COLLEGEENGLISH新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第四版綜合教程4UnitPathwaytoprogress8ZHEJIANGOCEANUNIVERSITYFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESSReading1目錄contentsGet

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新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8ReadandpracticeReadandthink

Readandwrite

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readytoreadReadandpracticeReadandthinkReadandwrite

ReadandtranslateTextexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1Get

readytoread新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8AclassicalconceptinthefieldofWesterneconomicsisknownasthe“invisiblehand,”whichhasexertedasubstantialimpactoneconomicthoughtandpolicies.Whatexactlydoestheconceptmean?Watchavideoclipandworkoutitsbasicprinciplesbyfillingintheblanks.WatchforinformationReading1Get

readytoread新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8WatchforinformationAdamSmithusedtheconceptofthe“invisiblehand”toexplainhowpeoplebehaveinafreemarket.ForSmith,theeconomyconsistsoftwodifferentroles:abuyerand1)_______.Itworksbestwhentheyseeeachotheras2)_______________ratherthanenemies.Supplyingpeoplewithproductstheyneedandwantiscomplicated,butSmithsawitas3)________________ofafreemarket.Thesupplyisnotoutofsellers’benevolence,butfromtheir4)___________:Theyselltoearnaliving.Then,howdoesthe“invisiblehand”work?The5)_______wearewillingtopaysendkeysignals.Smithexplainedthatwhen6)___________andmoneyincrease,peoplespringintoactionthroughoutthesupplylineandthatwhenthesupplyincreases,7)___________forcespricesdown.Thingsstabilizeas8)___________________dynamicallyandautomatically.asellerpotentialpartnersanaturalfunctionowninterestpricesthedemandcompetitionsupplymeetsdemandReading1Get

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綜合教程Unit8Aswecanseefromthevideoclip,Smith’sconceptofthe“invisiblehand”emphasizesthepositiveroleofafreemarket.Doyouthinkitcansolvealltheproblemsinthemarket?Inyouropinion,howdothe“invisiblehand”andgovernmentregulationcomplementeachother?WatchanddiscussGet

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綜合教程Unit8SampleThe“invisiblehand”representstheself-regulatingnatureofthemarket,whereindividualsactingintheirownself-interestunintentionallybenefitsocietybycontributingtotheefficientallocationofresources.However,ithaslimitationsandcannotaddressallmarketissues.Thisiswheregovernmentregulationplaysacriticalrole.Forinstance,thegovernmentcanestablishrelevantlawsandregulationstoensuremarketorder,preventunfaircompetition,andstopillegalactivities.Throughmonetarypoliciesandothermacroeconomicstrategies,thegovernmentcansmoothoutfluctuationsandpromoteeconomicgrowth.Also,byformulatingeconomicplansandindustrialpolicies,thegovernmentcanguideandGet

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綜合教程Unit8Sampleencouragetheoptimizationandupgradingofindustrystructures.Governmentregulationplaysaveryimportantroleinensuringthehealthyandefficientoperationofafreemarket,bringingbenefitstosocietyaswellastobusinessitself.Reading1目錄contentsGet

readytoreadTextexploration

ReadandpracticeReadandthinkReadandwrite

Readandtranslate新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationPre-readingquestionsStructure

