新課6Unit3Gettingalongwithothers（語法寫作預(yù)習(xí)）1.語法：由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句2.Writing：介紹類文章語法精講：由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句在復(fù)合句中作定語，修飾主句或主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。限制性定語從句表現(xiàn)為在意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，若省略，主句的內(nèi)容就不完整或失去意義；它和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號分開。先行詞是被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞。關(guān)系詞指代先行詞，在從句中作一定的句子成分。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有which，that，who，whom，whose，as等。[觀察例句]1．Doyouknowthemanthat/whoiswaitingoutside.2．Heshowedmethephotos(that/which)hetookonhistriptoXi'an.3．Simonisthepoormanwhosecarhasbeenstolen.4．Iliketheway(that/inwhich)shesmiles.5．Thetreesthat/whicharebehindtheofficebuildinghavelosttheirleaves.6．ThenanotherbigquakewhichwasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshan.7．Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.8．Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.[歸納用法]一、定語從句的先行詞先行詞是定語從句修飾和限定的成分，從構(gòu)成上而言，它可以是名詞、代詞、名詞性短語等；從句子成分上而言，它可以是主句的主語、賓語、表語等。下面，我們從兩個實例來看一下定語從句及其相關(guān)成分的分布：找出下列定語從句中的先行詞①Isthisthebookwhichyourfatherboughtforyou？ ②Whoisthemanthatisspeakingtoyourmother？ ③Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown. ④Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields. 二．判斷定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的方法：如果名詞或代詞后有一個句子，并且該名詞或代詞在句子中充當(dāng)成分，則該句子就是定語從句。主要按照以下三步來判斷：1.找準(zhǔn)先行詞（定語從句前的名詞或代詞）。2.把先行詞還原到定語從句中，看充當(dāng)什么成分。3.根據(jù)先行詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠约熬湟鈦磉x用適當(dāng)?shù)囊龑?dǎo)詞。三．關(guān)系代詞的基本用法關(guān)系代詞指代在從句中的成分that人/物主語/賓語/表語which物主語/賓語/表語who人主語/賓語/表語whom人賓語whose人/物定語四．易混的關(guān)系代詞辨析：（一）that和which1.用that，不用which的情況①當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞：everything,anything,nothing,all,any,much,many,some,few,little,none等或當(dāng)先行詞被no,some,any,all,much,little等詞修飾時，只能用that。Togetthejobstarted,allthatIneedisyourpermission.要開始工作，我所需要的是你的許可。

IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有什么要我做的事嗎?

Heansweredfewquestionsthatwereaskedbythereporters.他幾乎沒有回答記者提問的問題。②當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame等詞修飾時。That’stheonlythingthatwecandonowThisistheverypenthatIamlookingfor.這正是我找的鋼筆。③當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。Thiswasoneofthemostinterestingbooksthatweresoldinthisbookstore.這是這家書店售出的最有趣的書之一。

Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetsomefood.該做的第一件事是弄點吃的。④當(dāng)先行詞中同時包括人和物時。I’mgoingtotalkaboutthecountriesandpeoplethatIhavevisited.我要談?wù)撘幌挛以L問的國家和人民。⑤當(dāng)要避免與疑問詞which重復(fù)時。

