2023年高考英語外刊時文精讀精練(8)Perception:Arosebyanyothername文化認知：情人眼里出西施主題語境：人與社會主題語境內(nèi)容：社會與文化【外刊原文】（斜體單詞為超綱詞匯，認識即可；下劃線單詞為課標詞匯，需熟記。）TOTHESWEDES,therearefewsmells

more

pleasant

thanthat

ofsurstr?mming(鯡魚罐頭).Tomostnon-Swedesthereareprobablyfew

smells

more

disgusting.In

determining

whichscents(氣味)peoplefindpleasantandwhichtheydonot,surstr?mmingsuggestsculturemustplayalargepart.

Newresearch,however,suggeststhatmightnotbethecase.ArtinArshamian,aneuroscientistattheKarolinskaInstituteinSweden,andAsifaMajid,a

psychologist

attheUniversityofOxford,beganwiththe

expectation

thatculturewouldplayanimportantrolein

determining

pleasantsmells.Theyhadnoticedfromtheirown

previous

workthatpeoplefromdifferentculturesdescribed

smells

differently.Theyalsoknewfrompastexperimentsbyotherresearchersthatculturewasimportantin

determining

whichsortsoffacespeoplefoundbeautiful.Thus,theyexpectedtoseeasimilar

phenomenon

withsmells.

Tostudyhow

scent

andculture

relate,DrArshamianandDrMajidpresentedninedifferentgroupsofpeoplewithtensmells.Theculturesdoingthesmellingvariedwidely.Theyincluded

hunter-gatherer

communitiesalongthecoastofMexico,

farmerslivinginthe

highlands

ofEcuador,

shoreline

foragers,gardenerslivinginthe

tropical

rainforestsofMalaysia,andcity

folk

fromThailandandMexicoCity.All

235

participants

wereaskedtorank

smells

accordingtopleasantness.TheteamcomparedtheirresultstoearlierworkonNewYorkerswhohadbeenexposedtothesamescents.

WritinginCurrentBiologythisweek,theresearchersnotedthatpleasantness

rankings

ofthe

smells

were

remarkably

consistent

regardless

ofwherepeoplecamefrom.Thesmellofisovaleric

acid(異戊酸)

wasdislikedbythevastmajorityofthe

participants,onlyeightgivingitascoreof

1

to

3

onthepleasantness

scale

(where

1

wasverypleasantand

10

wasveryunpleasant).Ontheotherhand,morethan

190

peoplegave

vanilla

extract(香草精)

ascoreof

1

to

3

andatinyminority,only

12

people,foundit

disgusting

enoughtorate

8

to

10.Overall,the

chemical

composition

ofthesmellsthattheresearcherspresentedexplained

41%ofthereactionsthat

participants

had.In

contrast,cultural

factors

accounted

forjust

6%oftheresults.DrArshamianandDrMajidpointoutthatthisisverydifferentfromhow

visual

perception

offacesworks—inthatcaseaperson’sculture

accounts

forupto

50%ofthe

explanation

forwhichfacestheyfindbeautiful.

Evenso,whileculturedidnotshape

perceptions

of

smells

inthewaythatitisknowntoshape

perceptions

offaces,theresearchersdidfindan“eyeofthebeholder”effect.Randomness,whichDrArshamianandDrMajidsuggesthastobecomingfrompersonal

preferences

learnedfromoutside

individual

culture,

accounted

for

54%ofthe

difference

inwhichsmellspeopleliked.“eyeofthebeholder”effectdoesnotslipoffthe

tongue

soeasilybutittooappearstobeareal

phenomenon.【課標詞匯】Disgusting令人反感的；令人憤慨的Hehadthemostdisgustingrottenteeth.他長著非常惡心的一嘴爛牙。Ithinkthedecisionisdisgusting.我認為這個決定令人惡心。determine確定，決定；影響Thenumberofstaffwecantakeonwillbedeterminedbyhowmuchmoneywe'reallowedtospend.我們雇用的人數(shù)將取決于可支配資金的多少。Peopleshouldbeallowedtodeterminetheirownfuture.應該允許人們決定自己的未來。bethecase是那樣，是那么回事IfthatisthecasethenIwillbeverydisappointed.如果是那樣的話，我會非常失望。Itissimplynotthecasethatprisonconditionsareimproving.監(jiān)獄條件得到改善的情況絕非事實。expectation

