StrategiesforInferenceinReadingComprehension閱讀理解解題策略之推理判斷

目錄CONTENTS

Activity1:AnalysisofInferenceQuestions《考試大綱》中對(duì)閱讀做出明確要求——考生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文章以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息。考生應(yīng)能：

1.理解主旨和要義；

2.獲取具體信息；

3.根據(jù)語境猜測詞義；

4.根據(jù)語境推理判斷；

5.理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度；

6.把握文章的邏輯和結(jié)構(gòu)。Ⅰ.AnalysisofInferenceQuestions年份卷別體裁細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷詞句猜測主旨大意2024新課標(biāo)I卷應(yīng)用文-記敘文說明文-說明文5811新課標(biāo)II卷應(yīng)用文-新聞報(bào)道說明文-說明文67112023新課標(biāo)I卷應(yīng)用文-記敘文說明文-議論文7611新課標(biāo)II卷應(yīng)用文-記敘文說明文-說明文85112022新課標(biāo)I卷應(yīng)用文·夾敘夾議文記敘文·說明文8511新課標(biāo)II卷應(yīng)用文-記敘文說明文-說明文75212022-2024年高考閱讀理解題型考情考點(diǎn)要求考題統(tǒng)計(jì)考情分析引申推斷3年15考【命題規(guī)律】根據(jù)新高考三年的考情分析，推理判斷題主要集中考查：引申推斷、目的和意圖、作者態(tài)度。有時(shí)考查文章出處、文章走勢、讀者對(duì)象、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、寫作方法等。所有這些都是新課標(biāo)中明確指出的考試形式，我們都不能忽視，切勿掉以輕心?！久}預(yù)測】2025年高考還會(huì)考查推理判斷題，一般在試卷中考查占50%以上的閱讀理解小題的比率。以考查引申推斷、目的和意圖、作者態(tài)度為主。文章出處3年6考目的和意圖3年12考預(yù)測文章走勢3年1考寫作態(tài)度3年4考稿定PPT稿定PPT，海量素材持續(xù)更新，上千款模板選擇總有一款適合你02知識(shí)構(gòu)建1隱含推斷題2觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題4推斷文章出處題3寫作意圖題5歸納人物/事物特征題能力要求根據(jù)文章中的信息(某個(gè)或某些句子、段落或全文的信息)進(jìn)行合理的、適度的邏輯推斷。推斷出作者沒有直接說明的內(nèi)容、可能會(huì)發(fā)生的事情或者事物的特征等，理解作者的言外之意或深層含義。技法1隱含推斷題隱含推斷題常見設(shè)問方式歸納：Whatcanweinfer/learnabout...fromthelast/first/...paragraph?Whatdoestheauthorindicate/wanttosay/wanttoshowby...?Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________．

(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀C)Digitaltexts，audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles，especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However，formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor，educatorsshouldn'tassumeallmediaarethesame，evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.31．Whatdoestheauthorimply

inthelastparagraph?A．Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B．Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C．Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.D．Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.典例1學(xué)生用書P8第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句，尤其注意一些表明觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的句子第三步---對(duì)比答案(2023?全國甲卷·D篇節(jié)選)

Obviously,ifprecautions(預(yù)防)aren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,”saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B.Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.例題2第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句,尤其注意一些表明觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的語句第三步---對(duì)比選項(xiàng)定答案Tip:推斷隱含意義---關(guān)鍵詞句細(xì)推敲

隱含推斷題1.定位信息----確定題干關(guān)鍵詞，在文中定位相關(guān)信息。2.

