chǎng)建造在非滲透性的粘土層之上，這粘土層再襯上一層非滲透模型的膜，并包括能夠處理填埋物產(chǎn)生的氣和液體的裝置。Landfillshavehistoricallybeenth