高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2024文體分類練(五)說明文之生態(tài)環(huán)保類Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023河北邯鄲一模)BeeprotectionisabigissuethesedaysinAmerica,withpeopleplantingnativepollinatorgardens,settingupbeehouses,andtakingpartinscientificactivitiestomonitorlocalbeepopulations.Andthisisforgoodreason—inNorthAmerica,aquarterofnativebeespeciesareatriskofextinction.Beespollinate35percentofourglobalfoodsupplyandmanyofthewildplantsourecosystemsdependon.Passage1Passage2Passage3NoMowMay,amovementthatbeganintheUK,isnowrapidlyspreadingthroughouttheUS.Itspopularityliesinitsbeingsimple:JustgivebeesahelpduringthecrucialspringtimebyremovingachorefromyourlistandlettingyourlawngrowforthemonthofMay.Thislets“l(fā)awnflowers”suchasdandelionsgrowatatimewhenbeefoodisrare.Dandelions,despitebeingprettyanduseful,arenon-native.Thenwhydowepromoteamovementthatencouragestheirgrowth?Here’sthebasicanswer—don’tlet“perfect”betheenemyof“good”.Sure,it’dbegreattoturnyourentireneighborhoodintoabeekingdomofnativeplants,butthatcantakelotsoftimeandmoney.Passage1Passage2Passage3WhiledandelionshavebecometheposterchildforNoMowMay,otherplants—includingnativespecies—mayalsoappearinyourlawn.“Besidesdandelions,therearemanyotherplantsthataregoingtobethere,”saysDr.ClaudioGrattonattheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison.

InMassachusetts,scientistsfound63speciesofplantsinlawns,30percentofwhichwerenativetothestate.MostoftheAmericansprobablyloveddandelionsaschildrenbuthavetendedtohatethemasadultsbecauseofAmericanlawnculture,whichallowsnoflowers.“NoMowMayforcesustothinkaboutourrelationshipwithnature.Weshouldreflectonthewaywehavemadenaturesuitourneeds,andrealizeflowersplayreallyimportantroles,”saysDr.ClaudioGratton.Passage1Passage2Passage3[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文?！癗o

Mow

May”運(yùn)動起源于英國,并在北美迅速擴(kuò)展開來。通過這項活動,人們可以為草坪留下自由生長的花,以此讓蜜蜂授粉。這一活動不僅有利于生態(tài)環(huán)境,而且可以讓人反思自己與自然的關(guān)系。Passage1Passage2Passage31.WhatisthebackgroundtoNoMowMayintheUS?A.Nativebeespeciesareincreasing.B.Thereisatendencytoprotectbees.C.Beesmainlydependongardenplants.D.Morepeoplehavenotimetocutlawns.√解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知,No

Mow

May在美國的背景是有一種保護(hù)蜜蜂的趨勢。Passage1Passage2Passage32.WhatdoweknowabouttheNoMowMay?A.Itneedsalmostnocost.B.FewAmericanssupportit.C.Itisaimedatgrowingdandelions.D.Itappealsforcarefulattentiontothelawns.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可推知,這項運(yùn)動幾乎不用任何費(fèi)用。

Passage1Passage2Passage33.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“posterchild”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Slightelement. B.Rareexception.C.Typicalexample. D.Difficultproblem.√解析

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“other

plants—including

native

species—may

also

appear

in

your

lawn”可知,蒲公英是“No

Mow

May”運(yùn)動擴(kuò)展后常見的花,而這項運(yùn)動也會讓草坪上長出其他種類的花。即蒲公英是“No

Mow

May”運(yùn)動的典型例子。故可推斷,畫線部分意為“典型例子”。

Passage1Passage2Passage34.WhichofthefollowingagreeswithAmericanlawnculture?A.Abee-friendlylawn.B.Aregularlycutlawn.C.Alawngrowingnaturally.D.Alawnwithnativeflowers.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Its

