云南“美美與共”民族中學(xué)聯(lián)盟聯(lián)考（一）高二英語注意事項：1.答題前，考生務(wù)必用黑色碳素筆將自己的學(xué)校、班級、姓名、考場號、座位號、準(zhǔn)考證號在答題卡上填寫清楚。2.每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號。在試題卷上作答無效。3.考試結(jié)束后，請將答題卡交回。滿分150分，考試用時120分鐘。第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1．Whatdoesthemanlikebestaboutthecountryside?A．Theeasylife.B．Theairquality.C．Thelargespace.2．Whatwillthewomandonext?A．Haveameal.B．Gooutside.C．Writeherpaper.3．Whatdoweknowabouttheman?A．Hefeelssick.B．Hehaslotsofwork.C．Hejustcamebackfromholiday.4．Whatistheweatherlikenow?A．Windy.B．Cloudy.C．Sunny.5．Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Classmates.B．Motherandson.C．Teacherandstudent.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽下面一段對話，回答第6和第7兩個小題。6．WhocanceledtheappointmentwithJessica?A．Herclient.B．John.C．Judy.7．Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A．Intheoffice.B．AtJessica’shome.C．Inarestaurant.聽下面一段對話，回答第8和第9兩個小題。8．Whatdoesthewomanaskthemantodointhebeginning?A．Closehisoldaccount.B．Filloutsomeforms.C．Provehisidentity.9．Howmuchdoesthemanwanttoputintohisaccount?A．$6,000.B．$4,000.C．$2,000.聽下面一段對話，回答第10至第12三個小題。10．Howwillthewomangethomefromtheairport?A．Bycar.B．Bysubway.C．Bycoach.11．Whatistheman’ssuggestion?A．Takingacoach.B．Leavingearlier.C．Carryinglessluggage.12．Whenwillthewomangettotheairport?A．At8:00a.m.B．At9:00a.m.C．At10:00a.m.聽下面一段對話，回答第13至第16四個小題。13．Whatwillthemandoforthewoman?A．Mailaletter.B．Buysomebooks.C．Writetoherfriends.14．WhatcanwelearnaboutUruUruLake?A．Ithas76speciesoffish.B．Itwashometovariousbirds.C．Itwasnamedbyanativewoman.15．WhatdoesDayanathinkoftheEarthaccordingtothewoman?A．Itlacksresources.B．Ithaslost13%ofitslakes.C．Itsuffersfromanenvironmentalimbalance.16．Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardDayana’sbehavior?A．Favorable.B．Casual.C．Unfavorable.聽下面一段獨(dú)白，回答第17至第20四個小題。17．Whoisprobablythespeaker?A．Aphotographer.B．Asalesperson.C．Aneditor.18．Whatisthespeaker’sfirstrequestforthepictures?A．Theyshouldhaveadescription.B．Theymustbeaboutlandscape.C．Theyaresupposedtobeclear.19．Howcanpeoplegetmoredetailedinformation?A．Byvisitingthewebsite.B．Bycallingthespeaker.C．Bysendingemails.20．Whydoesthespeakergivethetalk?A．Tocollecthigh-qualitypictures.B．Topromoteaphotocompetition.C．Tohireprofessionalphotographers.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。ADigitalandMarketingOfficer—Beijing,ChinaBepartofanextraordinarystoryShowyourskills,imaginationandambitionhere.Unlimitedpotentialawaits.Seizegrowthopportunities,tacklechallengesandjoinourinternationalcommunity.Impossibleisjustachallenge.Joinus!Together,everythingispossible.JobResponsibilities·Beanexpertontheassignedcountries’B2B&B2Ccampaignprocessesandtools.·ManageandcooperatewithpartnerstosupportcooperationandcommunicationamongtheDigital&MarketingCampaignPlatform.·Ensureallcampaignsfollowproceduresandcompanystandards.·AnalyzewebtrafficdataandrateofinvestmentofalldigitalmarketingcampaignsandprovidethesummaryreportstotheManagement.·DevelopmarketingplansandgenerateKPIreports.Qualifications·ThelegalrightstoliveandworkinChina·Bachelor’sDegreeorminimum3yearsofjob-relatedexperience·StrongexperiencerequiredinMarketingaswellasDigital·PreviousexperienceinDigitalmarketingisessential·OverallMarketingfundamentalsincludingBrandawarenesstechniquesHowtoapplyPleasetakethefirststepandapplythroughtheURLbelowbyuploadingyourCVandcompletingtheonlineapplication.https:///careersection/jobdetail.fil?lang=en&job=2210711.WhatisoneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheDigitalandMarketingOfficer?A.Trainingnewpartnersondigitaltools.B.Creatingbrandnewmarketingplatforms.C.Analyzingdataofdigitalmarketingcampaigns.D.Settingstandardsforinternationalcommunities.2.Whatisamustforapplicantsaccordingtothequalifications?A.Amaster’sdegreeinmarketing. B.Experienceindigitalmarketing.C.5yearsofrelatedworkexperience. D.Knowledgeofforeignlanguages.3Howshouldapplicantssendtheirapplications?A.ByemailingtheirCVstothecompany. B.Byvisitingthecompanyinperson.C.ByuploadingmaterialsthroughthegivenURL. D.Bycallingthemanagementforaninterview.BCharlesSmith,anexperiencedskiinstructor,wasburiedundersnowforanhourafterthismorning’savalanche(雪崩).Heisnowrecoveringinhospital.Hehasbeenallowedtospeakwithreportersfromhishospitalbed,buthecan’tstanduponhisownbecauseofabrokenankle.Speakingtoreporters,headmittedtheaccidentshockedeveryone.“Peopledidn’tthinkthatthiskindofthingwouldhappentoanexperiencedskier,”hesaid.Hesaidthattheweatherhadbeengoodallweek,andtherehadn’tbeenanywarningsaboutpossibleavalanches.TheproblemwasthatCharleshadgoneoutinanunpreparedskiarea,heexplained.“Itistruethattherehadn’tbeenanyavalanchewarnings,butthefactisthatIputotherpeopleindangerbyleadingmygrouptothatarea.Ishouldn’thavedonethat,”headmittedregretfully.Recallingtheterrifyingmoment,hecontinued,whilewaitingforhisgroup,heheardaloudnoiseandsawawallofsnowracingtowardshim.Charleshadnotimetoreact.Withinseconds,hewasblinded,everythingturnedwhite,andthentherewassilence.Astimepassed,Charlesstartedtopanic,fearinghewouldn’tbeabletobreathe.Afterwhatseemedlikehours,heheardbarkingandrealizedthatthespeciallytrainedmountainrescuedogshadfoundhimusingtheirincrediblesenseofsmell.Oncefreed,hisbiggestconcernwasthattherewerestillotherpeopleburiedunderthesnow.Luckily,nootherswerecaught.Incrediblygratefultothedogsandtherescueteam,hepromisedtothanktheminpersonassoonashewaswellenoughtoleavethehospitalandheagreedthathewasaveryluckyman.Charleswentontostressthatthefrequencyofavalancheshasincreasedinrecentyears,“Thepointisthatweallneedtobecareful,evenifweareexperiencedskiers.”4.Whatwaspeople’sattitudetowardsexperiencedskiersbeforetheaccident?A.Theybelievedexperiencedskierscouldpredictavalanches.B.Theyexpectedexperiencedskierstorescueothersinavalanches.C.Theyworriedexperiencedskiersmighttakerisksindangerousareas.D.Theythoughtexperiencedskierswerelesslikelytobecaughtinavalanches.5.Whywasitluckythatnootherswerecaughtintheavalanche?A.Therescueteamwasnotfullypreparedformultiplevictims.B.Charleshadledhisgrouptothesameriskyarea.C.Theavalanchewasstrongerthanexpected.D.Thehospitalcouldnothandletoomanyinjuredpeople.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“panic”inparagraph3probablymean?A.Feelcalm. B.Feelexcited. C.Feelafraid. D.Feeltired.7.WhatdidCharleshighlightaboutavalanches?A.Theiroccurrencehasbecomemorefrequentrecently.B.experiencedskiersdon’tneedtoworryaboutthem.C.Theyaremorelikelytohappeningoodweather.D.Theycanbeavoidedwithproperwarnings.CTilapia(羅非魚)skinisrichincollagen(膠原蛋白),aproteinthathelpsbuildandrepairtissues.Becauseofthis,tilapiaskinhasbecomepopularinmedicine.Researchershaveuseditforvarioustreatments,includinghelpingburnvictimsandfixingproblemsrelatedtothestomachandheart.Inspiredbycolleaguesinothermedicalfields,MirzaMelo,aneyedoctorforanimalsinBrazil,decidedtotryusingtilapiaskintotreateyeproblemsindogs.Shefocusedoneyeproblemslikecornealulcersandperforations,whicharecommonindogswithshortnoses.“Thesedogshaveeyesstickingoutfromtheirfaces,”shesays.“Sotheygetinjuredoften.”Normally,doctorstreattheseeyeinjuriesbyplacingapieceofhorseplacenta(胎盤)overthedamagedareatohelpitrecover.Butin2019,Melotriedusingtilapiaskininstead.ShesuccessfullytreatedaShihTzu(aspeciesofdog)withasevereeyeinjury.Brazil’sBurnSupportInstituteandtheFederalUniversityofCeará,whichstartedtheTilapiaSkinProjecttotreatburns,supportedherwork.Withtheirhelp,Melodevelopedaspecialmembrane(膜)calledtheacellulardermalmatrix(ADM),madefrompurecollagentakenfromtilapiaskin.Collagenisknowntohelpcellsgrowandrepairtissues.Tilapiaskinhasahighandconsistentqualityofcollagenthroughoutthefish’slife,whilethequalityofhorseplacentalcollagencanvarydependingonthehorse’sageandweight.Sofar,Melohastreatedover400dogsusingtilapiaskin.Thedogsshowednopainorinfectionaftersurgeryandhealedquicklywithminimalscarring.Meloisnowplanningtousethistechniqueoncatsandisevendiscussinghowtoadaptitfortreatinghumaneyes,whichareverysensitiveanddifficulttotreat.8.WhydidMirzaMelodecidetousetilapiaskintotreatdogs’eyeproblems?A.Becausetilapiaskinischeaperthanhorseplacenta.B.Becausetilapiaskinhasbeenwidelyusedinhumaneyetreatments.CBecauseshort-noseddogsareallergictohorseplacenta.D.Becausehercolleaguesinothermedicalfieldsinspiredher.9.Whatadvantagedoestilapiaskincollagenhaveoverhorseplacentalcollagen?A.Itismoreeasilyextracted. B.Itismoreeffectiveintreatingburns.C.Itsqualityremainsstablethroughoutthefish’slife. D.Itcanonlybeusedforanimaltreatments.10.WhatdoesMeloplantodonextaccordingtothetext?A.Stoptreatingdogsandfocusonotheranimals.B.Applythetechniquetocatsandpossiblyhumans.C.Giveuptheresearchduetodifficultiesintreatinghumaneyes.D.Developanewmembraneusinghorsecollageninstead.11.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Tilapia’sSkininMedicine B.Melo’sSuccessinTreatingDogs’EyeProblemsC.Melo’sEyeTreatmentResearch D.CollagenfromTilapiaandHorseDSincescientistsfirstdetectedmicroplasticsinhumansin2018,thesetinypiecesofplastichavebeendiscoveredinblood,lungs,theheart,andeventhebrain.Theyhavealsobeenfoundintheplacenta(胎盤)andbreastmilk.Theseparticles(微粒)areeverywhere—intheair,food,andwater.Theycomefrombroken-downplasticwasteandeverydayitems.Labstudiesshowmicroplasticscanharmcells,tissues,andDNA,andmayevenhelpcancergrow.Buttheseexperimentsoftenuseplasticparticlesthatdon’tmatchwhatpeopleactuallyeatorbreathe.Realmicroplasticscomeinmanyshapesandsizes,withthesmallest—nanoplastics(納米塑料)—beingthemostconcerningbecausetheycanenterthebloodstream.Largerparticlesusuallygetcougheduporpassthroughthebody.Earlylabtestsusedsmoothplasticbeads,butrealmicroplasticsareoftenroughanduneven,whichmightmakethemmoreharmful.Scientistsarenowcreatingmorerealisticmicroplasticmixturesfortestingbybreakingdownplasticitemslikewaterbottles.Avoidingmicroplasticsisnearlyimpossible.In2019,researchersfoundover1,000microplasticparticlespersquaremeterinLondon’sair—andthatwasonlycountingthelargerones.Reducingexposureispossiblebyusinglessplasticpackagingchoosingnaturalfabrics,andkeepinghomesdust-free.Researchersarestillstudyingtherisksandwhethernewrulesareneededtoprotecthealth.Fornow,therearemorequestionsthananswers.12.Whatcanweconcludeaboutmicroplasticsinthehumanbodyfromparagraph1?A.Theyareonlyfoundinimportantorgans.B.Theycannotcrosstheplacentaorenterbreastmilk.C.Theystayonlyinthebloodsystem.D.Theycanreachmanydifferentbodyparts.13.Whyarenanoplasticsconsideredthemostharmfultypeofmicroplastics?A.Theyarefoundinfoodandair.B.Theycanenterthebloodstreamandaffectthebody.C.Theycausebreathingproblems.D.Theyareeasiertodetectinexperiments.14.Whatcanweinferfromthetextaboutmicroplastics?A.Realmicroplasticsmaybemoreharmfulthanlabtestsshow.B.Scientistscannowremovemicroplasticscompletely.C.Smoothplasticbeadsaresaferthanrealmicroplastics.D.Londonhassolveditsmicroplasticpollutionproblem.15.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A.Banplasticpackagingcompletely. B.Carryoutstrictrulesforconfirmedrisks.C.Reducerisksandconductmoreresearch. D.Preventhealthissueswithdust-freehomes.第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。HowtoBuildaGoodRelationshipwithTeachersAsastudent,buildingagoodrelationshipwithteachersiscrucialforyouracademicsuccessandpersonalgrowth.____16____.Berespectful____17____.Usepolitelanguagewhenspeakingtoyourteachers,andavoidinterruptingthem.Listenattentivelywhentheyaretalking,andshowthatyouvaluetheiropinionsandinstructions.Thiswillcreateapositiveatmosphereforcommunication.UnderstandtheirperspectiveTrytoputyourselfinyourteachers’shoes.Theyhavealargenumberofstudentstoteachandvarioustaskstohandle.____18____.Ifyouencounteranyproblemsormisunderstandings,approachthemwithanopen-mindedattitudeandtrytounderstandtheirpointofview.Thiswillhelpyouresolveconflictsmoreeffectivelyandstrengthenyourrelationship.CommunicateregularlyGoodcommunicationisessentialforagoodrelationship.Don’tbeafraidtoshareyourthoughtsandfeelingswithyourteachers.Youcantalktothemaboutyouracademicprogress,careergoals,oranypersonalissuesthatmaybeaffectingyourstudies.Shareyourinterestsandhobbieswiththemaswell.____19________20____TeachersworkhardtoeducateandguideyouTakethetimetoexpressyourappreciationfortheirefforts.Thiscanbeassimpleassaying“Thankyou”fortheirhelp.Youcanalsowritethemathank-younoteorgivethemasmallgiftonspecialoccasions.Lettingyourteachersknowthatyouvaluetheirhardworkwillmakethemfeelappreciatedandstrengthenyourbond.A.BetalkativeB.ExpressgratitudeC.RespectisthefoundationofanygoodrelationshipD.ParticipateinclassactivitiesactivelyandanswerquestionscorrectlyE.So,it’sunderstandablethattheymaysometimesbestrictorseemimpatientF.HerearesometipstohelpyouestablishapositiveconnectionwithyourteachersG.Thiswillhelpyourteachersgettoknowyoubetterandbuildamorepersonalconnection第三部分語言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。WhenIwas16,mybiggest____21____waspublicspeaking—Iwouldgetnervousandforgetmywordseveninsmallgroups.Ataclubmeeting,Itriedtospeakbutfailedmiserably.Ilefttheroomwithtears,feelinglikeatotal____22____.Mrs.Lee,theclubadvisor,noticedmysadnessandsaid,“Everyonestartssomewhere.Yourperformancetodaydoesn’tdefineyourfuture.”Her____23____gavemealittlehope.Everyweek,Iinsistedonpracticing.Atfirst,Imademany____24____.ButMrs.Leenevergaveuponme.Shealwayssaid,“Mistakesare____25____tosuccess.”O(jiān)nemonthlater,theclubheldasmallspeechcompetition.Iwasscared,butI____26____myselftosignup.Whenmyturncame,myhandsshook.ButIrememberedMrs.Lee’swords:“Concentrateonyourspeech,notthefear.”Itookadeepbreathandstartedspeaking.____27____,Ididn’tforgetasingleword.Thatmomentgavememore____28____.Afterthat,Ijoinedmorecompetitionsandkept____29____myskills.Lastterm,Iparticipatedinacity-widespeechcontest.Onthedayofthecontest,Iwalkedontothestagewitha______30______mind.Whentheresultswereannounced,Iwonfirstplace!AllmyhardworkandMrs.Lee’shelpfinally______31______.Irantohugher,andshesaid,“Iknewyoucoulddoit.Your______32______andeffortpaidoff.”Thisexperiencetaughtmethatnomatterhowbigyourfearis,youcanbeatitwith______33______.Now,Ioftentellothersmystory.Iwanttoencouragethemtotakethefirst______34______towardtheirgoals,evenifit’sscary.Remember:everysmallstep______35______toabigsuccess.21.A.strength B.objective C.fear D.passion22.A.winner B.failure C.genius D.advocate23.A.doubt B.silence C.annoyance D.encouragement24.A.appointments B.commitments C.mistakes D.efforts25.A.steppingstones B.greenlights C.roadblocks D.passingmarks26.A.allowed B.forced C.insisted D.recommended27.A.Apparently B.Gradually C.Increasingly D.Surprisingly28.A.confidence B.property C.innovation D.prediction29.A.improving B.banning C.hiding D.analyzing30.A.nervous B.curious C.distant D.calm31.A.setout B.paidoff C.gaveup D.turneddown32.A.laziness B.courage C.shyness D.weakness33.A.fear B.break C.practice D.talent34.A.step B.luck C.attitude D.risk35.A.leads B.prefers C.appeals D.opposes第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Travelisoneofthe____36____(activity)peoplecarryoutmostoftenduringtheirsparetime.Althoughtravelmaycostalotofmoney,mostpeopleliketotravel.Maybe,forthem,tobroaden____37____(they)horizonsandtobehappyandhealthy____38____(be)moreimportantthanmoney.Travelcanbeawonderfulexperienceand____39____sweetmemory.Thefollowingtipsontravelmayhelpyouifyouplantotravellateron.Knowmoreabouttheplaceyouplantovisit.Ifyouwanttoenjoyawonderfultripyoushouldthinkcarefullyaboutwheretogo.Before____40____(make)adecision,youshouldseekothers’adviceandtrytoknowmoreabouttheplace____41____youaregoingtovisit,includinghowtogetthere,thecost,thesightsyouplantovisit,andsoon.Youshouldconsidertravelinsurance.Especiallyifyouplantotakepartinadventureactivities,youmaygetinjured.Oncesuchaninjuryoraccidenthappenstoyou,youmaynothavetosufferboth____42____(physical)andfinanciallyaslongasyouhavetravelinsurance.Mindyourbasicsafety.It’seasy____43____(let)yourguarddownwhenyoutravel.Afterall,you’remore____44____(relax)andtherearesomanynewsightstofocus_____45_____.However,nothingismoreimportantthanyourlife.So,watchoutforyourpersonalsafetyatalltimes.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）46.假定你是李華，你校英語報正在組織以“TheRoleModelWorthFollowing”為主題的征文比賽，請你準(zhǔn)備一篇文章投稿，內(nèi)容包括：1．人物簡介；2．他/她值得追隨的原因。注意：1．詞數(shù)80左右；2．可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。TheRoleModelWorthFollowing____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第二節(jié)（滿分25分）47.閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Ethanwasanine-year-oldboylivingwithhissinglemother,Clara,andhissickgrandmother.MoneywasalwaystightasClaraworkedlonghourstopayforGrandma’smedicine.WhatembarrassedEthanmostwerehisworn-outleathershoes—cracked,faded,andfullofholes.Everyrainydaymeantwetsocksandcoldfeetaswaterflowedintotheshoesthroughtheholes.Clarahadtriedrepeatedlytopatch(修補(bǔ))themup,buttheshoeswerebeyondrepair.Ethanwatchedenviouslyashisclassmatesshowedofftheirnew,stylishsneakers.Onestormyafternoon,Ethancamehomeandshouted,“Mom,Ihatetheseshoes!Myfeetarefreezing!Whycan’tIgetnewoneslikeotherkids?”Clarasighedsadly.“Ethan,youknowGrandma’smedicinecostsallourextramoney.IpromiseI’llgetyounewshoeswhenIcan.”O(jiān)verwhelmedbyfrustration,Ethancried,“YoualwayscaremoreaboutGrandma!Youdon’tloveme!”beforerunningtohisroom.Laterthatevening,Clarabroughthimdinnerandsaidgently,“Iloveyoumorethananything,Ethan.We’rejustgoingthroughahardtime.”ButEthanturnedaway,refusingtorespond.Thenextmorningatschool,Ethantriedtohidehiswornshoesunderhisdeskasusual.Duringmathclass,theirteacher,Mrs.Collins,announced,“Class,wehaveanewstudentjoiningustoday.ThisisBen.”Theclassroomdooropened,andaboywalkedinoncrutches(拐杖)—withonlyoneleg.Ethanwasshocked.HeandallhisclassmatesthoughthowunluckyBenwas,andtheythoughtBenmustbeveryshyandsad.Butwhatcaughteveryone’sattentionwasBen’sbright,confidentsmileandcheerfulactions.注意：1．續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；2．請按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。ToEthan’ssurprise,Benintroducedhimselfwithcheerfulconfidence.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________InspiredbyBen,Ethanbegantoseethingsdifferentlyanddecidedtoapologizetohismother.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________