WhichistheTshirtthatfitsmemost?那件體恤衫最適合我？2.用which，不用that的情況①在非限制性定語從句中Football,whichisaninterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.全世界都踢足球，它是有趣的運動。②介詞提前時，不用that，而用which，介詞不提前時，用that和which都可。Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.=Thisistheroom(that/which)myfatherlivedinlastyear.這是我父親去年居住過的房子。（二）thesame…as…和thesame…that…①thesame…as…表示“類似的一個，而不是同一個”（相似性）②thesame…that…表示“同一個”（同一性）Ihaveboughtthesamewatchasyouhave.我買了一塊和你的一樣的手表。（相似的，非同一個）ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.這就是我丟的那塊手表。（同一個）五．關(guān)系代詞易錯點：1.關(guān)系代詞的省略關(guān)系代詞做賓語時，在限制性定語從句中可省略，在非限制性定語從句中不省略。Hangzhouisabeautifulcity(that/which)Ialwayswanttovisit.（在限制性定語從句中作visit的賓語，可以省略）杭州是我總想?yún)⒂^的一個美麗城市。Hangzhou,whichIvisitedlastweek,isabeautifulcity.（在非限制性定語從句中作visited的賓語，不可省略）杭州是一個美麗的城市，我上周去參觀過。2.從句中代詞的重復(fù)多余定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞指代先行詞,從句中不能再出現(xiàn)指代該先行詞的代詞。ThebookthatIreadityesterdayisveryinteresting.（×）ThebookthatIreadyesterdayisveryinteresting.（√）我昨天讀的那本書很有趣。3.what不引導(dǎo)定語從句定語從句中有關(guān)系代詞that和which而沒有what，what可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。Allthatweneedisasupplyofoil.(that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞all)Whatweneedisasupplyofoil.(what引導(dǎo)主語從句)我們需要的是石油供應(yīng)。4.that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句（用逗號隔開）在非限制性定語從句，不能用關(guān)系代詞that。如果指代“人”，用who/whom，指代“物”，用which。Thebasketballstar,whotriedtomakeaeback,attractedlotsofattention.這位打算復(fù)出的籃球明星引起了很多關(guān)注。Hehasbeeadoctor,whichhewantedtobe.他成為了一名醫(yī)生，這是他以前一直夢想的。5.whose+n.=the+n+ofwhich=ofwhich+the+n.名詞之前必須有the。Iliveintheroomwhosewindow/thewindowofwhich/ofwhichthewindowfacessouth.我住在窗子朝南開的房間里。6.定語從句中的主謂一致:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做主語時,從句謂語通常與先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。注意：當(dāng)先行詞為“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”

時定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；當(dāng)先行詞為“the(only/very)oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”

時定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Heisagoodstudentwholikestohelpothers.他是一個樂于助人的好學(xué)生。Theyaregoodstudentswholiketohelpothers.他們是樂于助人的好學(xué)生。Heisoneofthestudentswhowerepraised.他是一個受到表揚的學(xué)生之一。Heistheone/theonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraised.他是唯一一個受到表揚的學(xué)生。7.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(介詞提前).指人只用whom,指物只用whichThisistheboywithwhomhetalked.Thisistheringonwhichshespent1000dollars.六.宜用who不宜用that的情況Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.SheoftentellsmethatIcanbeanyonewhoIwanttobe,aslongasI’mconfidentofsuccess.用法歸納當(dāng)先行詞是指人的代詞anyone

、those、one、ones或he

、they等時,關(guān)系代詞宜用who。七、定語從句的時態(tài)TheprofessorwhoislecturingnowisfromCanada.TheprofessorwholecturedyesterdayisfromCanada.TheprofessorwhowilllecturetomorrowisfromCanada.用法歸納定語從句的時態(tài)一般不受主句的時態(tài)的影響,主要根據(jù)從句謂語動詞表示的動作的發(fā)生時間、具體的語境和意義而定。八、定語從句的主謂一致Sheisoneofthestudentswhowanttogoabroad.Sheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowantstogoabroad.Ontheedgeofthejacket,thereisapieceofcloththatgivesofflightinthedark.用法歸納1.因為關(guān)系詞指代的是先行詞,當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)該和先行詞保持一致。2.當(dāng)從句前為“oneofthe+n.\[pl.\]”且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時,定語從句修飾的是這個復(fù)數(shù)名詞,因此定語從句中的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.當(dāng)定語從句前為“theonlyoneofthe+n.\[pl.\]”且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時,定語從句修飾的是“theonlyone”,因此定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。一.單句語法填空1.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.2.Davidhadabraindiseasepreventedhimfromwalkingorrunninglikeotherchildren.3.Thisspecialbuildingisaplaceintheatreismade.4.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64didnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.5.Youmaybethefriendwholeftortheonewasleftbehind.6.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingheowns.7.ThisisthemostseriousandworstsituationIhaveeverexperiencedasafanoftheNBA.8.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersonsherememberedintheschool.9.Heisthemanhasofferedsomeusefuladvice.10.Itisthemostexpensivehotelhehaseverstayedin.11.Heistheboyofweareproudinourschool.12.Thebuildingdoorsarewhiteisanofficebuilding.13.Anyonehashelpedtosavetheoldmanisworthpraising.14.Sheistheonlyoneofthechildrenwho(be)goodatmusichere.15.ThefirstplaceshevisitedinChinawastheHistoryMuseum.16.Wedon'tknowthenumberofpeoplelosttheirhomesintheflood.17.Thosewanttogotothepartymustbeattheschoolgateby5p．m.18.Thefilmyouarelookingforwardtoseeingwillbeonnextweek.二.完成句子1.你使用筷子的方式是重要的,以避免使你的同伴生氣。Theway

