UNIT3ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONToanalyzethedifferenceinusesandmeaningsofdirectspeechandindirectspeech.Topracticetransformingdirectspeechandindirectspeech.Lookatthesentencesinbothcolumnsanddiscussthedifferencesbetweeneachpair.Summarizetherulesforchangingdirectspeechintoindirectspeech.Theexpertsaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.Theexpertsaid,“Fromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.”DirectSpeechIndirectSpeechThereporterasked,“Willpolarbearsdieoutbecauseofclimatechange?”Thereporteraskedwhetherpolarbearswoulddieoutbecauseofclimatechange.DirectSpeechIndirectSpeechThereporterasked,“Howcanwesavepolarbearsfromextinction?”Thereporteraskedhowwecouldsavepolarbearsfromextinction.DirectSpeechIndirectSpeech“Let’sworktogethertostopclimatechange,”theexpertsaid.Theexpertadvisedustoworktogethertostopclimatechange.DirectSpeechIndirectSpeechReadmoresentencesandanswerthequestions.1.I’mstillworkingbecausethereisalottodo.

Hesaidthathewasstillworkingbecausetherewasalottodo.2.Eleventhousandpeoplelivehereandsixthousandleftlastweek.

Hesaidthateleventhousandpeoplelivedthereandsixthousandhadlefttheweekbefore.3.Doesthismeanthatthedangerisover?

Heaskedifthismeantthatthedangerwasover.4.Theycan’tgobacktotheirhouses.

Hesaidthattheycouldn’tgobacktotheirhouses.5.Whenwillpeoplebeabletoreturnhome?

Thereporteraskedwhenpeoplewouldbeabletoreturnhome.1.Whatarethetensechangesinindirectspeech?

Presentsimplebecomespasttense;

Presentcontinuousbecomespastcontinuous;

Pastsimpleremainspastsimpleorbecomespastperfect;

Presentperfectbecomespastperfect.2.Whichotherwordschange?

Timephrases.3.Whatwordisaddedwhenayes/noquestionisreported?

If.直接引語和間接引語引述某人的話可采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語，即原封不動地引用原話，將其放在引號內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語，即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。陳述句→由that引導的賓語從句，引述動詞通常用ask,tell等；如果直接引語講的是客觀事實或真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。egTheteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”→Theteachertoldusthatlighttravels

fasterthansound.一般疑問句→由連詞whether或if引導的賓語從句，其主句謂語動詞常用ask,wonder,wanttoknow等。egMotheraskedme,“Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?”→Motheraskedmewhether/if

Ihadfinishedmyhomework.選擇疑問句→由whether...or引導的賓語從句。eg“AreyougoingtoBeijingorShanghaifortheholidays?”sheasked.→SheaskedmewhetherIwas

goingtoBeijingorShanghaifortheholidays.反意疑問句→由連詞whether或if引導的賓語從句。eg“Youdon’tlikerockmusic,doyou?”hesaid.→Heaskedmewhether/if

Ilikedrockmusic.特殊疑問句→由連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句。eg“Howmanysleepingpillshaveyoutaken?”askedthenurse.→ThenurseaskedmehowmanysleepingpillsIhad

taken.表示請求、勸告、建議等意義的疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語：suggest+doing或ask/advise+賓語+動詞不定式。eg“Whataboutstartingearlytomorrowmorning?”Jacksaid.→Jacksuggestedstartingearlytomorrowmorning.“Whydon’tyoutaketherestofthedayoff?”askedmyassistant.→Myassistantadvisedmetotaketherestofthedayoff.祈使句→動詞+賓語+不定式。常見引述動詞有tell,order,ask,warn。如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式前加not。egHesaidtoAnn,“Tellmeyourproblem.”→HetoldAnntotellhimherproblem.“Becarefulwiththedog,boys,”shesaid.→Shewarnedtheboystobecarefulwiththedog.“Don’tworkinbed,Tom,”shesaid.→ShetoldTomnottoworkinbed.【注意】1.時態(tài)變化如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，從句的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要做相應的變化。直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時

一般將來時過去將來時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時

現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般過去時過去完成時2.人稱變化一隨主、二隨賓、第三人稱不更新。一隨主：直接引語中第一人稱變?yōu)榕c主句的主語相一致的人稱。二隨賓：直接引語中第二人稱變?yōu)楹烷g接賓語（即聽話人）相一致的人稱。第三人稱不更新：直接引語中第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接賓語時，人稱不變。3.指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和動詞的變化。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和某些動詞通常要相應變化。this--that；these--those；now--then；tonight--thatnight；tomorrow--thenext/followingday；yesterday--thedaybefore；here--there；come--go。變化項目直接引語間接引語指示代詞thisthese時間狀語nowtoday,tonightthisweek/month…thatthosethenthatday,thatnightthatweek/month…指示代詞/時間狀語/地點狀語等的變化yesterdaytendays/weeks…agotomorrow/nextyear..

地點狀語here方向性動詞comebringthedaybeforetendays…beforethenextday/year…theregotake注意：以上變化要根據(jù)實際情況而定，決不能機械照搬。如果就在當天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday,tomorrow等時間狀語不必改變；如果就在當?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必變?yōu)閠here。4.語序變化直接引語如果是疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要把疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。Doasurveyonwhatyourgroupmembersaredoingtohelptheenvironmentandwhatelsetheycando.Thenreporttotheclass.MichelleIalwaysusemyclothbagwhenIgoshoppingratherthanuseplasticbags.JackIoftenwalkorrideabikeinsteadoftakingataxi.SallyDon’tprintoutdocumentsunlessreallynecessary.JoeWoulditbebesttosharebookswithothers?Iaskedmygroupmemberswhattheydidtolimittheamountofcarbondioxideproducedintheirdailylives.Jacktoldmethatheoftenwalkedorrodeabikeinsteadoftakingataxi.Joeadvisedustosharebookswithothers.Sallyaskedus…直接引語變間接引語需注意：1.時態(tài)變化2.人稱變化3.指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和動詞的變化4.語序變化根據(jù)示例，用括號內(nèi)的詞轉(zhuǎn)述下面句子。Example:AnnatoJanet:Don’tforgettosigntheform.(remind)AnnaremindedJanettosigntheform.1.Jack:I’lldomyhomeworkafterclass.(say)Jacksaid(that)hewoulddohishomeworkafterclass.2.John:Tom,wereyouplayingfootballatthistimeyesterday?(ask)3.Kate:Whatisyourfavoritebook,Joe?(ask)JohnaskedTomif/whetherhewasplayingfootballatthattimethedaybefore.KateaskedJoewhathisfavoritebookwas.4.Sally:Let’sgotoseethefilm.(suggest)5.Peter:Cometomyhouseat8:30tomorrow,Neil.(tell)6.Theteacher:Lighttravelsfasterthansound.(say)Sallysuggestedgoingtoseethefilm./Sallysuggestedthatthey(should)gotoseethefilm.Petertold