popularity

lies

in

its

being

simple:Just

give

bees

a

help

during

the

crucial

springtime

by

removing

a

chore

from

your

list

and

letting

your

lawn

grow

for

the

month

of

May.”及最后一段中“Most

of

the

Americans

probably

loved

dandelions

as

children

but

have

tended

to

hate

them

as

adults

because

of

American

lawn

culture,which

allows

no

flowers.”可知,一塊定期修剪的草坪才是符合美國草坪文化的。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023安徽安慶二模)Interactivesoftwarethat“reads”andanalysesfootprintsleftbyblackrhinos(犀牛)canbeusedtomonitorthemovementsoftheanimalsinthewild,givingconservationistsanewwaytokeepwatchontheendangeredspeciesandhelpkeepitsafefrompoachers(偷獵者),accordingtoaDukeUniversity-ledstudy.Thesoftware,calledtheFootprintIdentificationTechnique(FIT),usesadvancedtechnologytoanalyzemorethan100measurementsofarhino’sfootprint.Becauseeachrhino’sfootprintisasspecialasahumanfingerprint,theanalyzedimagescanbecollectedelectronicallyinaglobaldatabaseofpreviouslycollectedfootprintimagesformatching.Passage1Passage2Passage3“Ifyoufindamatch,youcanidentifytheindividualanimalwholeftthemarkand,byplottingthelocationsofalltheotherplaceswheremarkshavebeenseen,trackitsmovementswithoutdisturbingitorcomingintocloseenoughcontactwithit,”saidZoeJewell,aprofessoratDukeUniversity’sNicholasSchooloftheEnvironment,whoco-ledthestudyandisco-creatorofFIT.“It’sacost-effectiveapproachthatnotonlyprotectsthehealthoftherhinoandthehuman,butalsobringsacenturies-oldtrackingskillintothe21stCentury,”shesaid.JewellandhercolleaguesarenowworkingwithNamibia’sMinistryofEnvironment,ForestryandTourismtotrainwildlifeconservationists,landmanagersandlocalguideshowtouseFIT.Passage1Passage2Passage3Namibiaishometoanestimated2,000blackrhinos,orabout90%ofthespecies’totalpopulationworldwide.Thoughlegallyownedbythegovernment,theanimalsaredistributedgeographicallyonprivatelandsacrossthecountry.TheFITsoftwarecanalsodoasurveyoffootprintsthroughouttheprotectedareaandtakemeasurementsfromeachfootprinttoestimatethenumberofrhinosinthatarea.Thiscanbeusefulinformationforcalculationresourceneedstomonitortheanimalseffectively.Thiscreatesaninteractivelibrarythatanti-poachingpatrols(反偷獵巡邏)canusetosearchforanimalsatthehighestrisk,includingthosewhosefootprintshaven’tbeenshowingupinrecentyears.Passage1Passage2Passage3[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一款新的軟件,這款名為FIT的軟件可以用來監(jiān)控野生動物的活動,同時幫助保護(hù)主義者來監(jiān)視瀕危物種,并保護(hù)這些瀕危物種免受偷獵者的傷害。Passage1Passage2Passage35.Whatisthepurposeofthesoftware?A.Topromotethedevelopmentoftechnology.B.Toprotectblackrhinosfrombeinghunted.C.Toanalyzethefootprintsofillegalpoachers.D.Tosaveendangeredspeciesacrosstheworld.√Passage1Passage2Passage3解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Interactive

software

that‘reads’and

analyses

footprints

left

by

black

rhinos

can

be

used

to

monitor

the

movements

of

the

animals

in

the

wild,giving

conservationists

a

new

way

to

keep

watch

on

the

endangered

species

and

help

keep

it

safe

from

poachers,according

to

a

Duke

University-led

study.”可知,交互式軟件可以用來監(jiān)控野生動物的活動,同時給保護(hù)主義者提供了一種新的方法來監(jiān)視瀕危物種,并幫助保護(hù)它們免受偷獵者的傷害。Passage1Passage2Passage36.What’stheadvantageofthesoftware?A.Itownsvariousfunctions.B.Itgoestothemarket.C.Itisperfectlypractical.D.Itismorethanpopular.√Passage1Passage2Passage3解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“The

software,called

the

Footprint

Identification

Technique

(FIT),uses

advanced

technology

to

analyze

more

than

100

measurements

of

a

rhino’s

footprint.Because

each

rhino’s

footprint

is

as

special

as

a

human

fingerprint,the

analyzed

images

can

be

collected

electronically

in

a

global

database

of

previously

collected

footprint

images

for

matching.”可知,這款軟件可以通過采集犀牛的足跡,然后會和先前收集的足跡圖像的全球數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行匹配?？赏浦?這款軟件是非常實(shí)用的。Passage1Passage2Passage37.WhatdoesZoeJewellsayabouttheapproach?A.Itbringsthebestadvantageforthelowestcost.B.Ithelpsincreasethepopulationofblackrhinos.C.Itraisespeople’sawarenessoftheenvironment.D.Itstrengthensthetiebetweenhumansandnature.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“‘It’s

a

cost-effective

approach

that

not

only

protects

the

health

of

the

rhino

and

the

human,but

also

brings

a

centuries-old

tracking

skill

into

the

21st

Century,’she

said.”可知,Zoe

Jewell認(rèn)為它以最低的成本帶來最大的優(yōu)勢。Passage1Passage2Passage38.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefutureofrhinos?A.Optimistic. B.Hopeless.C.Worrying. D.Uncertain.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段和最后一段可知,FIT

