目錄

第1章軟件工程概論..................................................................................9

考綱分析........................................................................................9

考點(diǎn)精講........................................................................................9

1.1軟件和軟件工程的概念..................................................................9

考點(diǎn)1軟件的概念.....................................................................9

考點(diǎn)2軟件危機(jī).......................................................................10

考點(diǎn)3軟件工程的概念................................................................10

1.2軟件工程方法..........................................................................12

考點(diǎn)1面向過(guò)程方法..................................................................12

考點(diǎn)2面向?qū)ο蠓椒?.................................................................13

考點(diǎn)3形式化方法....................................................................13

1.3軟件過(guò)程與軟件生存周期...............................................................13

考點(diǎn)1軟件生存周期..................................................................14

考點(diǎn)2軟件過(guò)程.......................................................................15

1.4軟件過(guò)程模型..........................................................................15

考點(diǎn)1編碼-修補(bǔ)模型.................................................................15

考點(diǎn)2瀑布模型.......................................................................16

考點(diǎn)3快速原型開(kāi)發(fā)模型..............................................................16

考點(diǎn)4增量模型.......................................................................17

考點(diǎn)5快速應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)模型..............................................................17

考點(diǎn)6螺旋模型.......................................................................18

考點(diǎn)7同步-穩(wěn)定模型.................................................................19

考點(diǎn)8開(kāi)源過(guò)程模型..................................................................19

考點(diǎn)9極限過(guò)程......................................................................20

考點(diǎn)10Rational統(tǒng)一開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程.........................................................21

1.5軟件工具概述.........................................................................22

考點(diǎn)1逐步求精法....................................................................23

考點(diǎn)2成本-效益分析法...............................................................23

考點(diǎn)3軟件度量......................................................................23

考點(diǎn)4軟件工具與CASE.............................................................................................................................23

考點(diǎn)5CASE的分類...................................................................23

考點(diǎn)6版本工具......................................................................24

考點(diǎn)7配置控制......................................................................25

考點(diǎn)8建造工具......................................................................25

第2章面向?qū)ο蟮幕靖拍钆cUML......................................................................................................................................26

考綱分析.......................................................................................26

考點(diǎn)精講.......................................................................................26

2.1面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)的基本概念...............................................................26

考點(diǎn)1面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)的概念............................................................26

考點(diǎn)2對(duì)象........................................................................26

考點(diǎn)3類與封裝......................................................................27

考點(diǎn)4繼承........................................................................27

考點(diǎn)5多態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)綁定................................................................28

考點(diǎn)6消息通信......................................................................28

2.2統(tǒng)一建模語(yǔ)言UML概述................................................................28

考點(diǎn)1UML的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展.............................................................28

考點(diǎn)2UML的特點(diǎn)...................................................................29

2.3UML的模型元素......................................................................29

考點(diǎn)1UML的事物..................................................................29

考點(diǎn)2UML中的關(guān)系................................................................30

2.4UML中的圖..........................................................................33

考點(diǎn)1外部視圖......................................................................33

考點(diǎn)2內(nèi)部視圖......................................................................35

第3章軟件需求分析..............................................................................38

考綱分析.......................................................................................38

考點(diǎn)精講.......................................................................................38

3.1系統(tǒng)工程的概念.......................................................................38

考點(diǎn)1基于計(jì)算機(jī)的系統(tǒng)..............................................................38

考點(diǎn)2計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)工程................................................................38

考點(diǎn)3可行性研究....................................................................39

3.2軟件需求分析的任務(wù)和原則.............................................................40

考點(diǎn)1軟件需求的定義和層次..........................................................40

考點(diǎn)2軟件需求分析的任務(wù)............................................................40

考點(diǎn)3需求分析的原則................................................................41

3.3軟件需求獲取.........................................................................42

考點(diǎn)1需求獲取的任務(wù)和原則..........................................................42

考點(diǎn)2需求獲取的過(guò)程................................................................42

考點(diǎn)3需求的表達(dá)....................................................................43

3.4結(jié)構(gòu)化分析方法.......................................................................43

考點(diǎn)1數(shù)據(jù)建模......................................................................44

考點(diǎn)2功能建模......................................................................45

考點(diǎn)3行為建模......................................................................47

考點(diǎn)4數(shù)據(jù)字典......................................................................47

考點(diǎn)5基本加工邏輯說(shuō)明..............................................................48

3.5面向?qū)ο蟮姆治龇椒?..................................................................49

考點(diǎn)I面向?qū)ο蠓治龈攀?.............................................................50

考點(diǎn)2識(shí)別類或?qū)ο?.................................................................51

考點(diǎn)3識(shí)別關(guān)系（結(jié)構(gòu)）..............................................................52

考點(diǎn)4標(biāo)識(shí)類的屬性和服務(wù)............................................................52

3.6需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明和需求評(píng)審...............................................................53

考點(diǎn)1軟件需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明的目標(biāo)........................................................53

考點(diǎn)2軟件需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明編制原則.....................................................53

考點(diǎn)3軟件需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明模板..........................................................54

考點(diǎn)4軟件需求評(píng)審..................................................................54

第4章軟件設(shè)計(jì)..................................................................................57

考綱分析.......................................................................................57

考點(diǎn)精講.......................................................................................57

4.1軟件設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)和原則.................................................................57

考點(diǎn)1軟件設(shè)計(jì)的概念................................................................57

考點(diǎn)2軟件設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)................................................................57

考點(diǎn)3軟件設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程................................................................57

考點(diǎn)4軟件設(shè)計(jì)的原則................................................................58

占

卷1

八結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)與結(jié)構(gòu)化分析的關(guān)系61

著2

占

『軟件結(jié)構(gòu)及表示工具..........62

蒼

占3

八結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程............

考63

點(diǎn)4

變換流映射..................64

考點(diǎn)6軟件模塊結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)..............................................................65

考點(diǎn)7接口設(shè)計(jì)......................................................................66

4.3軟件的過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì).......................................................................66

考點(diǎn)I部署設(shè)計(jì)......................................................................66

考點(diǎn)2算法設(shè)計(jì)......................................................................67

考點(diǎn)3處理過(guò)程的描述................................................................67

4.4面向?qū)ο蟮南到y(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)...................................................................69

考點(diǎn)1系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)和準(zhǔn)則..........................................................69

考點(diǎn)2子系統(tǒng)分解....................................................................69

考點(diǎn)3問(wèn)題域部分的設(shè)計(jì)..............................................................70

考點(diǎn)4人機(jī)交互部分的設(shè)計(jì)............................................................71

考點(diǎn)5任務(wù)管理部分的設(shè)計(jì)............................................................72

考點(diǎn)6數(shù)據(jù)管理部分的設(shè)計(jì)............................................................73

4.5體系結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)..........................................................................74

考點(diǎn)I體系結(jié)構(gòu)的概念................................................................74

考點(diǎn)2體系結(jié)構(gòu)的4+1視圖............................................................75

考點(diǎn)3常用的體系結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)格............................................................76

考點(diǎn)4分布式系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)............................................................79

4.6對(duì)象設(shè)計(jì)..............................................................................81

考點(diǎn)1使用模式設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象..............................................................81

考點(diǎn)2接口規(guī)格說(shuō)明設(shè)計(jì)..............................................................81

考點(diǎn)3重構(gòu)對(duì)象設(shè)計(jì)模型..............................................................81

考點(diǎn)4優(yōu)化對(duì)象設(shè)計(jì)模型..............................................................82

4.7軟件設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格說(shuō)明與評(píng)審...............................................................82

考點(diǎn)1軟件設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格說(shuō)明..............................................................82

考點(diǎn)2軟件概要設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審..............................................................83

考點(diǎn)3軟件詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審..............................................................84

第5章程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)..................................................................................86

考綱分析.......................................................................................86

考點(diǎn)精講.......................................................................................86

5.1程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)的任務(wù).......................................................................86

考點(diǎn)1概念........................................................................86