/Thewayyouhandlechopsticksisimportanttoavoidannoyingyourpanions.2.在中國古代有一位畫家,他的畫栩栩如生。InancientChinalivedanartistalmostlifelike.3.他是唯一在昨天的會議上受到表揚的學(xué)生。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentsatyesterday’smeeting.一.單句語法填空1.Allmyclassmatesenjoyedthecake___________Imade.2.Shehasabrother_____________nameIcan'tremember.3.Itisbelievedbymanypeoplethattheman__________makesnomistakesdoesnotusuallymakeanything.4.MysisterTinalikesreadingnovels__________werewrittenbyCharlesDickens.5.ItisanAustralianpany_____________logolookslikearedkangaroo.6.Thebook_____________Iborrowedfromthelibraryyesterdayisveryinteresting.7.Thisisthebestfilm_____________wehaveevermadeaboutfriendship.8.Ireallyadmirepeople______________canworkinsuchdifficultconditions.9.Theman_____________wemetinthestreetjustnowusedtobemyEnglishteacher.10.Iadmiretheway___________hesolvestheproblem.二.短文語法填空I'dskippednearbyGuilin，1.isadreamplacefortourists2.(seek)thelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver3.arepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.Instead，I'dheadedstraightforYangshuo.Forthose4.flytoGuilin，it'sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.Yangshuoisreallybeautiful.Astudyoftravellers5.wasconductedbythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinations6.arefamousintheworld.Andthetownisfastbeingapopularweekenddestinationforpeopleandtheirfamilies7.areinAsia.Abercrombie&Kent，8.isatravelpanyinHongKong，saysit9.(regular)arrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople10.liveinShanghaiandHongKong.寫作精講介紹類文章本單元的寫作任務(wù)是描述一下好的朋友應(yīng)具備的品質(zhì)。寫此類文章時，我們可以分三個部分來寫作。寫作要求是說明真正的朋友應(yīng)具備的品質(zhì)，寫作時應(yīng)注意下面幾點：1．文章應(yīng)以一般現(xiàn)在時為主。2．由于是就對方的問題表達(dá)自己的看法，所以人稱應(yīng)該以第二人稱和第三人稱為主。[基本框架]1．開頭——先總體介紹一個好的朋友應(yīng)該是怎樣的；2．主體——然后再分別介紹一個好的朋友必須具備的幾種品質(zhì)；3．結(jié)尾——最后進(jìn)行總結(jié)。[常用詞塊]1．a(chǎn)boywithgreatability一個能干的男孩2．a(chǎn)promisingwriter一位有前途的作家3．sparenoefforttodosth.不遺余力地去做某事4．haveawiderangeofinterests興趣廣泛5．getonwellwith與……相處融洽6．a(chǎn)considerateperson體貼別人的人7．bewillingtohelpothers樂于助人8．beexpertin/at善于……9．beingoodhealth/shape/condition身體健康10．gainscholarship獲得獎學(xué)金11．gain/winthefirstprize/place獲得一等獎/第一名12．beawardedwiththetitleof獲得……的稱號/頭銜13．makegreatcontributionsto對……作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)14．setagoodexampletosb.為某人樹立好榜樣15．toone'scredit值得贊揚的是16．careaboutsb.關(guān)心某人17．showrespectforsb.尊重某人18．berude/kindtosb.對某人無禮/和藹可親[常用語句]※精彩開頭1．Astheoldsayinggoes，“Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.”常言道：“患難見真情。”2．AsfarasI'mconcerned，tobuildagoodrelationship，weshouldtrusteachotherfirst.就我個人而言，要建立良好的關(guān)系，我們首先應(yīng)該彼此信任。3．Inmyopinion，agoodfriendshouldbe...在我看來，一個好朋友應(yīng)該是……4．Frommypointofview，agoodfriendislikelyto...從我的觀點來看，一個好朋友很可能……※正文佳句1．SheisLiHua，an18-year-oldgirlstudentinClassOne，GradeThree.Sheisopen-minded，easy-goingandenthusiastic.她叫李華，18歲，是三年級一班的一位女學(xué)生。她心胸開闊，性格隨和，熱情好客。2．Lastbutnotleast，heiswarm-heartedandwillingtohelpothersinneed.最后但同等重要的是，他是熱心的，愿意幫助有需要的人。3．Hisgreatpersonalityhasgainedtheirrespect.他偉大的品質(zhì)贏得了他們的尊重。4．Shemakesapromisethatshewillbehaveherselfandsetagoodexampletoschoolmates.她承諾，她會表現(xiàn)好的，并為同學(xué)們樹立好榜樣。5．Mymother，ahousewifeof45yearsold，ismyfavoriteperson.Sheisalwaysdressedveryneatlywithasmileofcontentmentonherface.我最喜愛的人是我的媽媽，一個45歲的家庭主婦。她總是穿著整齊，臉上帶著滿足的微笑。6．Asformypersonality，IthinkI'mveryhonestandhaveastrongsenseofresponsibility.性格方面，我覺得自己是一個坦誠和富有責(zé)任心的人。7．Sheistallandslimwithbigbrighteyesandblackhair.她個子高挑，身材苗條，有一雙大而明亮的眼睛和一頭黑發(fā)。8．Beinghonestisthefirstfactorthatagoodfriend...誠實是一個好朋友的首要因素……9．Secondly，beinggenerousis...第二，慷慨是……10．Lastly，beinghelpfulisasimportantas...最后，幫助別人和……一樣重要。※余味結(jié)尾1．Generallyspeaking，agoodfriendshouldhave...通常來說，好朋友應(yīng)該具有……。2．Inaword，agoodfriendshould...總之，好朋友應(yīng)該……。假如你是李華，你的同學(xué)Lucy發(fā)現(xiàn)被好朋友欺騙了，很是苦惱，不知道還該不該繼續(xù)她們的友誼。于是她向你詢問“什么是真正的朋友？”請你根據(jù)下面的提示給她寫一封電子郵件。1．真正朋友的特點是：……2．學(xué)著去了解別人，找到真正的好朋友；3．表達(dá)祝愿。注意：1．詞數(shù)80左右；2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；3．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。DearJohn，I'msorrytohearthatyourbestfriendhastrickedyou.Yours，LiHua【學(xué)生習(xí)作】DearLucy，I'msorrytohearthatyourbestfriendhastrickedyou.I'dliketoofferyousomeadvice.Beforeyoumakeadecision，you'dbetterthinkthewholethingthrough.Yourfriendreallytrickedyouonpurpose.It'stimeforyoutoletgoofyourfriendship.Firstofall，agoodfriendisapersonyoucantrust.Secondly，whenyouwillgetintotrouble，yourfriendwilltrytohelpyouout.Thatis，agoodfriendshouldbehelpful.Thirdly，agoodfriendshouldbeunderstanding.Wheneveryoufeelsadorlone，he/sheiswillingtosparesometimetokeepyoupany.Ihopethatyouwillfindatrulygoodfriendandhe/shewillalsovalueyouverymuch.Yours，LiHua點評：1.左欄的文章中運用了含狀語從句、賓語從句、定語從句等的復(fù)合句。2.offer，thinkthrough，trick，onpurpose，letgoof，getintotrouble，help...out，helpful，understanding，bewillingtodo，sparesometimetodosth，keepsbpany，truly，value等的應(yīng)用也恰到好處。3.文中含有時態(tài)錯誤(如whenyouwillgetintotrouble)和詞語誤用(lone應(yīng)為lonely)。4.分段不合理，如將第二、三段合并為一段，全文采用三段式就好了?！旧褡魑摹緿earLucy，I'msorrytohearthatyourbestfriendhastrickedyou.I'dliketoofferyousomeadvice.Yours，LiHua一假定你是李華，希望通過外籍老師John找一位英語筆友。請寫一封信，描述一下你理想中筆友的條件，并說明為什么選這樣的筆友。具體條件包括：1．年齡；2．性別；3．愛好(旅游、運動、養(yǎng)寵物等)。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2．開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計入總詞數(shù)；3．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。DearJohn，I'mwritingtoaskwhetheryouareabletodomeafavour.Yourssincerely，LiHua二你校正在組織英語作文比賽。