軟件可以用來監(jiān)控野生動物的活動,同時幫助保護(hù)主義者來監(jiān)視瀕危物種,并保護(hù)這些瀕危物種免受偷獵者的傷害。FIT可以對整個保護(hù)區(qū)的足跡進(jìn)行調(diào)查,并對每個足跡進(jìn)行測量,以估計該區(qū)域的犀牛數(shù)量,因而未來犀牛的數(shù)量應(yīng)該是朝著人們期望的方向發(fā)展。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023廣東廣州一模)Beavers(海貍),likehumans,changetheirsurroundingstofittheirneeds.Knownasnature’sengineers,theyteartreesdowntobuildhomestoliveinanddamtoraisewaterlevelsforprotectionfromenemies.Damsalsoslowwater’sflowwhileblockingsediment(沉積物)thatwouldotherwiseflowdownstream.Theresultingwetlandsoftenattractwildlifediversitywherenonehadexisted.Therearechallenges,though.Beaverdamssometimescauseflooding,andmostpeopleprefertreesaliveandupright.Passage1Passage2Passage3Communitiesfaceadelicatebalancingact,learningtocoexistwithbeavers.Lastwinter,manypeopleenjoyingWinstonPathbecamebeaverfansasonefurryfamilytransformedSwallowPondintoanoasisforbirds,frogs,turtlesanddeer.Yetsuchactivitycausedconcern.Asbeaversworked,theyraisedwaterlevelsaboutfivefeet.Theincreaseddepthallowsbeaverstosurviveunderwaterifthepondicesover.ButcountyofficialswereconcernedabouthowhigherwaterwouldaffectthesoilbanksupportingWinstonPath.Passage1Passage2Passage3Tofindagoodbalancebetweenprotectingthepathandthebeavers,thecountyintroduceda“beaverbaffle”—apondleveler.Beaversoftenrushtofillholesintheirdams.Bafflesstabilizewaterlevelsbycreatingahiddenexitforhighwatertoescapethroughthedam,unnoticedbythebeavers.

Peoplelovethebeaversbuttheyalsolovethematuretrees.Recently,CatherineJones,18,organizedatree-cagingevent—puttingwireclotharoundlargetreetrunkstodiscouragebeaversfrombitingthem.Italsoprotectspeoplefrominjuryduetorandomtreesfalling.“Wecoverthetreeswedon’twantthemtoeat,whileplantingperiodicallyotherstheylike,”saidJones.“WeneedtolearntogiveupalittleofourwantstosharetheEarth’sresources.”Passage1Passage2Passage3SwallowPond’s2023projectwouldrestoreproperwaterdepthandimprovewildlifehabitatwithoutcreatingproblemsforthepath.Thebalancingactcontinues.[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了海貍的活動對其棲息地產(chǎn)生的正向和負(fù)向的兩種影響,以及人們?yōu)槿伺c海貍和諧共存所做的努力。Passage1Passage2Passage39.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Wherebeavers’favoritesurroundingsare.B.Whateffectsbeavershaveontheirhabitat.C.Whybeaversarecallednature’sengineers.D.Howbeavershelpattractwildlifediversity.√Passage1Passage2Passage3解析

主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Beavers,like

humans,change

their

surroundings

to

fit

their

needs.Known

as

nature’s

engineers,they

tear

trees

down

to

build

homes

to

live

in

and

dam

to

raise

water

levels

for

protection

from

enemies.Dams

also

slow

water’s

flow

while

blocking

sediment

that

would

otherwise

flow

downstream.The

resulting

wetlands

often

attract

wildlife

diversity

where

none

had

existed.”可知,第一段主要講海貍對它們的棲息地有什么影響。Passage1Passage2Passage310.Whydidthebeaverfamily’sactivitycauseconcern?A.SwallowPondwouldfloodoften.B.Sedimentwouldflowdownstream.C.Thepopularpathmightbedamaged.D.Beaversmighthavetoliveunderwater.√解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“But

county

officials

were

concerned

about

how

higher

water

would

affect

the

soil

bank

supporting

Winston

Path.”可知,海貍家族的活動之所以會引起關(guān)注是因?yàn)闇厮诡D小徑的土岸坡可能會受影響。Passage1Passage2Passage311.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“beaverbaffle”inparagraph4referto?A.Ablocktokeepbeaversaway.B.Atooltofixholesinthedams.C.Adevicetomaintainwaterlevel.D.Amaterialtoprotectthesoilbank.√解析

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Baffles

stabilize

water

levels

by

creating

a

hidden

exit

for

high

water

to

escape

through

the

dam,unnoticed

by

the

beavers.”可推知,畫線短語“beaver

baf