揣摩含義----分析原文信息，利用逆向思維合正向推理,推斷其深層含義3.對(duì)比選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,注意兩個(gè)“切勿”思路總結(jié)注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容作為推理的結(jié)論。2.切勿脫離原文而憑個(gè)人看法主觀臆斷。Practice(2025年1月·浙江卷B篇)WhenIwasachildIwasoftentoldwhatnottoeat.“Youdon’twanttogetfat”wasonconstantrepeatthroughoutmychildhood.Itreallymessedupmyrelationshipwithfood—somethingthattookmeyearstoovercome.Becauseofthis,I’mcarefulnottoconnectmykid’sweightwiththeirworth.Iencouragemydaughtertomakehealthysnackchoicesandoftendissuade(勸阻)herfromaseconddessert.ButonedaywhenIheardhersaying“IthinkI’mtoofat,”myheartsank.Itmademewonderifgivingheradviceonsnackswashavinganunintentionallynegativeimpact.24.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheauthorfromthefirstparagraph?A.Sheisupsetbyherkid’sweight. B.Sheiscriticalofthewayshewasfed.C.Sheisinterestedinmakingfood. D.Sheisparticularaboutwhatsheeats.第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句,尤其注意一些表明觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的語句第三步---對(duì)比選項(xiàng)定答案能力要求：

在理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上，就作者或文中人物對(duì)某個(gè)人或事物所持的態(tài)度進(jìn)行推理判斷。有時(shí)文中沒有直接表明相關(guān)人物的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句，考生需要結(jié)合文中描述該人物語氣、動(dòng)作、表情的詞句及他人的評(píng)價(jià)等信息來推斷其觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。技法2觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

學(xué)生用書P8常見設(shè)問方式有：Whatistheauthor's/sb'sattitudetowards...?Whatdotheresearchers/authorthinkof...?Howdoestheauthor/sbfind/feelabout...?[典例1]學(xué)生用書P9

(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀B)“Iamnotcrazy，”saysDr.WilliamFarber，shortlyafterperformingacupuncture(針灸)onarabbit.“Iamaheadofmytime.”Ifheseemsalittledefensive，itmightbebecauseevensomeofhiscoworkersoccasionallylaughathisunusualmethods.ButFarberiscertainhe'llhavethelastlaugh.He'soneofasmallbutgrowingnumberofAmericanveterinarians(獸醫(yī))nowpracticing“holistic”medicine—combiningtraditionalWesterntreatmentswithacupuncture，chiropractic(按摩療法)andherbalmedicine.24．WhatdosomeofFarber'scoworkersthinkofhim?A．He'sodd.

B．He'sstrict.C．He'sbrave. D．He'srude.第一步----找關(guān)鍵詞,明確是誰對(duì)誰/什么事物

的態(tài)度第二步---尋信息句

鎖定描述人物語氣/動(dòng)作/感情的詞句或他人的評(píng)價(jià)(特別注意形容詞、副詞)第三步---對(duì)比答案(2023·新課標(biāo)I卷·D)……Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?

A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.

C.Doubtful.

D.Approving.Practice例題2第一步----找關(guān)鍵詞,明確是誰對(duì)誰/什么事物

的態(tài)度第二步---尋信息句

鎖定描述人物語氣/動(dòng)作/感情的詞句或他人的評(píng)價(jià)(特別注意形容詞、副詞)第三步---對(duì)比答案4.推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度---字里行間法4.推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題------“字里行間”法Tips:1.明確是問誰對(duì)什么事/什么人的態(tài)度2.明確主旨(文段首尾),推測觀點(diǎn)3.明確是作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)而非主觀臆斷4.明確表達(dá)情感的詞的意義,如valuable,hopeful,well,good,doubt,worry等。選項(xiàng)中常見的表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的詞語：(1)表示積極態(tài)度的詞有:

positive積極樂觀的;

optimistic樂觀的;favorable贊同的;approving贊成的;supportive支持的;reasonable合理的；enthusiastic熱情的；satisfied滿意的；humorous,beneficial,hopeful,etc.(2)表示反對(duì)、否定、批評(píng)等消極態(tài)度的詞有：disapproving不贊成的;critical批評(píng)的;negative否定的,消極的;

