詞義猜測題詞義猜測題概述命題規(guī)律：詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解試題中的必考題型,可以是對一個單詞意義的推斷，也可以是對一個短語或句子的推斷，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，可以考查替代詞的內(nèi)容。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語大多超出考綱的范圍，需要根據(jù)語境進(jìn)行推測其含義。平時的訓(xùn)練中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意生詞和短語的積累，還要掌握構(gòu)詞法，和一定的解題技巧。題型和考查角度：1.猜測生詞或熟詞生義。2.猜測短語的意義。3.猜測代替詞所替代的內(nèi)容。4.猜測句意。命題方式：Thephrase“...”inthesentencecouldbereplacedby“”.Theword“...”intheparagraphreferto“”.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinthe..paragraph?Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtothephrase“...”?Theword“...”mostnearlymeans“”.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphimpliesthat.解題技巧：1.定位文中畫線處上下文。2.理解上下文，查找提示點，根據(jù)背景、上下文等線索推測生詞詞義。選項特征：正確選項特征將選項代入原文，上下文邏輯通順。含義和其字面意思一般沒有關(guān)系。干擾項特征與劃線部分詞形相似考查熟詞生義時，含有常規(guī)詞義的往往不正確3.選項中含有過多原句中已有的詞和短語的選項一般為錯誤選項。知識點一猜測劃線單詞或短語的含義根據(jù)定義推測詞義：有時作者會通過給詞匯下定義來幫助讀者理解該詞的基本含義，如線索詞thatis,or,namely,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputitanotherway,whichis等。根據(jù)舉例推測詞義：有時，劃線部分后會根由一些具體的例子，這些例子可以幫助考試?yán)斫庠撛~的詞義。線索詞suchas,such...as,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等。根據(jù)對比關(guān)系或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系推測詞義：表達(dá)對比或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞需注意but,yet,however,while,unlike,instead,similarly,onthecontrary,incontrastto等。根據(jù)同義詞或并列結(jié)構(gòu)推測詞義：在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語言的單調(diào)和重復(fù)，會使用意思相同或相近的詞，此時，只要知道其中一個詞的意思，就能猜出另一個詞的意思。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推測詞義：英語中的很多詞匯，尤其是不斷出現(xiàn)的新詞大多是通過構(gòu)詞法生成的，因此，掌握主要的構(gòu)詞法有助于猜測詞義。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系推測詞義：因果關(guān)系時一種常見的提供生詞詞義信息的邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)線索詞as,since,because,for,so,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,dueto,resultin,resultfrom,asaresult,forthisreason,accordingly,so...that,such...that等可知上下句存在因果，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義?！菊骖}典例】（2023年新高考I卷C篇）Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over.【答案】A【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.(這個過程要求你在30天內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)離可選的在線活動。在30天結(jié)束的時候，你再加上一些你認(rèn)為會給你所看重的東西帶來巨大好處的精心挑選的在線活動)”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對在線活動進(jìn)行清理和挑選。故選A。知識點二猜測代詞指代含義定關(guān)鍵：返回原文，找到指代詞，理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。找替代：根據(jù)上下文，尋找復(fù)合邏輯關(guān)系的名詞、代詞、短語或句子等。再核對：比較選項，找出與符合邏輯的選項。一般來說，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/one/those指代上文提到的人或事?！菊骖}典例】（2020年新高考I卷C篇）Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A．Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B．TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C．WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D．WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.【答案】D【解析】指代判斷題。上文提到了Bissell(比塞爾)寫了一篇關(guān)于咸海消失的文章，然后畫線詞所在句提到他的訪問最終涉及的事遠(yuǎn)不止這個，因而才有了ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia這本書。由此可知，畫線詞that指的是“寫有關(guān)咸海的文章”。故選D。知識點三猜測劃線句子含義一定位：定位劃線句，利用語法和邏輯關(guān)系準(zhǔn)確分析原卷二分析：分析理解劃線句前后語境，合理推斷句意三歸納：歸納總結(jié)，找出與原句意思完全吻合的選項【真題典例】(2021年全國甲卷C篇)Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(橫桿),Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.9．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe！”probablymean?A．Becareful! B．Welldone!C．Noway! D．Don'tworry!【答案】B【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.(那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大聲歡呼。由此可推知，畫線詞指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。故選B。考向一猜測劃線單詞或短語的意思1.