請以身邊值得尊敬和愛戴的人為題,寫一篇短文參賽,內(nèi)容包括:1.人物簡介;2.尊敬和愛戴的原因。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.短文題目和首句已為你寫好。ThepersonIrespectTherearemanyrespectablepeoplearoundus.一.閱讀理解AATourAroundTasmania,AustraliaetoTasmania,Australiaforagreattouraroundthecoasts,wetlands,rainforests,nationalparksandmountainsinsearchofitsuniquewildlifeandbeautifulscenery.Expecttoseedifferenttypesofwildlifefromlittlepenguinstoalargenumberofbirds.Withjust10placesavailable(可獲得的),allguestswillhaveadeeplypersonalexperience,inafriendlyatmospheredesignedtohavelittleeffectontheplacesvisited.TourDetails:◎Lastingupto12days◎Travelingonfootorbyboat◎Asmallgrouptourwithjust10guests◎LedthroughoutbybiologistNickMooney◎Seeingsomeunusualandendangeredwildlife◎Stayingin4?starhotels,wood?builtrainforesthousesandfarms◎VisitingMountFieldNationalPark,CradleMountain,MariaIslandandBrunyIslandThetourisperfectforthosenature?lovers,asitactsasafantasticintroductiontoTasmania'samazingplantsandanimalsandhowitisbeingprotectedwhileallowingthosewithadeepunderstandingofwildlifeprotectiontoobserveagreatmanyspeciesonland,intheskyandatsea.Emailusattobooknowandwewillprovideyouwithmoreinformation.1.Whatdoyouknowaboutthetour?A.Itisaguidedtourbyabiologist. B.Itlaststendays.C.Itoffershotelsforfree. D.Itoffersabus.2.Whatshouldpeopledoonthetour?A.Protectnature. B.Feedwildlife.C.Stayawayfromforests. D.Visittwelveattractions.3.Howshouldthetourbebooked?A.Byphone. B.Byemail.C.Byletter. D.Bygoingtoatravelpany.BThehiketoChoquequirao,thelostIncacity,isoneofthemostdifficultthingsinPeru.FromthetownofCachora(161kmwestofCusco),it'san18?kilometerwalktotheCapuliyocMountain,thendowntoPlayaRosalina,wheretravellerscampforthenight.Wakingearly,travellersthenhavetocrosstheApurímacRiverandwalkuphilltocampclosetotheruins(殘垣斷壁).Then,thenextmorning,it'sanother2?kilometerwalkuptotheruins,3.1kmabovesealevel.Togetback?Well,it'sthesamewaythatyoutakewhenyoue.“I'vehadpeopleintheir60sand70sdoit,”saidaguide.“Butsomepeopleerightoutandsaythatbecauseit'sonly28km,theycandoitinaday.Sixorsevendaysforthehikeisbest.”Itmakessense,then,thatChoquequiraodrawsonlyabout30peopleadayduringthehighseason,paredtothe2,500peoplewhoarriveatthefamousIncacity,MachuPicchueachday.Butforthosewhomakethejourney,therewardsaregreat:beautifulmountainviews,andthechancetoexplorethewonderfulruins.BelievedtobecreatedaroundthesametimeasMachuPicchu,Choquequiraoisactuallylargerthanbetter?knownMachuPicchu.ButverylittlehasbeenwrittenaboutPeru'sotherlostcitiesandresearchersarestillunearthingnewpartsoftheruins.Butofficialssaythatthebuildingofthefirstcablecar(纜車)toChoquequiraowillshortentheseveral?daywalktoa15?minutecablecarride.Asaresult,thenumberoftravellerscouldreach3,000perday.Choquequiraoisbeauti