dismissive輕視的；doubtful/skeptical/suspicious懷疑的;pessimistic悲觀的impractical不切實(shí)際的；radical激進(jìn)的prejudiced有偏見的；disappointed讓人失望的；opposed,etc.(3)表示中立、客觀以及其他態(tài)度的詞有:objective客觀的;neutral中立的;unconcerned不關(guān)心的;

indifferent漠不關(guān)心的;uninterested不感興趣的;

unclear不清楚的；ambiguous模棱兩可的；factual,cautious,impartial(不偏不倚的，中立的),conservative（保守）,etc.(2023·全國甲卷閱讀C節(jié)選)Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimportantphilosophersinhistory,andhebecomespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding(解讀)theirmessagesandaddinghisowninterpretation.

TheSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire，loneliness,andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It'sworthyourtime,eveniftimeissomethingwedon'thavealotof.

31.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeiner'sbook?A.Objectiveandplain.B.Daringandambitious.C.Seriousandhardtofollow.D.Humorousandstraightforward.Practice1第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句-鎖定描述人物語氣/動(dòng)作/感情的詞句或他人的評(píng)價(jià)(特別注意形容詞、副詞)第三步---對(duì)比答案practice2021·新高考卷I閱讀D

Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmore

beneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthis

popularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視）onemotionbyemployers,

educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublic

andresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotions

andhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationof

emotionalintelligence?

A.Favorable.

B.Intolerant.

C.Doubtful.

D.Unclear.√Practice2第一步----找關(guān)鍵詞,明確是誰對(duì)誰/什么事物

的態(tài)度第二步---尋信息句

鎖定描述事物的相關(guān)描述和評(píng)價(jià)(特別注意形容詞、副詞)第三步---對(duì)比答案能力要求：理解文章大意，同時(shí)還要具備對(duì)作者闡述的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析和歸納總結(jié)的能力。此類題一般從兩個(gè)角度考查：就某一段落或某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)提問；就整篇文章提問。技法3寫作意圖題常見設(shè)問方式有：·Whatistheauthor'spurposeinmentioning.../withtheexample...?·Whydoestheauthorlist/mention...inparagraph...?·Whatisthepurposeofthetext?·Whatdoesthestory/thewriterofthestoryintendto/wanttotellus?·Forwhatpurposedidtheauthorwritethepassage?[典例3]

(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀B)學(xué)生用書P10Farberiscertainthattheholisticapproachwillgrowmorepopularwithtime，andifthepastisanyindication，hemayberight:Since1982，membershipintheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociationhasgrownfrom30toover700.“Sometimesitsurprisesmethatitworkssowell，”hesays.“Iwilldoanythingtohelpananimal.That'smyjob.”27．WhydoestheauthormentiontheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociation?A．ToproveFarber'spoint.B．Toemphasizeitsimportance.C．Topraiseveterinarians.D．Toadvocateanimalprotection.第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句，找出題干所指內(nèi)容，直接判斷，或者利用段落主題句/上下文內(nèi)容確定寫作意圖第三步---對(duì)比選項(xiàng)例題22021·全國乙卷閱讀C改Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來源)

ofplasticpollutionbutthey’verecentlycomeunderfireand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.29.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.第三步---對(duì)比選項(xiàng)第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句，找出題干所指內(nèi)容，直接判斷，或者利用段落主題句/上下文內(nèi)容確定寫作意圖根據(jù)文章或段落主旨推斷作者的寫作目的3.推斷寫作意圖題------“主旨推意”法Tips:開篇提問引出話題或讓讀者關(guān)注主題講述相關(guān)之事引出主題或提供背景舉例、引語或數(shù)據(jù)證明某一觀點(diǎn)或說明某個(gè)主題文體推斷法議論文說明文記敘文廣告文說明觀點(diǎn)，提倡做法to

prove/analyze

/show/

argue/persuade介紹事物或解釋現(xiàn)象tointroduce/explain/inform..講故事,分享經(jīng)歷，表達(dá)情感，感悟或啟示totellastory/toshareanexperience/toentertain/toinspire推銷產(chǎn)品，吸引顧客、游客to

attract

visitorsto

sella

producttopromote(推銷)...新聞報(bào)道toinform/report...(2023·全國甲卷·C)

Weinerstarts

eachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencities

andthenframeseachphilosopher'sworkinthecontext

(背景)ofonethingsothattheycanhelpusdobetter.Theend

resultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlike

Socrates蘇格拉底，seelikeThoreau梭羅，listenlikeSchopenhauer叔本華,

andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche尼采.This,morethana

bookaboutunderstandingphilosophy,isabookabout

learningtousephilosophytoimprovealife. 29.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosopher

inpara4?A.TocompareWeinerwiththem.B.Togiveexamplesofgreatworks. C.Topraisetheirwritingskills. D.TohelpreadersunderstandWeiner'sbook

Practice第三步---對(duì)比選項(xiàng)第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句，找出題干所指內(nèi)容，直接判斷，或者利用段落主題句/上下文內(nèi)容確定寫作意圖能力要求：

根據(jù)語篇的體裁和題材來推斷文章的出處和類型。技法4文章出處題常見設(shè)問方式有：Whatisthetext?Wherecanthetextbefound/isthetextprobablytakenfrom?Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?備考要點(diǎn)：考生要特別關(guān)注報(bào)紙、雜志、小說、廣告、說明書、旅游指南等類型的語篇特征和文體結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)對(duì)號(hào)入座，選出正確選項(xiàng)。[典例4]

(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷閱讀C)Reading

Art:Art

for

Book

Loversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook，representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappears..........Inthis“bookofbooks，”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesof......Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago.......28．Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A．Anintroductiontoabook.B．Anessayontheartofwriting.C．Aguidebooktoamuseum.D．Areviewofmodernpaintings.第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第二步---尋找信息句：通過快速閱讀段落首句了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容第三步---對(duì)比答案Tip:推斷隱含意義---關(guān)鍵詞句細(xì)推敲2.推斷文章出處題---根據(jù)文體的結(jié)構(gòu)特征，從文章內(nèi)容、標(biāo)志信息來推斷其出處?！拔捏w特征”法Tips:Practice2021·全國甲卷閱讀A

Takeaview,

theLandscape(風(fēng)景）Photographer

oftheYearAward,

wastheideaofCharlieWaite,

oneoftoday’smostrespectedlandscapephotographers.Eachyear,

thehighstandardofentrieshasshownthatthe

Awardsaretheperfectplatformtoshowcasethevery

bestphotographyoftheBritishlandscape.Takeaviewis

adesirableannualcompetitionforphotographersfromall

cornersoftheUKandbeyond.23.Wherecanthetextbefound?A.Inahistorybook.

B.Inanovel.

C.Inanartmagazine.

D.Inabiography.第一步----找題干關(guān)鍵詞第三步---對(duì)比答案第二步---尋找信息句：通過快速閱讀段落首句//尾句//文中的直接介紹，了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容能力要求：考生在充分理解文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)事物或人物的特征進(jìn)行歸納和概括。充分利用表達(dá)感情色彩、態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)的詞匯以及與人、物特征有關(guān)聯(lián)的行為描寫和心理描寫來歸納和概括特征.技法5歸納事物/人物特征題

常見設(shè)問方式有：·Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?·Accordingtotheauthor，whichwordscanbestdescribetheproject?命題的切入點(diǎn)：一般是體現(xiàn)人的品德、性格、成就、貢獻(xiàn)等內(nèi)容，以及事物的外表特征、品質(zhì)、功能、作用和地位等內(nèi)容。典例5（2023?新高考全國Ⅱ卷·閱讀理解B）……….Programmeevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogramme’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”26.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheimpactoftheprogramme?A.Far-reaching.