VocabularyBackgroundinformationTextreading新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformationTextreadingVocabularyPre-readingquestionsStructure新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformationTheinvisiblehandisametaphorfortheunseenforcesthatmovethefreemarketeconomy.Throughindividualself-interestandfreedomofproductionandconsumption,thebestinterestsofsociety,asawhole,arefulfilled.Theconstantinterplayofindividualpressuresonmarketsupplyanddemandcausesthenaturalmovementofpricesandtheflowoftrade.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformation新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Theterm“invisiblehand”firstappearedinAdamSmith’sfamousworkTheWealthofNationstodescribehowfreemarketscanmotivateindividuals,actingintheirownself-interest,toproducewhatissocietallynecessary.Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformation新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8TheSelfishGeneisabookbyRichardDawkinsthatpopularisesthegene-centredviewofevolution.Thebookarguesthatorganismsevolvebynaturalselection,buttheunitofselectionisthegene,nottheindividualorthespecies.Thebookusestheterm“selfishgene”todescribehowgenesactintheirowninterest,regardlessoftheconsequencesfortheorganismorthegroup.Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformation新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Methodologicalindividualismisaframeworkinthesocialsciencesthatexplainssocialphenomenaasaconsequenceofsubjectivepersonalmotivationsbyindividualactors.Itfocusesonunderstandingsocialphenomenathroughtheactionsandchoicesofindividualsratherthanthroughcollectiveexplanations.Itholdsthatanyexplanationofsocialfactsmustultimatelyappealtofactsaboutindividuals—suchastheirbeliefs,desires,andactions.ThePrisoner’sDilemmaisconceptinpsychologyandgametheory.Itexplainstwopeople’schoicesintradingofftheirself-interestwiththeircollectivewelfare.Itexplainsthethinkingbehindeachoptionandtheirconsequences.Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformation新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Prisoner’sDilemmaOutcomesOneprisonerbetraystheotherandconfesses(defects)whiletheotherstaysquiet(cooperates).Asaresult,thedefectorissetfreebutthecooperatorgetsaheavysentenceofthreeyears.Bothstayquiet(cooperate),andeachgetsasentenceofoneyear.Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformation新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Bothbetraytheotherandconfess(defect),andeachgetsamoderatesentenceoftwoyears.(source：

/the-prisoners-dilemma-explained-from-a-strategic-pm-perspective/)Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformation新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Thebestoutcomeforbothprisonersistocooperate,buttherationalchoice,inthesensethateachofthemwilltrytominimizetheirownpunishment,isforeachofthemtobetraytheotheranddefect.Thisdemonstratestheconflictbetweenselfishinterestandcooperation,andwhytheprisonersmayfailtoachievethebestcollectiveoutcome.’Reading1TextexplorationTextreadingVocabularyBackgroundinformationStructurePre-readingquestions新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Pre-readingquestionsInyourownlife,howdoyoubalanceself-interestwiththeneedsofthegrouporcommunity?Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8SampleanswertoQuestion1:EthanOhman,thistopichitshomeforme.Lastsummer,Iwaspartofaclean-updriveinourneighborhood,anditwassuchanemotionalexperience!Seeingeveryonecometogethertomakeadifferencereallymovedme.Butitalsogotmethinkingabouthoweasyitistoignorewhatothersneedwhenyou’rejustfocusedonyourownlife.OliviaI’mreallytornaboutthiswholething.Itotallygetwhypeoplewanttohelptheircommunities,butthenagain,it'shardnottofeeloverwhelmedsometimes.Afewweeksago,Igotinvitedtojoinacampusorganizationandfeltbadsayingnobecausetheyneededmembers,butIalsoknewIhadtofocusonmyacademics.It’sfrustratingtochoosebetweenthetwo!Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Honestly,Ithinkit’scrucialtoprioritizethecommunityoverself-interest.Like,lastsemester,Ivolunteeredtohelporganizealocalfundraiser,andeventhoughIhadmyownprojectsgoingon,seeinghowmuchweraisedforthosefamiliesinneedreallymademefeelfulfilled.Ibelievewhenyouinvestyourtimeintoothers,itcreatesthisrippleeffectofpositivity.SophiaIseebothsides,butI’mleaningmoretowardslookingoutformyselffirst.Imean,I'vebeeninsituationswhereIputmyneedsasideforgroupprojects,likethatonetimeIstayeduplatetohelpmygroupfinishtheirpresentation,buthonestly,Iendedupburntoutanddidn’tdoaswellinmyownclasses.Balancingthatistough,youknow?It’slike,howdoyouhelpotherswithoutlosingsightofyourowngoals?MaxSampleanswertoQuestion2:Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformationTextreadingPre-readingquestionsStructureVocabulary新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationStructureTheeconomicself-interestprevalentintheWestAnanalogybetweeneconomicsandevolutioninself-organizingsystemsandcooperationTheneedforregulationofselfishnesstoprotectthecommongoodThe“invisiblehand”magicofbiologyReadthepassageandchoosethemostsuitablesubtitleforeachpart.1.Part1(Paras.1-2)2.Part2(Paras.3-5)3.Part3(Paras.6-13)4.Part4(Para.14)BDACReadthepassageandcompletetheoutlinewithinformationfromthepassage.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationGlobalunderstandingNaturalscientistshavediscoveredlife’sorganizingsecrets—evolutionis1)____________________,buteconomistsfailtokeepupwiththat.(Paras.1-2)Introduction(ruthlessly)cooperative新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationTheevolutionof2)____________iscentraltoalllivingthings.(Paras.3-5)Studiesshowthat3)__________elementsinabiologicalpopulationareoftenrapidlysuppressed.4)______________________existsineveryleveloforganisms:genes,group-livingspecies,etc.Anexampleofhowgreedisnotgoodis5)________.The“invisiblehand”magicofbiologycooperationnewselfishCollaboration/Cooperationcancer新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationBackground(Paras.6-8)ThephilosophyWesterneconomicsisbuiltupon6)_____________

thefactthathumansthrivethroughcooperation.Needforcooperation(Paras.9-11)–Biology’s“invisiblehand”7)_________unproductiveself-interest.–Wemustapply8)__________wisdomtosuppress9)________gainsandprotectthecollectivesurvival.Currentcapitalism(Paras.12-13)Akintocancer,itoftendiscouragescooperationandproduces10)_______________outcomes.Theeconomicself-interestprevalentintheWestrunscounterto

weedsoutevolutionaryparasiticcounterproductive/collectivelypainfulorbad新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationSurvivalnecessitatessensible11)_________ofselfishnessandthesupportof12)_______________.(Para.14)Conclusionregulationthecommongood新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationDetailedunderstandingUnfortunately,althoughtheirideasruleourlives,economistshaven’tkeptupwithwhatnaturalscientistshavediscoveredaboutlife’sorganizingsecrets.Economists’opinionsdonotcarryasmuchweightasthoseofnaturalscientistswhenitcomestolife’ssecrets.Economistsareoftenunawareofandhencefailtoincorporatediscoveriesfromnaturalsciences.Economistsoftenaren’tasscientificallyorientedasnaturalscientistsinsolvingissues.Goodwriterscansubtlyconveytheirbeliefsandattitudes.Readeachsentenceandselecttheexplanationthatbestreflectstheauthor’sintendedmeaning,consideringthecontextandoverallthemeofthepassage.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationDetailedunderstandingNowonderRichardDawkins,inthe30th-anniversaryeditionofTheSelfishGene,wrotethathecouldjustasaccuratelyhavecalledhisbook“TheCooperativeGene.”RichardDawkinshopedthathecouldchangethebooktitle30yearsafteritwaspublished.RichardDawkinssuggestedthatgenesareonlycooperative,notselfish.RichardDawkinsbelievedcooperationisasimportantasselfishnessinevolution.Goodwriterscansubtlyconveytheirbeliefsandattitudes.Readeachsentenceandselecttheexplanationthatbestreflectstheauthor’sintendedmeaning,consideringthecontextandoverallthemeofthepassage.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationDetailedunderstandingDespiteitsprevalence,suchlogicisbadscienceandutterlyuntrue,andaterriblebasisonwhichtobuildpoliticalandeconomicsystems.Suchlogicissenselessandirrelevanttopoliticalandeconomicdecisions.Suchlogicisverypopular,soitisbeneficialtopoliticalandeconomicdevelopment.Suchlogicisverywrong,soitismisleadingforpoliticalandeconomicpractices.Goodwriterscansubtlyconveytheirbeliefsandattitudes.Readeachsentenceandselecttheexplanationthatbestreflectstheauthor’sintendedmeaning,consideringthecontextandoverallthemeofthepassage.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationDetailedunderstandingThiswillrequireawholesalerevisiontothestrongoppositionoftenexpressedbyfreemarketeerstoregulations.Revisedpoliciesareneededtofullyresolvefreemarketeers’objectiontoregulations.Revisedpoliciesareneededtochallengefreemarketeers’positioninsupportofregulations.Revisedpoliciesareneededtomodifyfreemarketeers’callingforregulations.Goodwriterscansubtlyconveytheirbeliefsandattitudes.Readeachsentenceandselecttheexplanationthatbestreflectstheauthor’sintendedmeaning,consideringthecontextandoverallthemeofthepassage.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1TextexplorationDetailedunderstandingTherationalitypromotedbygreedycapitalists,whichdiscouragescooperationinsituationslikethe“prisoner’sdilemma,”oftenprovestobecounterproductive.Thecapitalistspromoterationalityinbusiness,whichcanencourageproductivity.Thecapitalistsdiscouragecooperationinbusiness,whichcanhinderproductivity.Thecapitnnnnalistsdismissrationalityinbusiness,whichcanundermineproductivity.Goodwriterscansubtlyconveytheirbeliefsandattitudes.Readeachsentenceandselecttheexplanationthatbestreflectstheauthor’sintendedmeaning,consideringthecontextandoverallthemeofthepassage.Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformationPre-readingquestions

StructureTextreadingVocabulary新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit81Economicsandevolutionarebasicallyinthesamebusiness:Bothareallaboutproductivityselection,thoughonehasbeenatitforbillionsofyearslongerthantheother.Bothinvolvethe“invisiblehand”magic—intricate,unplanned,“self-organizing”systems.Unfortunately,althoughtheirideasruleourlives,economistshaven’tkeptupwithwhatnaturalscientistshavediscoveredaboutlife’sorganizingsecrets.2Forinstance,itmaysurprisemanynon-biologiststolearnthatevolutionisn’tonlyaboutruthlesslycompetitiveselfishness—it’salso“ruthlesslycooperative.”Andprotectinglife-supportingcooperationrequiressuppressingcertainkindsofselfishness.Unlikemanyeconomists,biologistsknowwhenthe“greedisgood”ethosgetsdeadly.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit83There’snorealargumentaboutthefactthattheevolutionofcooperationiscentraltoalllivingthings.ANatureEcology&Evolutionpaperexaminesa“centralpuzzle”:“Whydoesevolutionfavorinvestmentincooperationratherthanself-servingrebellionthatwouldundermineaparticulargenome,organism,orsociety?”Surelythisisatopicofcentralconcerntoeconomistsalso.Withabundantreal-worldcasesandreliablemodeling,theauthorshowsthatwhenever“newselfishelementsareintroducedtoapopulation,theevolutionofsuppressionisoftenrapid.”O(jiān)therwise,gainsfromselfishnessgetruinouslyrisky.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit84Everyso-calledselfishgenecooperateswiththeothergenesinitsgenome—thegeneteamthatcollectivelybuildsand(co)operatestheir“survivalvehicle”(a.k.a.body).Everycomplexcellispoweredbycooperation.Everymulti-cellularorganismisacollaborativesocietyofcells.Group-livingspeciesformvaryingdegreesofsuper-organismswheresurvivalisinfluencedbythefitnessofgroupmates.Andcross-speciescollaborationsabound(symbiosisisn’trare—it’stherule).Indeed,asabiologistnotes,atreeis“acommunityofcells”frommanyspecies:“fungus,bacteria,protist,algae,nematodeandplant.”Evenmicrobescollaborateextensively,forinstanceinprovidingbiochemical“publicgoods.”NowonderRichardDawkins,Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8inthe30th-anniversaryeditionofTheSelfishGene,wrotethathecouldjustasaccuratelyhavecalledhisbook“TheCooperativeGene.”5Averyinstructivecaseofhowgreedisnotgood—ofself-interestrunningamok—iscancer.Tumorsareaformofcell-levelselfishnessthatallorganismsmustdotheirdarnedesttosuppress.Asevolutionarybiologistsexplain,adefiningtraitofcancercellsisthattheygaininfitness“attheexpenseoftheorganism.”Everyviablemulti-cellularorganismmustenforcethisrule:Thehealthofthewholemusttrumptheself-interestofanypart.Otherwise,thepartsbecomeparasitic,gainingattheexpenseoftheviabilityofthewhole.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit86Humansareobligatedcooperators:Tosurvive,wehavenochoicebuttocooperatewithotherhumans.Indeed,nohumanhaseversurvivedorthrivedwithoutatribeorsociety.Whatmadeourancestorsdifferentwastheabilitytocollectivelysuppressdisruptivebehaviorswithinthegroup,sothatcooperatingbecamethedominantsurvivalstrategy.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit87Unfortunately,ratherthanacceptingthemorescientificallysupportedviewofhumansasasuper-social,super-cooperative,intenselyinterdependentspecies,mostWesterneconomistshavebeentooinfluencedby“methodologicalindividualism,”whichoftenpaintshumansasgreedycreatureswaginga“warofallagainstall.”Despiteitsprevalence,suchlogicisbadscienceandutterlyuntrue,andaterriblebasisonwhichtobuildpoliticalandeconomicsystems.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit88Inparticular,someofthose“core”economicassumptions,suchaslaissez-faireinallitsforms,runcountertotheevolutionarylogicofthe“invisiblehand.”Asseenfromabiologicalpointofview,itissimplyprofoundlyuntruethatlower-levelagentspursuingtheirnarrowinterests—whetheranindividual,asmallfirm,oramulti-nationalcorporation—robustlybenefitthecommongood.9Biology’s“invisiblehand”knowsbetter.Ithastestedoverbillionsofyearsavastvarietyofsuper-complexcooperations—rigorouslyandruthlesslyweededoutmanyself-organizingset-upsthataren’tproductiveenoughorthatcreatecollective

catastrophe.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit810Weneedsuchevolutionarywisdomtoenlighteneconomicandpoliticalpractices,forinstance,policiesthatmimictumor-suppressorgenesandregulativeprocessesthatsuppressunenlightenedselfishness.Thiswillrequirea

wholesale

revisiontothestrongoppositionoftenexpressedbyfreemarketeerstoregulations.Weneedwaystodetectandsuppressparasiticgains,forexample,massivecorporationsthatpayzerotaxestowardtheupkeepoftheinfrastructuretheirprofitsdependon,orlikewisebillionaireswhopaylowertaxratesthannurses.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit811WemustexplicitlyprotectourRussian-dollnestedsurvivalvehicles:communities,cities,nations,allthewayuptothewholeplanetarybiosphere.Sensibleregulationsmustpreventus,orothers,fromgainingbyharminganyofthose.Evolutionteachesthatwithoutthese,collectivecollapseawaits.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit812Sadly,currentcapitalismoftenmimicsthelogicofcancer—unconstrainedgreed-is-goodgameshavespreadthroughoutsociety.Behaviorsthatpredictablyproducecollectivelypainfulorbadoutcomes,whichwouldbesuppressedbyevolution,areroutinelydefinedbyeconomistsas“rational.”Therationalitypromotedbygreedycapitalists,whichdiscouragescooperationinsituationslikethe“prisoner’sdilemma,”oftenprovestobecounterproductive.Ithasbeenchallengedbymanyculturesthatdonotadheretocapitalistideals,astheyhavefoundeffectivesolutionstosuchdilemmasthroughcooperation.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit813Itisinnoone’srealinteresttoweakenorwreckwhatthey(ortheirdescendants)needtosurvive.Thiscanbespelledoutas“needism”:Knowyourneeds.Don’tdamagewhatsuppliesthem.Don’tletotherseither—oryou’redoomed.Cultureseitherheedthelogicofneedism,ortheyperish.14.Billionsofyearsofharshtestinghavetaughtalllivingsystemstosuppresscertainsortsofdisruptiveselfishness.It’stimewehiredtheotherinvisiblehandexplicitlytosupportthecommongood.Weneedsensibleregulationofselfishnessateveryleveltoavoidpartsharmingtheirwholes.Otherwise,wewillbecollectivelypunishedforallowingaplagueofparasiticplutocraticplundering.Reading1TextexplorationBackgroundinformationPre-readingquestionsVocabulary

StructureTextreading新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Vocabulary1.intricate

a.containingmanysmallpartsordetailsthatallworkorfittogether錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的

?Phrases:e.g.

Thisancienttownwasfamousforthewoolencarpetofintricatepatterns.anintricatedesign復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)anintricatesystem復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)anintricateplot錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的情節(jié)Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8?Practice:我有一本情節(jié)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的小說(shuō).Ihaveanovelwithanintricateplot.Thewatchmechanismisextremelyintricateandverydifficulttorepair.手表的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜精細(xì)，很難修理。Reading1Textexploration2.ruinous

a.causingseveredamageorloss破壞性的；毀滅性的新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8destructive,devastating,catastrophice.g.Theruinousearthquakecausedwidespread

destructionandimmensehumansuffering.?Synonyms:Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8?Practice:這些建筑物處于破敗不堪的狀態(tài)。Thebuildingswereinaruinousstate.這個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)正受到這次沖突的毀滅性影響。Theeconomyofthestateisexperiencingtheruinouseffectsoftheconflict.Reading1Textexploration3.symbiosis

n.[sing.,U]新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit81)therelationshipbetweendifferentlivingthingsthatdependoneachother（生物的）共生（關(guān)系）e.g.Thiskindofmicroorganismlivesoneveryplant,ofteninsymbiosiswiththeirhost.2)(fml.)arelationshipbetweenpeopleororganizationsthatdependoneachotherequally（人與人之間或機(jī)構(gòu)之間平等的）互相依賴（關(guān)系）e.g.Chineseculturevaluesthesymbiosisandmutualcooperationbetweenindividualsandtheircommunity.Reading1新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Textexploration?Practice:Thebirdsliveinsymbiosiswiththecattle,pickinginsectsfromtheirskintoeat.鳥兒與牛共生，從牛皮上采食昆蟲。她想象我們生活在完美的互相依賴的母女關(guān)系中。Sheimagineduslivinginaperfectmotheranddaughtersymbiosis.?Relatedwords:symbioticadj.（動(dòng)植物）共生的

symbioticallyadv.（動(dòng)植物）共生地Reading1Textexploration4.extensive

a.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8largeinsize,amount,ordegree廣闊的；大量的；大規(guī)模的e.g.Therecentwildfirehascausedextensivedamagetotheisland’sforest.?Relatedwords:extensively

adv.

大量地；大規(guī)模地?Synonyms:large,considerable,substantial,comprehensive,thorough?Antonyms:tight,narrow,restricted,confinedReading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8?Practice:Extensiverepairworkisbeingcarriedout.目前正在進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的維修工作。②這棟房子有寬敞的庭院。③

Expertsbelievethatthecomingdroughtwillbeextensive.專家們認(rèn)為即將到來(lái)的干旱將會(huì)是大面積的。Thehousehasextensivegrounds.Reading1Textexploration5.viable

a.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit81)abletocontinuetoliveortodevelopintoalivingthing能存活的；能生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的e.g.Alltheevidencesuggeststheyareviable,activeorganisms.2)aviableidea,plan,ormethodcanworksuccessfully（想法、計(jì)劃或方法）切實(shí)可行的e.g.Thecommitteecameforwardwithoneviablesolution.Reading1新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8Textexploration

?Phrases:aviableoption/propositionaviablealternativebecommercially/politically/economicallyviable

可行的方案/建議可行的替代方案在商業(yè)/政治/經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行?Synonym:feasibleadj.可行的Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8?Practice:Afterthetransplant,thedoctorconfirmedthattheorganwasviable.移植手術(shù)后，醫(yī)生確認(rèn)器官是可存活的。③很遺憾，為使公司繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)下去，將不得不裁員。Inordertomakethecompanyviable,itwillunfortunatelybenecessarytoreducestaffinglevels.②如果出現(xiàn)任何延誤，救援計(jì)劃將不再可行。Iftherewasanydelaythentherescueplanwouldceasetobeviable.Reading1Textexploration6.parasitica.

(alsoparasitical)

新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit81)livinginoronanotherplantoranimalandgettingfoodfromthem寄生的e.g.Theresearchersexaminedhowtinyparasiticinsectsinfluencethebehavioroftheirhostspeciesincomplexecosystems.2)aparasiticpersonislazy,doesnotwork,anddependsonotherpeople（人）寄生蟲似的；靠他人為生的e.g.Somepeoplestartedtocomplainabouttheparasiticbanksandinvestmentcompanies.Reading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8?Practice:Shelivesaparasiticexistence,constantlyborrowingmoneyfromherfriends.她過(guò)著寄生蟲般的生活，不斷向朋友借錢。全球變暖將會(huì)意味著熱帶寄生蟲病的傳播嗎？Willglobalwarmingmeanthespreadoftropicalparasiticdiseases?Reading1Textexploration7.obligate

vt.新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8(esp.AmE)makesb.havetodosth.,becauseitisthelaw,theirduty,ortherightthingtodo使有義務(wù)或有責(zé)任（做某事）e.g.Tenantsareobligatedtopaytheirrentontimeandkeepthehousereasonablyclean.?Relatedwords:obligation n.

義務(wù)；職責(zé)；債務(wù)obligatoryadj.強(qiáng)制性的，有義務(wù)的?Synonyms:compel,bind,forceReading1Textexploration新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第四版）

綜合教程Unit8?Practice:該裁決要求航空公司公布航班延誤信息。Therulingobligatesairlinestoreleaseinformationabouttheirflightdelays.合同要求公司在六周內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。Thecontractobligatesthefirmtocompletetheworkinsixweeks.Reading1Textexploration8.d