原創(chuàng)題組練(三)ASomemightsaythathandwritinghasbeeadyingartsincetheappearanceofthetypewriterinthemid1880’s,evenmoresoduetoputers.Infact,manyschoolsintheUnitedStatesnolongerrequiredteachingcursive(草體)asapartofthecorecurriculums.However,despitethesensethatwritingonpaperisoutoffashion,itactuallyhasanumberofveryimportantbenefits.Writingbyhandisnotonlyimportantforlanguageprocessingandmemory,itisalsoimportantforcognitive(認(rèn)知)development.APsychologyTodaybloglaysoutthewaysinwhichlearningtowritebyhandteachesthebrain“functionalspecialization”orinotherwords,thebestefficiency.Inlearningtowritebyhand,thehumanbrainmustintegratesensation,movementcontrol,andthinking.Forwhateverreason,itdoesnotdosowhenlearningtotype.Writingbyhands’cognitivebenefitsarenumerousandtherearemanystudiesthatcanprovethat.A2021studybytheUniversityofTokyoshowsthatwritingonpapercouldhelpstudentsrecallmaterialsbetterthantypingonakeyboard.Likewise,a2014studyfromtheAssociationforPsychologicalScienceshowsthattakingnotesonalaptopasopposedtowritingthemlonghand,leadstoshallowerprocessingofthemateriallearned.Thisisbecausewhenusingalaptop,studentswilloftentypeoutlectureswordforword,asopposedtoprocessinginformationandrewordingitintheirownlanguage.Thesebenefitsactuallytranslatetohowyourecalltheinformation.Inthiscasewritingitbyhandinsteadoftypingalsohelpsstudentsdobetteronexams.AstudyledbyDr.VirginiaBerninger,aprofessoroftheUniversityofWashington,suggeststhatchildrenwrotelongerandmoreplexessayswhentheywerewritingbyhand,asopposedtousingakeyboard.“Childrenconsistentlydidbetterwritingwithapenwhentheywroteessays.Theywrotemoreandtheywrotefaster,”BerningertoldFuturity.Sothenexttimeyousitdowntowriteanemailtoalovedone,considerthepossibilitythatitmightbebetterforyourbrainifyouwroteahandwrittenletterinstead.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論手寫(xiě)的益處——用鍵盤(pán)的學(xué)習(xí)效果遠(yuǎn)不如手寫(xiě)。1.Whatdowelearnabouthandwritingfromparagraph1?A.Ithasitsuniquevalue.B.Ithasbeeanewfashion.C.ItscursiveformisrequiredintheUS.D.Itsnaturehasbeenreplacedbyputers.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“However...itactuallyhasanumberofveryimportantbenefits.”可知,盡管手寫(xiě)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí),但它的確有很多重要的益處。故選A項(xiàng)。2.Accordingtoparagraphs23,whatcanweknowaboutwritingbyhand?A.Itcanresultinlessbrainconnectivity.B.Itcanboostmemoryandunderstanding.C.Itmighthavelittletodowithrecallingmaterials.D.Itmightleadtoshallowerprocessinginformation.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Writingbyhandisnotonlyimportantforlanguageprocessingandmemory,itisalsoimportantforcognitive(認(rèn)知)development.”及第三段描述可知,手寫(xiě)不僅有助于記憶,還有助于認(rèn)知發(fā)展。下段敘述這一論點(diǎn)得到了實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。故選B項(xiàng)。3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardwriting?A.Critical. B.Uncertain.C.Tolerant. D.Supportive.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段敘述,作者建議手寫(xiě)信給親人,而不是發(fā)電子郵件。由此可推知,作者對(duì)于手寫(xiě)持支持態(tài)度。故選D項(xiàng)。4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.EfficiencyesFirstB.MoreplexEssaysareNeededC.ThePenisMightierthantheKeyboardD.ScienceisthePrimaryProductiveForce.答案C解析主旨大意題。通讀全文,隨著電腦的普及,手寫(xiě)雖然顯得過(guò)時(shí),但依然益處多多。手寫(xiě)有助于記憶和認(rèn)知發(fā)展,而且得到了諸多實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。因此,用鍵盤(pán)的學(xué)習(xí)效果遠(yuǎn)不如動(dòng)手寫(xiě)(ThePenisMightierthantheKeyboard)最能概括文章主旨。