期盼；盼望；希望Ihavehighexpectationsforthisjob(=Ibelieveitwillbegood).我對這份工作有很高期望。Wedidsowell-beyondall(=betterthan)ourexpectations.我們做得非常好——遠遠超出我們的預期。previous以前的，先前的Thepreviousownerofthehousehadbuiltanextensionontheback.這棟房子以前的主人對房子后部進行了擴建。Ticketswillbesoldonthesamebasisasinpreviousyears.票將以前幾年相同的原則出售。phenomenon現(xiàn)象(pl.phenomena)Glaciersareuniqueandinterestingnaturalphenomena.冰川是獨特而有趣的自然現(xiàn)象。Gravityisanaturalphenomenon.重力是一種自然現(xiàn)象。relate（與…）有因果關(guān)系，關(guān)聯(lián)Highunemploymentisrelatedtohighcrimerates.高失業(yè)率和高犯罪率有因果關(guān)系。Idon'tunderstandhowthetwoideasrelate.我不明白這兩個觀點有什么聯(lián)系present贈送，授予；提交；展現(xiàn)Thewinnerswerepresentedwithmedals.獲勝者被授予獎牌。Thedocumentarypresenteduswithabalancedviewoftheissue.這部紀錄片向我們呈現(xiàn)了對這個問題的客觀看法。Theclassroompresentedacheerfulbusyatmospheretothevisitors全班在訪客面前展現(xiàn)出一派快樂繁忙的氛圍。vary（使）不同；（使）呈現(xiàn)差異;改變；更改Mytasteinclassicalmusicvariesgreatly/widely,butIusuallypreferMozartorBrahms.我對各種古典音樂的喜好程度很不相同，但我通常比較喜歡莫扎特或布拉姆斯的音樂。Theheightsoftheplantsvaryfrom8cmto20cm.這些植物的高度從8厘米到20厘米不等。participant參與者，參加者Hehasbeenanactiveparticipantinthediscussion.他一直積極參與這次討論。Itwasarguedthathewasawillingparticipant.有人爭辯說他是自愿參加的。rank具有…的地位（或等級）；把…分等級；確定…的地位（或等級）Myentrywasrankedthirdintheflowershow.在花展中，我送去參賽的花獲得了第三名。Itisnotalwayseasytorankthestudentsinorderofability.把學生按能力排名并非總是容易的。exposed

暴露的Allexposedskinshouldbecoveredwithprotectivecream.所有露在外面的皮膚都應該涂上防護霜。note留意，注意Pleasenote(that)wewillbeclosedonSaturday.請注意我們周六不營業(yè)。Suddenly,Inotedthattherainhadstopped...突然，我意識到雨已經(jīng)停了remarkably

不同尋常地；突出地MariaspeaksremarkablygoodEnglish.瑪麗亞講一口非常流利的英語。Remarkably,noonewasseriouslyhurtintheaccident.奇怪，沒有人在事故中受重傷。consistent

一貫的；堅持的；始終如一的Therehasbeenaconsistentimprovementinherattitude.她的態(tài)度一直在改進。Whatthewitnesssaidincourtwasnotconsistentwiththestatementhemadetothepolice.證人在法庭上的證供和他對警方的陳述不一致。regardless

of管；不顧；不理會:

Theclubwelcomesallnewmembersregardlessofage.俱樂部對所有新成員不分年齡一律歡迎。

Hewentaheadanddidit,regardlessoftheconsequences.他說干就干了,沒有考慮后果。majority大多數(shù)，大部分Themajorityoftheemployeeshaveuniversitydegrees.大部分員工都有大學文憑。Alargemajorityofpeopleapproveofthedeathsentence.大多數(shù)人贊成死刑。minority少數(shù)It'sonlyatinyminorityofpeoplewhoarecausingtheproblem.惹麻煩的只是極少數(shù)的人。Onlyaminorityofpeoplesupportthesenewlaws.只有少數(shù)人支持這些新法令。chemical

與化學有關(guān)的；化學的:achemicalelement化學元素thechemicalindustry化學工業(yè)chemicalreactions/processes化學反應/過程In

contrast對比之下Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously,whileours,by/incontrast,hasdeclined.他們的經(jīng)濟快速增長，相比之下，我們的經(jīng)濟則下滑了。account

for解釋；說明HewasbroughtbeforetheBoardtoaccountforhisbehaviour.他被帶到董事會上為他的行為作出解釋。CanyouaccountforyourabsencelastFriday?你能解釋一下上周五你為甚么缺勤嗎？Visual視覺的；視力的visualperception視覺感知Thetalltoweraddstothevisualimpactofthebuilding.高高的塔樓增強了這幢大樓的視覺效果。

Perception見解，觀念，看法感覺，知覺；感知Drugscanalteryourperceptionofreality.毒品會影響你對現(xiàn)實的感知。Thesephotographswillaffectpeople's

perceptions

ofwar.這些照片會影響人們對戰(zhàn)爭的看法。shape決定（或影響）（尤指信仰或思想）的形式；決定，影響（性格）Manypeoplearenotabletoshapetheirowndestinies.很多人不能決定自己的命運。Hewasveryinfluentialinshapingthegovernment'seconomicpolicy/strategy.在左右政府的經(jīng)濟政策／戰(zhàn)略方面，他有著極大的影響力。random隨機的,隨意的arandomsample/selection隨機抽樣/選擇randomlyselected/distributed隨意挑選的/任意分配的Theinformationisprocessedinarandomorder.信息是按隨機順序處理的。preference偏愛；愛好；喜愛Herpreferenceisforcomfortableratherthanstylishclothes.她更注重衣服的舒適性，而非時髦的款式。Choosingfurnitureislargelyamatterofpersonalpreference.挑選家俱主要是個人喜好的問題。Wegivepreferencetothosewhohaveworkedwithusforalongtime.我們優(yōu)先考慮那些和我們長期共事的人。slipoff迅速脫掉（衣服）SlipyourshirtoffandI’lllistentoyourheart.快點脫掉襯衫，我來聽聽你的心跳。

TheringhadslippedoffJulia'sfinger.

