Unit 32ApplicationStatusandEvaluationMethodofRenewableEnergyinGreenBuildinginChinaText ThedevelopmentofutilizationofrenewableenergyisdesignatedasthepreferentialareaforenergydevelopmentbyTheRenewableEnergyLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Promotinglarge-scaleutilizationofsolarenergyandgeothermalenergyinbuildingsectorisoneoftargetsofMiddleandLongTermProgramofRenewableEnergyDevelopmentinChina.RenewableenergyutilizationinbuildingduringtheTwelfthFive-Year,isaimedat2.5billionsquaremetersoffloorarea,withestimatedabilityofreplacingconventionalenergyof30milliontonsofstandardcoal. ThegreenbuildinginChinaisdefinedtobe“Four-Saving”and“Two-Benign”,namelylandsaving,energysaving,watersavingandmaterialsaving,andbenigntoambientenvironmentandindoorenvironment,respectively.IfbuildingswithrenewableenergyutilizationcomplywithEvaluationStandardforGreenbuildingatthesametime,theywillbeconsideredfirstlyindemonstrationprogramandfinancialsubsidybythegovernment.Therefore,evaluationonrenewableenergyutilizationnotonlyaffectsqualityofgreenbuilding,butconcernswithgovernmentalfundallocation. Inthispaper,applicationstatusofsolarenergyandgeothermalenergyinGreenBuildingLabel(GBL)projectsisinvestigatedatfirst.Then,characteristicfeaturesofprovisionsforevaluatingTextrenewableenergyutilizationincurrentChinesenationalstandardareanalyzed.It’sfollowedbyintroductionofevaluationmethodforrenewableenergyinothergreenbuildingsystems.Atlast,discussiononscientificandtechnicalrationalityoftheevaluationmethodisproposed. Investigationsamplehereis57GreenBuildingLabel(GBL)projectsevaluatedbyChineseSocietyforUrbanStudiesbytheendoftheyearof2010.Amongthem,32GBLprojectsaredwellings,andtheother25projectsarepublicbuildings.Fromanotherstandpoint,GBLprojectquantityofone-star,two-starandthree-starlevelis11,25and21,respectively. DwellingsThereare18GBLprojectswithrenewableenergyutilization,accounting56%ofdwellingGBLprojects.Furthermore,quantitypercentageofprojectsapplyinggroundsourceheatpump(GSHP)andsolarwaterheater(SWH)inalldwellingprojectsis16%and50%,respectively.Thesedatasuggestthat10%ofdwellingprojectstakesuseofbothgeothermalenergyandsolarenergy.PVpanelisnotfoundindwellingprojects. GSHPisappliedin2two-starprojectsand3three-starprojects,whichmostlyaremiddlehighrisebuilding.unitsandinstalledcooling/heatingcapacityofthe5projects.TextThesizeofbluecircleindicatesinstalledcoolingcapacityofprojectinhot-summerandcold-winterzone,whereasthatofredoneindicatesinstalledheatingcapacityoftheprojectincoldzone.Regardlessofthisproject,comprisedofdwellingandcommercialannex,coolingloadofdwellinginhot-summerandcold-winterzoneisestimatedbetween30W/㎡and35W/㎡.Heatingloadofdwellingincoldzoneisabout63W/㎡. SWHisappliedinhalfofdwellingprojects.projectquantitiesindifferentsolarenergyareaaccordingtoisgivenrespectively.Itshouldbefullyrecognizedthat,2one-starprojects(includinganindemnificatoryhousingproject)applySWHaswell.Actually,partofunits,especiallythoseatlowerfloors,isnotservedbySWH,duetoover-shadingfromadjacentbuildingsorwatersystempipework.However,suggestslinearcorrelationbetweensolarcollectorareaandunitsservedbySWH.Generally,2.09㎡ofsolarcollectorisneedforoneunit. PublicBuildingsThereare19GBLprojectswithrenewableenergyutilization,accounting76%ofpublicbuildingGBLprojects.Furthermore,quantitypercentageofprojectsapplyingGSHP,SWHandPVpanelinallpublicbuildingprojectsis48%,44%and32%,respectively.TextThereevenare4projectsapplyingallofthreesystemsabove.GSHPisappliedin4two-starprojectsand7three-starprojects.Amongthem,onethree-starprojectisgroundwaterheatpump(GWHP);anotherisdistrictheatingandcooling(DHC)systemusingseawaterheatpump(SWHP);theother9projectsareground-coupledheatpump(GCHP).aswell.Coolingloadofpublicbuildingisabout55W/㎡. projectsapplyingSWH,and8projectsapplying.Obviously,themorethesolarenergy,themoreprojectsapplyingSWHorPV.What’smore,thehighertheGBLlevel,themoreprojectsapplyingSWHorPV.Withoutexception,electricityenergygeneratedbyPVpanelisputintoelectricitygridatlow-voltageside.Powergenerationperunitareaofmostprojectsisintherageof100Wp/㎡to200Wp/㎡. Thenationalstandard,EvaluationStandardforGreenbuilding(GB/T50378-2006),isusedtoevaluategreenbuildinginChina.Energysavingandenergyresourceutilizationisoneofsixcategoriesofevaluationindices.EachcategoryincludesPrerequisiteProvisions,OptionalProvisionsandOptimalProvisions.TextAllPrerequisiteProvisionsmustbemetregardlessofGBLstarlevel,whereasOptionalProvisionsandOptimalProvisionsbothhavedifferentcompliancerequirementsforeachlevel.Furthermore,compliancenumberofOptionalProvisionsisrequiredrespectivelybyeachcategory,butOptimalProvisionsinallsixcategoriesrequirecompliancenumberonlyonce.

A.Dwelling Inthestandard,thereareoneOptionalProvisionandoneOptimalProvisionforevaluatingrenewableenergyutilizationofdwellingprojects.Bothofthemtakeconsumptionratioofrenewableenergytototalenergyinbuildingasevaluationindex.Indexvalueoftheformerprovisionis5%,whereasthatofthelatteroneis10%.Thatisintendedtoencouragefullyutilizationonrenewableenergy.Forconvenience,theOptionalProvisionforrenewableenergyutilizationcanbedeterminedcomplianceifoneofthreefollowingconditionsissatisfied:Morethan25%ofunitsinthedwellingorcommunityapplySHWfordomestichotwatersupply;Morethan25%ofunitsinthedwellingorcommunityapplyGSHPforspaceheatingand/orcooling;orMorethan50%ofunitsinthedwellingorcommunityapplygeothermalwaterforspaceheatingdirectly.Text AsfortheOptimalProvision,thevalueforthreeconditionsaboveincreaseto50%,50%and100%,respectively.Obviously,theGBLprojectincompliancewiththeOptimalProvision,definitelycomplieswiththeOptionalProvision. However,projectproportioncomplyingtheOptionalProvisionandtheOptimalProvisionforrenewableenergyutilizationin32dwellingsinvestigated,is56%and50%,respectively.Inotherwords,allprojectsapplyingrenewableenergycomplywiththeOptionalProvision,andmostlycomplywiththeOptimalProvision.projectsfailingintheOptionalProvision,arebothhigh-riseandapplyingsolarhotwatersystem.Theseparatesetofevaluationprovisiononrenewableenergyutilizationhaslittlemeaning.

B.PublicBuilding Inthestandard,thereisoneOptimalProvisionforevaluatingrenewableenergyutilizationofpublicbuildingprojects.Otherthantheindexofrenewableenergyconsumptionratiofordwelling,theOptionalProvisiontakesevaluationindexasfollows: DomestichotwaterlitersproducedbySHWTextmorethan10%oftotalconsumptionofdomestichotwaterinbuilding;PowergeneratedbyPVmorethan2%oftotalconsumptionofelectricityinbuilding;orGSHPforspaceheatingand/orcooling. Inthe25publicbuildingprojectsunderstudy,68%complieswiththeprovision.2projectswithrenewableenergyutilizationfailedinthisprovision,onehigh-riseofficeapplyingSWH,theotheroneapplyingPVpanelexperimentally. C.SummaryandAnalysis Provisionsincurrentnationalstandard,havesettechnicalthresholdforrenewableenergyutilizationingreenbuildingsuccessfully.However,theyneedtobeimprovedinfollowingaspects:Rationalityofindexvalues.Itshouldbeillustratedorexplainedhowthesevaluesaredeterminedandwhythosethreeconditionsequaltoeachother.Basicstudyandspecializedresearchneedtobeconducted.Uniformityofcalculatingmeans.Provisionoftemplateand/orsamplefileswouldbeagoodsolution.Tradeoffbetweenscientificandconvenienceofevaluationmethod.Althoughadiscordmayariseoverthisissue,furtherinvestigationandstudyisimplementedbelow.

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OTHEREVALUATIONMETHODS Inothergreenbuildingevaluationorassessmentsystems,therearediversetypesofevaluationmethodonrenewableenergyutilization.ThefirstoneisrenewableenergypercentageinLEED(LeadshipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign).ThesecondoneisrenewableenergyusageperunitfloorareainCASBEE(ComprehensiveAssessmentSystemforBuiltEnvironmentEfficiency).ThethirdoneisconsiderationinEnergyPerformanceRatio(EPR)calculationinBREEAM(BuildingResearchEstablishmentEnvironmentalAssessmentMethod),otherthandirectevaluationoftheformertwotypes. RenewableEnergyPercentageTakingLEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsasanexample,evaluationindexisapercentageofenergyproducedbyrenewablesystemstothebuilding’sannualenergycost.Pointsupto7couldbeachievedincaseofthepercentagelargerthan13%.Othermethodstakingpercentageastheevaluationindex,includepercentageofrenewableprimaryenergyinDGNB(GermanSustainableBuildingCertificate),replacementpercentageofelectricityinGreenMarkforNewBuildingsVersion4.0fromSingapore,andtheratioofrenewableenergytototalenergyincurrentChinesenationalstandard.Text RenewableEnergyUsageTheevaluationindexinCASBEEforNewConstruction2008Edition,isannualrenewableenergyusageperunitfloorarea,withtheunitof“MJ/(㎡·yr)”.Differentlevelswillbedeterminedbyindexvalueof1MJ/(㎡·yr)and15MJ/(㎡·yr).Besidesconverted(orindirect)useofrenewableenergymentionedabove,includingPVgeneration,solarheatutilizationandothersemi-mechanicalmeans,thereisdirectutilizationformofnaturalenergyinCASBEEaswell,e.g.naturallight,naturalventilation,geothermalenergy(notGSHP). IndirectEvaluationbyEnergyPerformanceRatioConsideringthatrenewableenergyisusedtooff-setorreduceregularenergycost/consumption,BREEAM2011forNewConstruction(Non-DomesticBuildings)takesEnergyPerformanceRatio(EPR)ofallsystemsandequipmentsinbuildingastheevaluationindex,insteadofevaluatingrenewableenergyutilizationindividually.