（2023屆長郡中學(xué)杭州二中鄭州外國語學(xué)校聯(lián)考）Costisanotherissuethatmaydiscouragepeopleswitchingtoelectricpower.Butsomecountriesofferincentive,suchascuttingpricesbyreducingimporttaxes,andnotchargingforroadtaxandparking.Somealsoprovideexclusivelanesforelectriccarstobedrivenon,overtakingtraditionalcarswhichmightbestuckinjams.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“incentive”meaninparagraph3?A．compensation B．a(chǎn)llowance C．encouragement D．Privilege【答案】C【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“suchascuttingpricesbyreducingimporttaxes,andnotchargingforroadtaxandparking.Somealsoprovideexclusivelanesforelectriccarstobedrivenon,overtakingtraditionalcarswhichmightbestuckinjams.”可知，有些國家通過降低進(jìn)口稅來降低價格，不收取道路稅和停車費。有些還為電動汽車提供專用車道，以超越可能陷入擁堵的傳統(tǒng)汽車，這些都是鼓勵人們購買的措施。故畫線詞意思是“鼓勵”。故選C?？枷蚨聹y代詞指代的含義（2023年湖北武漢?？季毩?xí)）Cory’sshearwatersarelong-lived,rarelyproducingyoungsuccessfullybeforeagenine.Thisleavesanopeningforlearningandpracticetodeveloptheirmigrationpatterns.Researcherscallthisthe“exploration-refinement”,anduntilnowithasbeenhypothetical(假設(shè)的)becauseofdifficultiesintrackingmigratoryanimals’movements.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inparagraph3referto?A．Theopeningforlearningandpractice.B．TheuniquelivinghabitofCory’sshearwaters.C．ThewayCory’sshearwatersformtheirmigrationpatterns.D．TheprocessscientiststrackCory’sshearwaters’movements.【答案】C【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)“Cory’sshearwatersarelong-lived,rarelyproducingyoungsuccessfullybeforeagenine.Thisleavesanopeningforlearningandpracticetodeveloptheirmigrationpatterns.(科里海鷗的壽命很長，很少能在九歲之前成功產(chǎn)下幼崽。這為學(xué)習(xí)和實踐發(fā)展它們的遷移模式提供了機(jī)會)”和“Researcherscallthisthe“exploration-refinement”(研究人員稱之為“探索-精煉”)”可知，此處指研究人員稱這種模式為“探索-精煉”，第三段中劃線的this指代的是科里海鷗形成遷徙模式的方式。故選C項。考向三猜測劃線句子的含義（2023年湖北武漢?？茧A段練習(xí)）WhenIwasyoung,afriendandIcameupwitha“big”plantomakereadingeasy.Theideawastoboildowngreatbookstoasentenceeach.“Moby-Dick”byAmericanwriterHermanMelville,forinstance,wasreducedto:“Awhaleofataleabouttheonethatgotaway.”Asitturnedout,thejokewasonus.Howcouldasinglesentenceconveytheessence(精髓)ofamasterpiecewithoverfivehundredpages?Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thejokewasonus”inParagraph1mean?A．Wewereactuallyjoking. B．Wewerelaughedatbyothers.C．Wewereunderestimating’ourselves. D．Wewerejustembarrassingourselves.【答案】D【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)“Theideawastoboildowngreatbookstoasentenceeach.“Moby-Dick”byAmericanwriterHermanMelville,forinstance,wasreducedto:“Awhaleofataleabouttheonethatgotaway.”(這個想法是將偉大的書籍簡化為一個句子。例如，美國作家HermanMelville的《白鯨》就被簡化為:“一個關(guān)于逃走的那個人的故事?！?”和劃線句子下文“Howcouldasinglesentenceconveytheessence(精髓)ofamasterpiecewithoverfivehundredpages?(一句話怎么能表達(dá)出一部五百多頁的杰作的精髓呢？)”可知，作者和朋友想把一些偉大的書籍簡化為一個句子，但是當(dāng)他們把《白鯨》簡化為：“一個關(guān)于逃走的那個人的故事?！睍r，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)用一句話是根本無法表達(dá)出一部五百多頁杰作的精髓，他們簡直是在自取其辱。故選D。1.（2023年全國甲卷B篇）TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.4．Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A．Anartist. B．Awinner. C．Aspecialist. D．Apioneer.【答案】C【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第一段畫線短語下文“Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.(她擅長擺架子和拼接家具，從不付錢給別人做她自己能做的工作)”可推知，此處指TerriBoltonis是一位DIY高手。C項“Aspecialist(一位專業(yè)人員)”最接近畫線短語“adabhand”的意思。故選C。2.(2019年浙江高考B篇)Moneywithnostringsattached.It'snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”24．Whatdoestheexpression“Moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A．Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B．Moneynotlegallymade.C．Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D．Moneynottiedtogether.【答案】C【解析】句意猜測題。根據(jù)本段中的“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.(盡你所能，取你所需。)”可知，此處“Moneywithnostringsattached”的意思是“無條件地提供錢”。故選C。（2023年新高II卷C篇）Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections