演講人：日期：醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)糖尿病介紹目錄OverviewofdiamondsClinicalpresentationsanddiagnosisofdiamondsDiabetescomplexesandpreventionstrategiesDrugtherapyandinsulintherapyselectionExplorationofNonpharmacologicalTreatmentMethodsAnalysisofMedicalEnglishTerminology01OverviewofdiamondsDefinitionDiabetesisachronicmetabolicdiseasecharacterizedbyelevatedbloodglucoselevelsduetodefectsininsulinsecretion,insulinaction,orbothClassificationDiabetesisbroadlyclassifiedintotype1diabetes(T1D)andtype2diabetes(T2D)T1Dresultsfromtheautoimmuneconstructionofinsulinproducingbetacellsinthepancreas,whileT2DischaracterizedbyinsulinresistanceandrelatedinsulindeficiencyDefinitionandclassificationGeneticfactorsBothT1DandT2DhavestronggeneticcomponentsCertaingenesincreasetheriskofdevelopingdiabetes,althoughtheexactmechanismsarenotfullyunderstoodAutomaticconstructionInT1D,thebody'simmunesystemmistakenlyattachesanddestroystheinsulinproducingbetacellsinthepancreasInsulinresistanceInT2D,thebody'scellsbecomeresistanttotheeffectsofinsulin,leadingtoelevatedbloodglucoselevelsEnvironmentalfactorsObesity,sedentarylifestyle,unhealthydiet,andstressaresomeoftheenvironmentalfactorsthatcontributetothedevelopmentofdiamondsCausesandriskfactorsofonsetGlobalandDomesticEpitopicStatusDiabeteshasbecomeaglobalhealthcrisis,affectingadultsofmillionsofpeopleworldwideThevalidityofdiamondsisincreasingrapidly,specificallyindevelopingcountriesGlobalepisodicstatusThepresenceofdiamondsvariessignificantlybyregionandpopulationwithinacountryHowever,ingeneral,thedomesticempiricalstatusofdiamondsisalsoontheriseduetofactorssuchasurbanization,agingpopulation,andchanginglifestylesDomesticempiricalstatus02ClinicalpresentationsanddiagnosisofdiamondsBlurredvisionCausedbyhighbloodsugarlevelsaffectingtheeyesFatigueAgeneralsenseoftirednessandlakeofenergyPolyphagiaIncreasedhunger,oftenabsorbedbyweightlossdespiteincreasedfoodintakePolyuriaIncreasedurination,especiallyatnightPolypsiaIncreasedthird,leadingtoexceptionalfluidintakeTypicalsymbolsandsignsLaboratoryinspectionitemsFastingbloodglucosetestMeasuresbloodsugarlevelsafteranovernightfastPostradialbloodglucosetestMeasuresbloodsugarlevelsafteramealGlycosylatedhemoglobin(HbA1c)testReflectionsaveragebloodsugarlevelsoverthepasttwotothreemonthsUrineglucosetestDetectsthepresenceofglucoseintheurineDiagnosticcriteriaTypical,diamondsarediagnosedbasedonfastbloodglucoselevels>=126mg/dL(7.0mmol/L)orposttraumaticbloodglucoselevels>=200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L)ontwoseparatecasesHbA1clevels>=6.5%arealsodiagnosticofdiamonds0102DifferentialdiagnosisItisimportanttodifferentiatediamondsfromotherconditionsthatmaycausesimilarsymptoms,suchasthyroiddisorders,adultlanddisorders,andchronickidneydiseasesAdditionally,type1diabetesmustbedistinguishedfromtype2diabetesbasedonclinicalfeaturesandlaboratorytestsDiagnosticcriteriaanddifferentialdiagnosis03DiabetescomplexesandpreventionstrategiesDiabeticKetoacidosis(DKA):AlifethreadingconditionresultfrominsufficientinsulinandhighbloodsugarlevelsSymptomsincludenausea,invoicing,dominantpaint,rapidbreaking,andfusionImmediatemedicaltreatmentwithIVfluids,electrolytes,andinsuliniscriticalHypogenemia:Lowbloodsugarlevelscanleadtofusion,bathing,smoking,andevenseatingorlossofconsciousnessImmediatetreatmentincludesconsultingfastactingcarbohydratesandadjustingdiabetesdiagnosisdosagesHyperglycemicHyperosmolarSyndrome(HHS):Characterizedbymultiplehyperglycemia,dehydration,andalteredmentalstatusImmediatemedicalattentionisrequired,includingIVfluidsandinsulintherapyExecuteapplicationsandmanagementmeasuresCardiovasculardiseaseDiabetesincreasestheriskofheartdiseaseandstrokeManagingbloodsugarlevels,bloodpressure,andcholesterolcanhelpreducethisriskNephropathy(kidneydisease)DiabetickidneydiseasecanleadtokidneyfailureRegularmonitoringofkidneyfunctionandcontrollingbloodsugarlevelsareessentialforpreventionRetinopathy(eyedisease)Diabetescandamagethebloodvesselsintheretina,leadingtovisionlossAnnualeyeexamsandtightbloodsugarcontrolcanhelppreventordelaytheprogressionofretinopathyChronicapplicationsandproactivemeasuresNeuropathy(nervedamage)Diabetescancausenervedamage,leadingtopain,numbness,orweaknessintheextremesGoodbloodsugarcontrolcanhelppreventneurologicalorslowitsprogressionChronicapplicationsandproactivemeasuresMealplanningAbalanceddiewithcontrolledcarbohydrateintakeisessentialformanagingdiamondsPatientsshouldworkwithadiettocreateamealplanthatmeetstheirnutritionalneedsandbloodsugargoalsPhysicalactivityRegularexercisehelpsimprovebloodsugarcontrol,reducecardiovascularrisk,andpromoteoverallhealthPatientsshouldaimforatleast30minutesofmoderateintensityexercisemostdaysoftheweekPatientdailymanagementandeducationMedicalinheritanceTakingdiabetesmediaassubscribediscriticalformanagingbloodsugarlevelsandpreventingcomplicationsPatientsshouldunderstandtheimportanceofinheritanceandworkwiththeirhealthcareteamtoaddressanybarrierstotakingmedicineSelfmonitoringofbloodglucose(SMBG)Checkingbloodsugarlevelsregularlyhelpspatientsunderstandhowtheiractionsaffecttheirbloodsugarandallowfortimelyadjustmentstomedicalplans,activitylevels,ormedicineasneededSMBGisanessentialtoolforself-managementofdiamondsPatientdailymanagementandeducation04Drugtherapyandinsulintherapyselection0102BiguanidesReduceglucoseproductionbytheliverandincreaseinsulinsensitivitySulfonylureasSimulatethepancreastoproducemoreinsulinMeglitinidesSimilartosulfonylureasbutwithafasteronsetandshorterdurationofactionThiazolidinedionesIncreaseinsulinsensitivitybytargetinginsulinresistanceAlphaglucoseinhibitorsSlowdownthebreakdownofcarbohydratesintheessence,reducingglucoseabsorption030405TypesandmechanismsoforalhypoglycemicdrugsTypes01Rapidacting,shortacting,intermediateacting,andlongactinginsulinUsagemethods02Administeredsubcutaneously,typicallyintheinterior,thicknesses,orupperarmsDosageandtimingdependonthetypeofinsulinandthepatient'sneedsPrecautions03Monitorbloodglucoselevelsregularly,adjustdosageasneededBeawareofhydroglycemia(lowbloodsugar)andhydroglycemia(highbloodsugar)symptomsTypes,usagemethods,andprecautionsofinsulinIndividualizedtreatmentplandevelopmentAssessmentofpatient'sconditionAdvisorfactorssuchasage,weight,lifestyle,andcomorbiditiesGoalsettingDeterminetargetbloodglucoselevelsandtreatmentobjectivesSelectionoftherapyChooseappropriatedrugtherapyand/orinsulintherapybasedonthepatient'sconditionandgoalsOngoingmonitoringandadjustmentRegularlyassessthepatient'sresponsetotreatmentandmakeadjustmentsasneededtomaintaintargetbloodglucoselevels05ExplorationofNonpharmacologicalTreatmentMethodsEmphasisonabalanceddie,controlcarbohydrateintake,ensureequalprocessandfatintake,andincreasetheconsumptionofdietaryfiber,vitamins,andmineralsPrinciplesRecommendpatientstochooselowglycemicindex(GI)foods,suchaswholegrains,vegetables,andfruitsEnhanceregularmealsandavoidovereatingAdviseontheimportanceofcontrollingportsizesandtheuseofhealthcookingmethodsSuggestionsDietaryadjustmentprinciplesandsuggestionsAssessmentEvaluatethepatient'sphysicalcondition,fitnesslevel,andexercisehistorytodetermineappropriateexerciseintensity,duration,andfrequencyDescriptionTailorexerciseprogramstothepatient'sneedsandabilities,includingairborneexercises,resistancetraining,andflexibilityexercisesProvideclearinstructionsonhowtoperformeachexercisesafelyandeffectivelyProgressionRegularlyassessthepatient'sprogressandadjusttheexerciseprogramasneededtoensurecontinuedimprovementandavoidovertrainingSkillsforWritingExercisePrescriptions010203StressmanagementTeachpatientscopingstrategiestomanagestressandanxiety,whichcanhaveasignificantimpactonbloodsugarlevelsMotivationandinheritanceProvidesupportandendowmenttohelppatientsstaymotivatedandinherittotheirtreatmentplan,includingbinarychangesandexerciseroutesBehavioralmodificationAssistpatientsinidentifyingandchangingunhealthybehaviorsthatmaycontributetotheirdiabetes,suchassmoking,excessalcoholconsumption,andpoorsleephabitsTheroleofpsychologicalinterventioninrehabilitation06AnalysisofMedicalEnglishTerminologyProfessionalvocalsortingandmemorymethodsLearn