1.7 脊柱的靜力學問題1、脊柱的特點 頸椎 1~7 cervicalvertebrae

胸椎 1~12 thoracicvertebrae

脊椎 腰椎 1~5 lumbarvertebrae

骶骨 sacral

尾骨 coccygeal

作用：保護脊髓，支撐頭、頸和上部軀干 由多個從合關節(jié)(amphiarthrodialjionts)構成，整體來看具有杵臼關節(jié)的特點第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析2、寰枕關節(jié)與寰樞關節(jié)

寰枕關節(jié)atlantooccipitaljoint

寰椎

cervicalvertebraei.e.atlas

枕骨髁（兩個）condyloidoccipital

允許前、后與側向的擺動

i.e.insagittalfrontalplanes

寰樞關節(jié)atlantoaxial

寰椎

樞椎齒突

odontoidprocess

柱狀關節(jié)，允許水平面上的轉動transversalplane

第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析相關骨骼肌頭部肌群頭頸肌群豎脊肌群腰肌腹部肌群第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析3.相關的骨骼肌頭部肌肉起點止點功能頭夾肌Spleniuscapitus下部頸椎和上部胸椎Spinesofupperthoracicvertebrae乳突后側和上項線Backofmastoidprocessandsuperiornuchalline使頭部伸、旋轉和側彎胸鎖乳突肌Sternoclei-domastoid胸骨柄前，鎖骨上側端twoheadsfrommanubriumanduppersurfaceofclavicle乳突和上項線外側1/3outersurfaceofmastoidprocessandlateral1/3ofsuperiornuchalline旋轉、側彎頭頸，提胸骨及肋骨第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析支配頭部運動的其他肌群4.舌骨上肌群和舌骨下肌群功能：提升及沉降舌骨

suprahyoidmusclesandinfrahyoidmuscles5.肩胛提肌Levatorscapulae(aswehaveknown)第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析6.腹部肌群腹外斜肌ExternalobliqueOutersurfaceoflower8ribs髂脊和白線PassesdownandmediallytoiliaccrestandlineaalbaFlexandlaterallyflexlumbarvertebrae(彎腰和側彎腰)；compressabdomentoexpelcontents;(壓縮腹部協助排便)obliquesaremainrotatorsoflumbarspine（腰椎）腹內斜肌Internaloblique胸腰筋膜、髂脊Thoracolumbarfascia,iliaccrestPassesupandmediallytolower3ribsandlineaalba腹橫肌Transversusabdominis下6條肋內面、胸腰筋膜、髂脊、腹股溝韌帶外側Deeponcostal(肋)cartilages,illiaccrestandinguinal

（腹股溝）ligament腹直肌外側緣變?yōu)殡炷ぶ褂诎拙€Aponeurosis(腱膜)ofinternalintercostal第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析腹直肌Rectusabdominus恥骨結合線，恥骨脊Pubicsymphysisandpubiccrest劍突和第5～7肋軟骨SternumandlowercostalcartilagesFlexlumbarspine,compressabdomen第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析7.豎脊肌erectorspinaemuscles一組肌群包括： 棘肌 spinalis

胸最長肌 longissimusthoracis

頭最長肌 longissimuscapitus

髂肋肌 iliocostalis起點：骶骨背面，髂脊后部止點：椎骨，肋骨，枕骨伸展，旋轉以及側彎脊柱該肌群的具體起止點位置請參照手冊第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析頭半棘肌SemispinaliscapitusC3-7及T1-6橫突Transverseprocessesoflower4cervicalandupper6thoracicvertebrae枕骨上下項線間，斜方肌深面BetweensuperiorandinferiornuchallinesonskullExtend,rotate,andlaterallyflexvertebralcolumn頸半棘肌SemispinaliscervicisArticularprocesses(關節(jié)突)oflowercervicalvertebraeandtransverseprocessesofupperT.vertebraeSpans(橫跨)3to6vertebraeandinsertsofspinesofcervicalvertebrae8.頭頸肌第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析腰方肌Quadratuslumborum髂脊和底部腰椎的橫突Iliaccrestandtransverseprocessesoflowerlumbarvertebrae第12肋骨和上部腰椎的橫突TransverseprocessesofupperlumbarvertebraeandlastribsFlexeslumbarvertebraelaterally另有髂腰肌（由腰大肌和髂肌合成），若下肢固定有屈軀干的作用。下一節(jié)講第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析例題：一個正在看伏案疾書的人寰枕關節(jié)受力如何？

第二講肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)受力分析例題：一個舉重運動員舉重時第五腰