考點(diǎn)2程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)的過(guò)程................................................................86

考點(diǎn)3程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)、軟件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件測(cè)試.................................................86

5.2結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)方法...................................................................86

考點(diǎn)1自頂向下和逐步求精............................................................86

考點(diǎn)2使用基本控制結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造程序.....................................................87

5.3面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)方法...............................................................87

考點(diǎn)1封裝........................................................................87

考點(diǎn)2泛化........................................................................87

考點(diǎn)3多態(tài)........................................................................87

考點(diǎn)4協(xié)同........................................................................88

考點(diǎn)5復(fù)用........................................................................88

5.4程序設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格與編碼規(guī)范...............................................................89

號(hào)

占3

心標(biāo)識(shí)符命名....................................................................90

皆

占4

小變量與表達(dá)式..................................................................90

玲

占5

,函數(shù)........................................................................90

號(hào)

占6

心可測(cè)試性......................................................................

專90

占7

八程序效率......................................................................90

考點(diǎn)9代碼編輯、編譯、審查..........................................................91

5.5編程語(yǔ)言的選擇.......................................................................91

考點(diǎn)1編程語(yǔ)言特性的比較............................................................91

考點(diǎn)2編程語(yǔ)言的分類................................................................92

考點(diǎn)3編程語(yǔ)言的選擇................................................................94

5.6程序復(fù)雜性............................................................................95

考點(diǎn)1代碼行度量法..................................................................95

考點(diǎn)2McCabe度量法................................................................95

5.7程序調(diào)試..............................................................................96

考點(diǎn)1概念........................................................................96

考點(diǎn)2程序調(diào)試的步驟................................................................96

考點(diǎn)3幾種主要的調(diào)試方法............................................................97

考點(diǎn)4程序調(diào)試的原則................................................................99

第6章軟件測(cè)試..................................................................................100

考綱分析......................................................................................100

考點(diǎn)精講......................................................................................100

6.1軟件測(cè)試的任務(wù)......................................................................100

考點(diǎn)I軟件測(cè)試的目的和定義.........................................................100

考點(diǎn)2軟件測(cè)試的原則...............................................................100

考點(diǎn)3軟件測(cè)試的實(shí)踐...............................................................101

考點(diǎn)4軟件測(cè)試的對(duì)象...............................................................102

考點(diǎn)5測(cè)試信息流...................................................................102

6.2軟件測(cè)試方法.........................................................................103

考點(diǎn)1白盒測(cè)試方法.................................................................103

考點(diǎn)2黑盒測(cè)試方法.................................................................107

考點(diǎn)3其他測(cè)試方法.................................................................109

6.3軟件測(cè)試的策略.......................................................................109

考點(diǎn)1軟件測(cè)試活動(dòng).................................................................109

考點(diǎn)2單元測(cè)試......................................................................110

考點(diǎn)3集成測(cè)試......................................................................111

考點(diǎn)4系統(tǒng)測(cè)試......................................................................114

考點(diǎn)5驗(yàn)收測(cè)試......................................................................115

考

點(diǎn)1

桌上檢查......................................................................115

卷

點(diǎn)2

代碼檢查......................................................................116

點(diǎn)

看3

走查........................................................................117

考綱分析......................................................................................119

考點(diǎn)精講......................................................................................119

7.1軟件維護(hù)的任務(wù).......................................................................119

考點(diǎn)1軟件維護(hù)的定義...............................................................119

考點(diǎn)2軟件維護(hù)的類型...............................................................119

7.2軟件維護(hù)的活動(dòng).......................................................................120

考點(diǎn)1維護(hù)機(jī)制.....................................................................120

考點(diǎn)2軟件維護(hù)申請(qǐng)報(bào)告.............................................................120

考點(diǎn)3軟件維護(hù)過(guò)程模型.............................................................120

考點(diǎn)4GB/T20157—2006軟件維護(hù)過(guò)程................................................122

考點(diǎn)5維護(hù)記錄文檔.................................................................123

7.3程序修改的步驟及修改的副作用........................................................123

考點(diǎn)1分析和理解程序...............................................................123

考點(diǎn)2評(píng)估修改范圍.................................................................123

考點(diǎn)3修改程序.....................................................................124

考點(diǎn)4修改程序的副作用及其控制.....................................................124

考點(diǎn)5重新驗(yàn)證程序.................................................................125

7.4軟件可維護(hù)性.........................................................................125

考點(diǎn)I可維護(hù)性的定義...............................................................125

考點(diǎn)2軟件可維護(hù)性度量.............................................................125

7.5軟件演進(jìn)與再工程....................................................................126

考點(diǎn)1遺留系統(tǒng)的演化...............................................................126

考點(diǎn)2軟件再工程...................................................................127

考點(diǎn)3遺留系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)代化改造過(guò)程.....................................................128

考點(diǎn)4重構(gòu)與逆向工程...............................................................128

第8章軟件過(guò)程..................................................................................130

考綱分析......................................................................................130

考點(diǎn)精講......................................................................................130

8.1軟件過(guò)程的概念......................................................................130

考點(diǎn)I軟件過(guò)程的定義...............................................................130

考點(diǎn)2軟件過(guò)程的任務(wù)...............................................................130

8.2軟件過(guò)程的建模......................................................................130

考點(diǎn)1軟件生存周期過(guò)程模型.........................................................130

考點(diǎn)2生存周期的基本過(guò)程...........................................................131

考點(diǎn)3生存周期的支持過(guò)程...........................................................132

考點(diǎn)4生存周期的組織過(guò)程...........................................................133

8.3軟件過(guò)程成熟度模型..................................................................134

考點(diǎn)1軟件過(guò)程成熟度...............................................................134

考點(diǎn)2CMM與CMM1...............................................................................................................................135

考點(diǎn)3CMMI的分級(jí)表示.............................................................136

考點(diǎn)4CMMI的連續(xù)表示.............................................................138

考點(diǎn)5CMMI的模型構(gòu)件.............................................................139

考點(diǎn)6CMM［評(píng)估...................................................................140

8.4軟件過(guò)程改進(jìn).........................................................................141

考點(diǎn)1軟件過(guò)程改進(jìn)的IDEAL模型....................................................141

考點(diǎn)2軟件過(guò)程改進(jìn)框架.............................................................142

考點(diǎn)3有效的軟件過(guò)程...............................................................143

第9章軟件項(xiàng)目管理.............................................................................145

考綱分析......................................................................................145

考點(diǎn)精講......................................................................................145

9.1軟件項(xiàng)目與管理概述..................................................................145

考點(diǎn)1項(xiàng)目和項(xiàng)目管理的概念.........................................................145

考點(diǎn)2項(xiàng)目管理的定義...............................................................145

考點(diǎn)3過(guò)程與項(xiàng)目管理...............................................................146

9.2軟件項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃與項(xiàng)目集成管理..........................................................146

考點(diǎn)1項(xiàng)目集成管理的概念...........................................................146

考點(diǎn)2項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃制訂的過(guò)程...........................................................146

考點(diǎn)3項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行和控制.........................................................148

9.3軟件項(xiàng)目度量與工作量估算............................................................150

考點(diǎn)1軟件度量的概念...............................................................150

考點(diǎn)2軟件范圍管理.................................................................152

考點(diǎn)3軟件項(xiàng)目中的資源.............................................................152

考點(diǎn)4軟件項(xiàng)目的工作量估算.........................................................153

9.4項(xiàng)目的成本管理......................................................................153

考點(diǎn)1項(xiàng)目成本的概念...............................................................153

考點(diǎn)2項(xiàng)目成本管理的過(guò)程...........................................................154

9.5項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)度管理......................................................................155

考點(diǎn)1項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度管理的概念...........................................................155

考點(diǎn)2項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度管理的過(guò)程...........................................................156

9.6項(xiàng)目人員與溝通管理..................................................................157

考點(diǎn)I項(xiàng)目人員管理的概念..................