課時(shí)作業(yè)(十九)Ⅰ.閱讀理解[2023·新課標(biāo)I卷]On

March

7，

1907，

the

English

statistician

Francis

Galton

published

a

paper

which

illustrated

what

has

come

to

be

known

as

the

“wisdom

of

crowds”

effect.

The

experiment

of

estimation

he

conducted

showed

that

in

some

cases，

the

average

of

a

large

number

of

independent

estimates

could

be

quite

accurate.This

effect

capitalizes

on

the

fact

that

when

people

make

errors，

those

errors

aren’t

always

the

same.

Some

people

will

tend

to

overestimate，

and

some

to

underestimate.

When

enough

of

these

errors

are

averaged

together，

they

cancel

each

other

out，

resulting

in

a

more

accurate

estimate.

If

people

are

similar

and

tend

to

make

the

same

errors，

then

their

errors

won’t

cancel

each

other

out.

In

more

technical

terms，

the

wisdom

of

crowds

requires

that

people’s

estimates

be

independent.

If

for

whatever

reasons，

people’s

errors

become

correlated

or

dependent，

the

accuracy

of

the

estimate

will

go

down.But

a

new

study

led

by

Joaquin

Navajas

offered

an

interesting

twist(轉(zhuǎn)折)

on

this

classic

phenomenon.

The

key

finding

of

the

study

was

that

when

crowds

were

further

divided

into

smaller

groups

that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion，

the

averages

from

these

groups

were

more

accurate

than

those

from

an

equal

number

of

independent

individuals.

For

instance，

the

average

obtained

from

the

estimates

of

four

discussion

groups

of

five

was

significantly

more

accurate

than

the

average

obtained

from

20

independent

individuals.In

a

follow-up

study

with

100

university

students，

the

researchers

tried

to

get

a

better

sense

of

what

the

group

members

actually

did

in

their

discussion.

Did

they

tend

to

go

with

those

most

confident

about

their

estimates？

Did

they

follow

those

least

willing

to

change

their

minds？

This

happened

some

of

the

time，

but

it

wasn’t

the

dominant

response.

Most

frequently，

the

groups

reported

that

they

“shared

arguments

and

reasoned

together”.

Somehow，

these

arguments

and

reasoning

resulted

in

a

global

reduction

in

error.

Although

the

studies

led

by

Navajas

have

limitations

and

many

questions

remain，

the

potential

implications

for

group

discussion

and

decision-making

are

enormous.（

B

）1.What

is

Paragraph

2

of

the

text

mainly

about？A.The

methods

of

estimation.B.The

underlying

logic

of

the

effect.C.The

causes

of

people’s

errors.D.The

design

of

Galton’s

experiment.B（

D

）2.

Navajas’

study

found

that

the

average

accuracy

could

increase

even

if

.A.the

crowds

were

relatively

smallB.there

were

occasional

underestimatesC.individuals

did

not

communicateD.estimates

were

not

fully

independentD（

C

）3.

What

did

the

follow-up

study

focus

on？A.The

size

of

the

groups.B.The

dominant

members.C.The

discussion

process.D.The

individual

estimates.C（

D

）4.

What

is

the

author’s

attitude

towards

Navajas’

studies？A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.DⅡ.閱讀填空A.Changing

the

way

you

provide

a

service.B.In

short，innovation

is

key

to

increasing

profits.C.Not

all

innovation

will

bring

success

to

our

businesses.D.Responding

to

customer

demands

by

changing

what

is

on

offer.E.Innovating

constantly

in

order

to

keep

your

business

on

the

right

track.F.There

is

a

risk

that

your

competitors

might

take

away

some

of

your

customers.G.It

is

important

to

consider

how

the

technology

can

improve

our

products

or

services.

In

order

for

a

business

to

survive

in

today’s

world，

it

is

important

that

we

regularly

review

what

we

are

doing

and

how

we

are

doing

it.By

considering

new

ideas

and

new

ways

of

doing

things，we

can

improve

our

products

or

services，increase

sales，reduce

costs

and

make

our

processes

more

effective

and

efficient.

1

?BUsing

the

latest

technology

to

improve

your

products

or

services.When

we

think

of

innovation，we

often

think

of

new

technologies.While

they

might

be

impressive，

we

should

not

use

new

technologies

just

because

they

are

available.

2

?

Companies

that

produce

cars，

household

appliances，

etc.often

have

a

large

R&D(研發(fā))

department

to

work

on

making

their

products

better.G

3

By

listening

to

customer

feedback，

we

can

get

their

opinions

on

how

we

are

doing

and

find

out

about

what

it

is

that

they

want.We

also

need

to

be

aware

of

changes

in

customer

demands

and

keep

up

with

the

times.DOffering

a

new

product

or

service

to

reach

new

customers.

4

Innovation

sometimes

means

developing

a

new

product

that

targets

a

different

group

of

customers.Although

video

games

were

often

played

by

boys，in

2006，a

video

games

giant

introduced

a

new

game，successfully

targeting

girls

and

older

customers.F

5

By

looking

at

the

changes

to

the

customer’s

lifestyle

and

needs，we

sometimes

realize

that

there

might

be

better

ways

to

serve

them.Customers

who

do

not

have

a

lot

of

time

might

prefer

to

have

their

food

or

their

shopping

delivered

to

their

homes，or

they

like

to

do

their

banking

online.AⅢ.語(yǔ)法填空Chen

Wei，a

Chinese

military’s

top

biomedical

expert，

received

the

honorary

title

“People’s

Hero”

1.

her

contribution

to

biomedical

research

and

vaccine

development.for

One

of

Chen

Wei’s

qualities

that

people

have

praised

is

the

2.

(speed)

way

she

does

things.She

walks，talks

and

eats

very

fast

so

that

she

can

use

the

time

3.

(save)

to

battle

the

enemies

of

public

health.For

nearly

three

decades，

the

dedicated

scientist

has

been

at

the

front

line

fighting

some

of

the

world’s

most

dangerous

viruses，4.

(include)

Ebola，SARS

and

MERS.

speedy

saved

including

After

graduating

from

Tsinghua

University，Chen

5.

(enter)

the

Academy

of

Military

Medical

Sciences.Chen

said

she

still

remembered

the

6.

(sad)

she

felt

when

the

first

experiment

failed.“The

incident

taught

me

to

be

of

grea