DISCUSSION RevisiononcurrentChinesenationalstandardisunderway,bothapplicationstatusandevaluationinvestigationinthispapercouldbehelpfulforrenewableenergyevaluationinthestandard.Althoughtheevaluationmethodsinallevaluationorassessmentsystemsaboveareeasytobeunderstandandimplement,scientificandtechnicalrationalityshouldbeconsideredmorefromfollow-Text-ingaspects:Extraenergyconsumption(especiallyforGSHP).AccordingtotheSecondLawofThermodynamics,entropyandexergycouldbeappliedtoevaluatebothquantityandqualityofrenewableenergyutilization.Moreover,differencesbetweenvariousrenewableenergy,suchassolarenergyandgeothermalenergyaretakenintoaccountatthesametime.RelativestudyhasbeenconductedbyXiaandHepbasli.Regionaldisparityofrenewableenergyresources.Distributionofalmostallkindsofenergyresources,includingrenewableones,varieswithdifferentregions.Thoseindexvaluesmentionedaboveareuniformbutnotfairforthem.Locallevelofrenewableenergyresourcesshouldbeoneofinputvariableswhenevaluating.Evaluationpathinenergyrelatedtopic.Ifthereisaperformancepathfocusontotalenergycost/consumptionorenergy-savingrate,itisbettertoavoiddoublecountingrenewableenergypercentageorusagementionedabove,justliketheEPRwayinBREEAM.Ifnot,evaluationinenergyrelatedtopicwouldcoverseparateonesonbuildingenvelope,servicesystemefficiency,renewableenergyutilization,etc. Weightingonrenewableenergyinthewholesystem.Reasonablesolutiontoenergy-savingwouldbefollowingsteps:modestparameterofindoorenvironmenttoreduceenergyrequirement,appropriatebuildinganditsenvelopetousenaturalenergydirectlyandhencereducesystemload,highefficiencybuildingservicesystemsandequipmentstoreduceenergyuse,andthenrenewableenergyutilizationtoreduceregularenergyuse.Theseshouldbenoticedwhendistributingweights.solarenergy 太陽(yáng)能renewableenergy 可再生能源subsidy n.補(bǔ)貼；津貼；助學(xué)金；獎(jiǎng)金sample n.樣品，華樣；標(biāo)本，榜GreenBuilding 綠色建筑Dwelling n.住處，處所；寓所；居住Utilization n.利用，使用，效用Pump n.泵；打氣筒solarcollector 太陽(yáng)能收集器，太陽(yáng)能吸收器geothermal adj.地?zé)岬模販氐膇nstall

vt.安裝；安頓，coolingcapacity

冷卻能力quantityn.量，數(shù)量；定量，大批districtheating區(qū)域供暖；區(qū)域集中供熱；gridn.格子；地圖上的坐標(biāo)方格；（輸電線路、天然氣管道等的）系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)paneln.鑲板；面consumptionratio消費(fèi)率Provisionn.規(guī)定，條項(xiàng)high-risen.高樓，大廈，多層建筑物implementvt.實(shí)施，執(zhí)行；使生效semi-mechanical半機(jī)械化systemefficiency系統(tǒng)效率NewWordsandPhrasesNotes（1）ThedevelopmentofutilizationofrenewableenergyisdesignatedasthepreferentialareaforenergydevelopmentbyTheRenewableEnergyLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Energysavingandenergyresourceutilizationisoneofsixcategoriesofevaluationindices. 可再生能源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用被指定為受中華人民共和國(guó)可再生能源優(yōu)先發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域。節(jié)能與能源利用是六項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)中的一種。（2）ThegreenbuildinginChinaisdefinedtobe“Four-Saving”and“Two-Benign”,namelylandsaving,energysaving,watersavingandmaterialsaving,andbenigntoambientenvironmentandindoorenvironment,respectively. 綠色建筑在中國(guó)被定義為“四個(gè)節(jié)約”，兩個(gè)“有利于”，也就是土地節(jié)約，能源節(jié)約，水資源節(jié)約和材料節(jié)約，并且有利于外部環(huán)境和內(nèi)部環(huán)境。（3）Thenationalstandard,EvaluationStandardforGreenbuilding,isusedtoevaluategreenbuildinginChina 國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是綠色建筑的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，過(guò)去常常用于在中國(guó)評(píng)價(jià)綠色建筑方面。Notes（4）Inthestandard,thereareoneOptionalProvisionandoneOptimalProvisionforevaluatingrenewableenergyutilizationofdwellingprojects.Bothofthemtakeconsumptionratioofrenewableenergytototalenergyinbuildingasevaluationindex. 在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，對(duì)住宅項(xiàng)目的可再生能源利用評(píng)價(jià)有可選措施和最優(yōu)措施。它們都以可再生能源在建筑總能耗消費(fèi)的比例作為評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。（5）Inothergreenbuildingevaluationorassessmentsystems,therearediversetypesofevaluationmethodonrenewableenergy