DigitalCircuitsandLogicDesignThispresentationwillexplorethefundamentalsofdigitalcircuitsandlogicdesign.Itwillcoverkeytopics,frombasiclogicgatestoadvanceddesigntechniques.CourseOverviewIntroductionThiscoursewillintroducetheconceptsofdigitallogicandhowitrelatestodigitalcircuits.Itwilldiscussthehistoryofdigitalcircuitsanditsapplicationsinmoderntechnology.FundamentalsStudentswilllearnthebasicbuildingblocksofdigitalcircuits,includinglogicgates,Booleanalgebra,andtruthtables.CombinationalandSequentialCircuitsThecoursewillcoverthedesignandanalysisofcombinationalandsequentialcircuits,includingadders,decoders,andflip-flops.AdvancedTopicsItwillalsointroducemoreadvancedtopicslikedigital-to-analogandanalog-to-digitalconversion,finitestatemachines,andprogrammablelogicdevices.LearningObjectives1UnderstandthebasicsofdigitallogicandBooleanalgebra.2Designandanalyzecombinationalandsequentialcircuits.3Understandtheprinciplesofdigital-to-analogandanalog-to-digitalconversion.4Learnhowtouseprogrammablelogicdevices(FPGAsandCPLDs).DigitalSignalsandCircuitsDigitalSignalsDigitalsignalsrepresentinformationusingdiscretevalues,typically0and1.Thesesignalsareusedincomputers,communicationsystems,andotherelectronicdevices.DigitalCircuitsDigitalcircuitsprocessandmanipulatedigitalsignals.Theyarebuiltusinglogicgates,whichperformlogicaloperationsoninputsignals.LogicGatesandBooleanAlgebraANDGateOutputsa1onlyifallinputsare1.Representedbythesymbol'.'ORGateOutputsa1ifatleastoneinputis1.Representedbythesymbol'+'.NOTGateInvertstheinputsignal.Representedbythesymbol'?'orabarovertheinput.XORGateOutputsa1iftheinputsaredifferent.Representedbythesymbol'⊕'oracirclewithaplussign.CombinationalLogicCircuitsAddersCombinationalcircuitsthatperformarithmeticoperations,suchasaddition.DecodersConvertbinaryinputsintouniqueoutputsignals.MultiplexersSelectoneinputsignalfrommultipleinputsbasedonacontrolsignal.EncodersConvertuniqueinputsignalsintoabinaryoutput.CombinationalLogicCircuitDesign1DesignSpecificationDefinethecircuit'sdesiredfunctionandinputs/outputs.2TruthTableCreateatableshowingallpossibleinputcombinationsandthecorrespondingoutputs.3BooleanEquationWriteaBooleanequationthatrepresentsthecircuit'slogic.4LogicCircuitImplementationUselogicgatestoimplementtheBooleanequationandcreatethecircuit.5TestingandVerificationTestthecircuittoensureitmeetsthedesignspecifications.Flip-FlopsandSequentialCircuitsFlip-FlopsMemoryelementsthatstoreasinglebitofinformation.Theycanbeusedtocreatesequentialcircuits.SequentialCircuitsCircuitswhoseoutputdependsnotonlyonthecurrentinputbutalsoonthepastinputhistory.Theyincluderegisters,counters,andfinitestatemachines.RegistersandCounters1RegistersAcollectionofflip-flopsusedtostoreagroupofbits.2ShiftRegistersRegistersthatshiftthedatabitstotheleftorright.3CountersSequentialcircuitsthatcountasequenceofevents.4BinaryCountersCountersthatcountinbinarycode.SequentialLogicCircuitDesign1StateDiagramAgraphicalrepresentationofasequentialcircuit'sbehavior.2StateTableAtabularrepresentationofasequentialcircuit'sbehavior.3LogicCircuitImplementationImplementationofthecircuitusingflip-flopsandlogicgates.4TestingandVerificationVerificationofthecircuit'sfunctionality.FiniteStateMachinesTrafficLightControllerAfinitestatemachinethatcontrolstrafficlightphases.AutomaticDoorControllerAfinitestatemachinethatcontrolstheopeningandclosingofanautomaticdoor.FiniteStateMachineDesign1StateDefinitionIdentifythedifferentstatesthemachinecanbein.2InputandOutputSignalsDefinetheinputandoutputsignalsforthemachine.3StateTransitionTableCreateatableshowingthetransitionsbetweenstatesbasedoninputs.4LogicCircuitImplementationImplementthestatemachineusingflip-flopsandlogicgates.Digital-to-AnalogConversion(DAC)1ResolutionNumberofbitsusedtorepresenttheanalogsignal.2AccuracyDifferencebetweentheactualoutputandtheidealvalue.3ConversionSpeedHowquicklytheDACcanconvertdigitalsignalstoanalogsignals.Analog-to-DigitalConversion(ADC)DigitalSystemAnalysisandDesignSystemSpecificationDefinethesystem'srequirements,inputs,outputs,andbehavior.SystemArchitectureDecomposethesystemintomodulesanddefinetheirinteractions.ModuleDesignDesigneachmoduleusingdigitalcircuits,finitestatemachines,orothertechniques.TestingandVerificationTestandverifyeachmoduleandtheentiresystem.ProgrammableLogicDevicesFPGAs(Field-ProgrammableGateArrays)Highlyflexibledevicesthatallowforcustomcircuitdesignandimplementation.CPLDs(ComplexProgrammableLogicDevices)Morecompactdeviceswithalimitednumberoflogicblocksandroutingresources.FPGAandCPLDOverviewFPGAArchitectureFPGAsconsistofconfigurablelogicblocks(CLBs),I/Oblocks,androutingresources.CPLDArchitectureCPLDstypicallyhaveasmallernumberoflogicblocksandroutingresourcesthanFPGAs.UsingFPGAsandCPLDsHardwareDesignDesignthedigitalcircuitusinghardwaredescriptionlanguages(HDLs).HDLCodingWritethecircuit'slogicinVerilogorVHDL.SynthesisTranslatetheHDLcodeintoacircuitdescriptionthatcanbeimplementedontheFPGA.ProgrammingLoadthesynthesizedcircuitdescriptionintotheFPGAorCPLD.HardwareDescriptionLanguages(HDLs)VerilogHDLAwidelyusedHDLfordesigningdigitalcircuits.VHDL(VHSICHardwareDescriptionLanguage)AnotherpopularHDLusedindigitaldesign.VerilogHDLSyntaxModulesBasicbuildingblocksofVerilogcode,encapsulatinglogicandconnections.DataTypesDefinethetypeofdatausedinthecircuit,suchaswire,reg,integer,etc.OperatorsPerformlogical,arithmetic,andbitwiseoperationsondata.VerilogHDLModeling1BehavioralModelingDescribesthecircuit'sfunctionusinghigh-levellanguageconstructs.2StructuralModelingDescribesthecircuit'sstructureusinginterconnectedmodules.3DataflowModelingDescribesthecircuit'sfunctionalityusingsignalassignmentsandoperations.FPGADevelopmentDesignFlow1DesignEntryCreatethecircuitdesignusinganHDLorschematiccapture.2SynthesisTranslatethedesignintoanetlistoflogicgates.3PlaceandRoutePlacethelogicgatesontheFPGAandconnectthemusingroutingresources.4ProgrammingLoadtheconfigurationdataintotheFPGA.5VerificationTestandverifythefunctionalityoftheimplementedcircuit.VerilogModelingPractice1SimpleLogicGatesImplementbasicgateslikeAND,OR,NOT,XOR.2CombinationalCircuitsImplementcircuitslikeadders,decoders,multiplexers.3SequentialCircuitsImplementflip-flops,registers,counters,andstatemachines.SimulationandSynthesisSimulationTesttheHDLcodeusingasimulatortoverifyitsfunctionalitybeforeimplementation.SynthesisUseasynthesistooltotranslatetheHDLcodeintoanetlistoflogicgates.FPGACircuitImplementationLEDControlDesignacircuitthatcontrolsLEDsbasedonuserinput.ButtonDebouncingImplementacircuittodebouncebuttoninputs.DebuggingandTestingLogicAnalyzersToolsusedtomonitorandanalyzesignalwaveformsinadigitalcircuit.OscilloscopeInstrumentusedtodisplayandanalyzeelectricalsignals.In-CircuitEmulatorsDevicesthatallowfortestinganddebuggingofdigitalcircuitsinreal-time.TechnologyTrendsMoore'sLawThenumberoftransistorsonanintegratedcircuitdoublesapproximatelyeverytwoyears.AdvancementsinFabricationContinuousimprovementsinsemiconductorfabricationprocessesleadtosmallertransistorsandhigheri