故選C項(xiàng)。BTheprintedbookisback.Recentstudieshaveshownthatstudentskeepinmindmoreinformationwhentheyreadahardcopybookparedtoreadingonadigitaldevice.Ilovethewaywenowjudgeprintedbooksusingthelanguageofthedigitalworld.Ebooksmayewitha“suiteofguidingtools”,butitturnsoutthatthebestguidingdevicesareyourfingers.Youcanusethemtolookthroughthepagesforwardsandbackwards.Tothink,allthistime,thosedeviceshavejustbeensittingthere,hangingattheendofyourarm.Fansofdigitalbooksmaypointoutthatereadershaveahandy“search”tool.Oldfashionedbooksalsohaveasearchfunction,inwhichyouturnbacktotheopeningchaptertoremindyourselfofthehero’sdescription.Theyevenhavea“bookmarksystem”,whichusesadevicecalleda“bookmark”.Fansoftheebookpointoutthatdigitaltextiseasytoannotate.Somedevicesevenfeaturealittleimageofapenciltoguidethereaderthroughtheprocess.Traditionalbookusershaveasimilarsystemcalleda“pencil”.Withit,favouredpassagescanbeunderlinedand,ifit’sahistorybook,mentscanbewritteninthemargin(頁(yè)邊),suchas“Notso,accordingtoTheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire.”Thusnoted,suchbookscanbeleftaroundforotherstostudy,convincingfamilymembersofyourinsight.Theprintedbook,ofcourse,hasotheradvantages.Afullbookshelfisatonceasoundbaseandastoreofknowledge.Andanyproperlythumbedbookwillalwaysfallopenatthesexiestscene.Also,thesmellofoldbooksinasecondhandbookshopisinstantlyremindful.Yes,it’samixofmould(霉味)andoldpaper,buttomeitrepresentspossibility.Educationalfashionseandgo,somaybetheshiftbacktotraditionalbookswon’tlast.Butforthemoment,Ifindmyselfstandingatattention,extendingmytextbookbuiltshouldersandsalutingtheirgloriousreturn.Inthedebateaboutwhichisbetter,itseemsthatthehardcopybookishardertoknockoutthanoriginallythought.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要介紹了印刷書(shū)籍的回歸及其原因。5.Whydoestheauthorusethedigitallanguagetojudgeprintedbooks?A.Toexplainconcepts.B.Tohighlightdevelopmentoflanguages.C.Topleasereaders.D.Tomakebetterparisons.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。關(guān)鍵詞定位在第二段。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Ilovethewaywenowjudgeprintedbooksusingthelanguageofthedigitalworld.”以及在文章各處的引用的電子術(shù)語(yǔ)“suiteofguidingtools”“search”“bookmarksystem”“pencil”這些傳統(tǒng)的紙質(zhì)書(shū)閱讀中的術(shù)語(yǔ),可能在電子書(shū)閱讀時(shí)代被賦予了新的內(nèi)涵,但重點(diǎn)還是第二段中的“judgeprintedbooksusingthelanguageofthedigitalworld”可推知,作者喜歡使用這些電子時(shí)代的語(yǔ)言來(lái)評(píng)判紙質(zhì)書(shū),更多是為了在兩者之間更好地作比較。通過(guò)下文看,作者也是一條一條來(lái)說(shuō)明的。第二段就電子書(shū)籍便捷的導(dǎo)引功能,作者提到事實(shí)證明,最好的導(dǎo)引工具還是人的手指;第三段提到電子書(shū)籍便捷的搜索功能,作者指出紙質(zhì)書(shū)同樣具備此功能,而且還具備“書(shū)簽系統(tǒng)”;第三段提到電子書(shū)籍便于加注,作者提出紙質(zhì)書(shū)讀者用鉛筆加注,遇到喜歡的章節(jié),可以加下劃線(xiàn),若是歷史書(shū)籍,還可以在頁(yè)邊處寫(xiě)評(píng)論,以便與家人分享你的觀點(diǎn)。故選D項(xiàng)。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“annotate”inparagraph4mean?A.Search. B.Access.C.Addnotes. D.Getinformation.答案C解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Fansoftheebookpointoutthatdigitaltextiseasytoannotate.”以及下面的舉例可知,用鉛筆可將喜歡的段落標(biāo)注下劃線(xiàn),若是歷史書(shū)籍,可在頁(yè)邊題寫(xiě)評(píng)論。由此可推斷,annotate一詞意為“加注”。故選C項(xiàng)。7.Whatattractsthereadersastoprintedbooks?A.Valueofsenses. B.Knowledgestorage.C.Bookshelves. D.Bookstores.答案A解析推理判斷題。本題定位在第五段。此段首句“Theprintedbook,ofcourse,hasotheradvantages.”表示除了上述紙質(zhì)書(shū)閱讀與電子閱讀的區(qū)別(或者說(shuō),與電子閱讀相比,紙質(zhì)書(shū)略勝一籌外),紙質(zhì)書(shū)還獨(dú)具一些優(yōu)勢(shì):一個(gè)擺滿(mǎn)書(shū)的書(shū)架總是一個(gè)顯眼的地方,那里存貯了滿(mǎn)滿(mǎn)的知識(shí),而且人們高贊的書(shū)籍總是打開(kāi),擺在最耀眼的位置;根據(jù)第五段第四、五句可知,印刷書(shū)的氣味是霉味和舊報(bào)紙的混合氣味,但于作者而言,這種氣味代表(獲取知識(shí))的無(wú)限可能性。