戒指從朱莉婭的手指上滑脫了?！菊n標詞匯精練】根據(jù)語境，從上面的“課標詞匯”和“重點短語”中選用合適的單詞及其正確形式將句子補充完整。Passengerswerekeptforhoursinawaitingroom.Hethereporttohiscolleaguesatthemeeting.Thesamplesinqualitybutweregenerallyacceptable.Staffaretobeactiveinthedecision-makingprocess.Shethebottlesinorderofsizealongtheshelf.There'sevidencetosuggestthatchildabuseisnotjustarecent.Researchersaretryingtolowexamresultsand/to/withlargeclasssizes.Theamountwillbepaidtoeveryonewhethertheyhavechildrenornot.Theofstudentsfinditquitehardtoliveontheamountofmoneytheyget.Yourhealthinpartbywhatyoueat.Ifthatisthe,weneedmorestaff.Theholidayliveduptoallour.Trainingisprovided,sonoexperienceisrequiredforthejob.Childrenwithsingleparentsatmyschoolwereverymuchinthe.Myrelationshipwithmyfatherplayedamajorpartinmyattitudetowardsmen.Theytheconsumers'growingdemandforquickerservice.Allthestudentsdidwellintheirexamsthisyear.Herworkissometimesgood,buttheproblemisshe'snot.Thewinningnumbersareselectedbycomputer.Ihaveaforsweetfoodoverspicy.Tightenthestrapssotheywon’tyourshoulders.Recentpressureatworkmayhisbehavior.Artiststranslatetheirideasintoimages.Wehavetochangethepublic'sthatmoneyisbeingwasted.Keys:disgusting.乘客被迫在令人厭惡的候車室里等了好幾個小時。presented.他在會議上向同事們做出報告。varied.這些樣品品質(zhì)有差異，但是大體上可以接受。participants.全體職員要積極參與決策。ranked.她把瓶子按大小順序擺放在架子上。phenomenon.有證據(jù)顯示虐待兒童并不是近來才有的現(xiàn)象。relate.研究者們正試圖證明學生考分低和班級規(guī)模大有關(guān)系。regardlessof.不管有沒有孩子,每個人都會得到相同的金額。majority.大多數(shù)學生都覺得很難靠他們得到的那點錢生活。isdetermined.在某種程度上你的健康狀況取決于你的飲食。case.如果真是那樣，那我們就需要更多的員工了。expectations假期過得一點也沒有令我們失望。previous.這項工作提供培訓，因此不要求以前有相關(guān)經(jīng)驗。minority.在我的學校里單親孩子只占極少數(shù)。shaping.我和父親之間的關(guān)系在很大程度上決定了我對男性的看法。noted.他們留意到消費者對便捷服務與日俱增的需求。remarkably.所有學生在今年的考試中都表現(xiàn)得非常優(yōu)秀。consistent她工作有時不錯，問題是她不能始終如一。randomly獲獎號碼是由電腦隨機選取的。preference比起辛辣食物我更喜歡甜食。slipoff系緊帶子，這樣它們才不會從你的肩上滑下來。accountfor他的行為也許是最近的工作壓力導致的。visual畫家把自己的思想轉(zhuǎn)換成視覺畫面。perception大眾認為這是在浪費金錢，我們必須改變他們的這種看法?！咀g文】對瑞典人來說，沒有什么比鯡魚罐頭的氣味更令人愉悅了。而對于大多數(shù)非瑞典人來說，可能沒有比這更令人厭惡的氣味了。瑞典人對鯡魚罐頭的喜愛表明，在確認人類喜歡哪些氣味、不喜歡哪些氣味方面，文化發(fā)揮了相當大的作用。

然而，新的研究表明，事實可能并非如此。瑞典卡羅林斯卡學院的神經(jīng)學家ArtinArshamian和牛津大學的心理學家AsifaMajid最初的預期是，文化在決定宜人氣味方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。他們在之前的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，不同文化背景的人對氣味的描述是不同的。他們還從其他研究人員過去的實驗中得知，文化在決定人們認為哪種面孔美麗方面很重要。因此，他們希望看到這一定律也同樣適用于氣味。

為了研究氣味和文化之間的關(guān)系，Arshamian博士和Majid博士向九組不同的人提供了十種不同的氣味。氣味研究參與人員的文