故選A項(xiàng)。8.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.WhyEbooksAreConvenientB.WhythePrintedBookIsBackC.WhyEducationalFashionsChangeD.WhyDigitalReadingBeesPopular答案B解析主旨大意題。文章開(kāi)宗明義,提出“Theprintedbookisback.”,印刷書(shū)籍重新興起,而且用研究結(jié)論來(lái)支撐。研究表明:學(xué)生通過(guò)閱讀紙質(zhì)書(shū)籍,比在電子閱讀中記住更多的信息。下文大篇幅就印刷書(shū)與電子書(shū)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)展開(kāi)比較,尤其突出了使用印刷書(shū)閱讀的美好體驗(yàn)。最后一段回歸主題,進(jìn)行總結(jié):盡管傳統(tǒng)書(shū)籍的回歸不一定持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,但此時(shí)此刻,“我”向這種回歸致敬。與文章開(kāi)頭相照應(yīng)。因此,“印刷書(shū)為何回歸”是最佳標(biāo)題。故選B項(xiàng)。CThemonarchisperhapsthebestknownbutterflyinNorthAmerica.Everyfall,theymigratefromtheUSandCanadatoCaliforniaandMexicoforthewinter,breedingmultiplegenerationsalongtheway.Butnowthemonarchisintrouble.Duetohabitatloss,milkweed,theplantsthatthebutterflycaterpillarsfeedon,arefewerandfartherbetween,sothenumberofmonarchisdeclining.Inthe1990s,researchersattheUniversityofMinnesotadecidedtousecitizensciencetocollectlongtermdataonmonarchcaterpillarsandmilkweedhabitatinordertoprovideinformationthatdecisionmakerscanusetohelppreventthemonarch’sdecline.TheMonarchLarvaMonitoringProjecthasgrowntoinvolvevolunteersfromacrossNorthAmerica.Participantsvolunteertomonitoraparticularsite—oftentheirownbackyards.Throughonlineorinpersontraining,thevolunteerslearnhowtoidentifymilkweedaswellastheeggs,caterpillarsandpupae(蛹)ofmonarchbutterflies.Theyalsolearnaboutthemonarch’smigration.Eachyear,volunteersrecordwhenmilkweedplantsfirsteoutofthegroundandhowmanyarepresentatthesitetheyaremonitoring.Then,onaweeklybasis,theyrecordthenumberofeggsandcaterpillarstheysee.Thefinalstepisenteringthedataintoanonlinedatabase.Forcitizenscienceprojects,datavalidity(效度)canbeaconcern.Somesaythatnonscientistscan’tbetrustedtocollectreliabledata.Theprojectaddressessuchconcernsbyusingastandardizedrulesandrequiringrepeatedobservationsofthesamespeciesinthesameplace.TheMLMPalsoofferstraining,andalldataarecarefullycheckedbeforeusedforresearchpurposes.Anotherchallengeisgettingvolunteerstoreportzeroesorthelackofmonarchs.Asthemonarchpopulationdeclines,volunteersmaybediscouragedandnotwanttocollectdata.MLMPstaffworkwithvolunteerstohighlighttheimportanceofknowingwheremonarchsarenotfound.Theprojectissuccessfullymeetingitscorepurpose:tohelpscientistsbetterunderstandhowandwhymonarchpopulationsarechanging.Dataprovidedbycitizenscientistshaveformedthebasisforagrowingnumberofscientificpublications.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹為有效阻止北美“魅力昆蟲(chóng)”君王斑蝶數(shù)量減少,啟用了公民科學(xué)項(xiàng)目,旨在讓社會(huì)公眾參與重要科學(xué)研究,構(gòu)建老少咸宜的戶(hù)外科學(xué)課堂。9.Whyisthenumberofmonarchbutterfliesdeclining?A.Theyareinfluencedbythecoldweather.B.Therearefewermilkweedplantsalongtheway.C.Manybutterflycaterpillarslosetheirhabitats.D.Thedistanceoftheirmigrationbeeslonger.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Duetohabitatloss,milkweed,theplantsthatthebutterflycaterpillarsfeedon,arefewerandfartherbetween,sothenumberofmonarchisdeclining.”可知,由于棲息地的喪失,蝴蝶幼蟲(chóng)賴(lài)以為食的草屬植物(植物乳草)的大面積減少,因此君王斑蝶數(shù)量減少。故選B項(xiàng)。10.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theapplicationofcitizenscienceintheproject.B.FindingsofMonarchLarvaMonitoringProject.C.Theestablishmentofthemonarchonlined