Just-In-TimeSystems及時(shí)供貨系統(tǒng)(JIT）LeRoyH.Graw,EdD,DBA,C.P.M.,CPCM,CPP,CPPM,CISCMJIT/LeanProduction

JIT/經(jīng)益生產(chǎn)Just-in-time:Repetitiveproductionsysteminwhichprocessingandmovementofmaterialsandgoodsoccurjustastheyareneeded,usuallyinsmallbatches及時(shí)供貨系統(tǒng)：一種重復(fù)性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，即物料和貨物的加工和某著名企業(yè)恰好發(fā)生在需要它們的時(shí)候，通常以小批量進(jìn)行。JITischaracteristicofleanproductionsystemsJIT是經(jīng)益生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的特征。JIToperateswithverylittle“fat”JIT很少有不必要的存庫。JITGoals

JIT目標(biāo)Eliminatedisruptions消除混亂Makesystemflexible使系統(tǒng)具有柔性Reducesetupandleadtimes縮短安裝和訂貨至交貨時(shí)間Eliminatewaste消除浪費(fèi)MinimizeWIP使半成品（WIP）減至最小Simplifytheprocess簡化加工過程SourcesofWaste

造成浪費(fèi)的根源Wasteformoverproduction過量生產(chǎn)造成的浪費(fèi)Wasteofwaitingtime等待時(shí)間的浪費(fèi)Transportationwaste運(yùn)輸浪費(fèi)Inventorywaste庫存浪費(fèi)Processingwaste加工處理浪費(fèi)Wasteofmotion調(diào)配浪費(fèi)Wastefromproductdefects來源于產(chǎn)品缺陷的浪費(fèi)JITBuildingBlocks

JIT建設(shè)模塊Productdesign產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)Processdesign流程設(shè)計(jì)Personnel/organizationalelements人員/組織要素

Manufacturing

planningandcontrol制造計(jì)劃與控制ProductDesign

產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)Standardparts標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零部件Modulardesign模塊化設(shè)計(jì)Quality質(zhì)量ProcessDesign

流程設(shè)計(jì)Smalllotsizes小批量Setuptimereduction減少啟動時(shí)間Manufacturingcells制造單元Limitedworkinprocess有限的半成品Qualityimprovement提高質(zhì)量Productionflexibility生產(chǎn)柔性Littleinventorystorage極少庫存BenefitsofSmallLotSizes

小批量的益處Reducesinventory減少庫存Lessstoragespace減少存儲空間Lessrework減少重復(fù)勞動Problemsaremoreapparent問題更為明顯Increasesproductflexibility增加生產(chǎn)柔性Easiertobalanceoperations更容生產(chǎn)平衡ProductionFlexibility

生產(chǎn)柔性Reducedowntimebyreducingchangeovertime通過減少轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間來減少停工時(shí)間Usepreventivemaintenancetoreducebreakdowns通過預(yù)防性維護(hù)來減少機(jī)器損壞Cross-trainworkerstohelpclearbottlenecks對員工進(jìn)行多崗位培訓(xùn)以幫助消除瓶頸capacityforimportantcustomers為重要客戶保留生產(chǎn)能力Personnel/OrganizationalElements

人員/組織要素Workersasassets重視員工Cross-trainedworkers對員工進(jìn)行多崗位培訓(xùn)Continuousimprovement不斷提高Costaccounting成本控制Leadership/projectmanagement領(lǐng)導(dǎo)/項(xiàng)目管理ManufacturingPlanningandControl

制造計(jì)劃與控制Levelloading平準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)Pullsystems拉動系統(tǒng)Visualsystems可視系統(tǒng)Closevendorrelationships與供應(yīng)商密切的關(guān)系Reducedtransactionprocessing減少交Pull/PushSystems

拉動/推動系統(tǒng)Pullsystem:Systemformovingworkwhereaworkstationpullsoutputfromtheprecedingstationasneeded.(e.g.Kanban)拉動系統(tǒng)：一種工作行進(jìn)系統(tǒng)，即下游工作站從上游工作站中拉動下游必須的產(chǎn)量。(例如:Kanban)Pushsystem:Systemformovingworkwhereoutputispushedtothenextstationasitispleted推動系統(tǒng)：一種工作行進(jìn)系統(tǒng)，即上游工作站將上游完成的產(chǎn)量推動到下游工作站。KanbanProductionControlSystem

KanbanKanbanistheJapanesewordforcard.Kanban是日語詞，意思為“卡”Paperlessproductioncontrolsystem無紙化生產(chǎn)控制系統(tǒng)Authoritytopull,orproducees

fromadownstreamprocess.拉動方具有權(quán)力，即生產(chǎn)來源于下游過程。SummaryJITGoalsandBuildingBlocks

總結(jié)JIT目標(biāo)和建設(shè)模塊ProductDesign產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)ProcessDesign流程設(shè)計(jì)PersonnelElements人員要素Manufactur-

ingPlanning制造計(jì)劃Eliminatedisruptions消除浪費(fèi)Makethesystemflexible使系統(tǒng)具有柔性Reducesetupandleadtimes縮短安裝和訂貨至交貨時(shí)間EliminatewasteMinimizeinventories消除浪費(fèi)庫存最少Abalancedrapidflow協(xié)調(diào)快速的物流UltimateGoal終極目標(biāo)SupportingGoals支持性目標(biāo)BuildingBlocks建設(shè)模塊TraditionalSupplierNetwork

傳統(tǒng)供應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Buyer買方Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商TieredSupplierNetwork

層次供應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Suppler供應(yīng)商Buyer買方Suppler供應(yīng)商FirstTierSupplier第一層次供應(yīng)商SecondTierSupplier第二層次供應(yīng)商ThirdTierSupplier第三層次供應(yīng)商BenefitsofJITSystems

JIT系統(tǒng)益處Reducedlevelsofinventories減少庫存水平Reducedspacerequirements減少空間需求Increasedproductquality提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量Reducedleadtimes減少訂貨至交貨時(shí)間Greaterflexibilityinproductmix提高產(chǎn)品組合的柔性BenefitsofJITSystems(cont’d)

JIT系統(tǒng)益處（續(xù)）Smootherproductionflow更平穩(wěn)的生產(chǎn)物流Increasedproductivitylevels提高生產(chǎn)率Workerparticipationinproblemsolving員工參與解決方案Pressureforgoodvendorrelationships不得不與供應(yīng)商建立良好的關(guān)系Reducedneedforindirectlabor減少對間接人工的需求ConvertingtoaJITSystem

向IT系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)型Gettopmanagementmitment獲得管理高層的承諾Decidewhichpartsneedmosteffort確定哪一部分需要投入最多的力量Obtainsupportofworkers獲得人工的支持Startbytryingtoreducesetuptimes由安裝時(shí)間的縮短開始Graduallyconvertoperations逐漸改變操作ConvertsupplierstoJIT為供應(yīng)商轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镴ITPrepareforobstacles為障礙做好準(zhǔn)備ObstaclestoConversionManagementmaynotbemitted層次管理沒有得到承諾Workers/managementmaynotbecooperative員工/管理層可能不合作Suppliersmay

resist供應(yīng)商可能抵制JITinService

服務(wù)中的JIT

Thebasicgoalofthedemandflowtechnologyintheserviceorganizationistoprovideoptimumresponsetothecustomerwiththehighestqualityserviceandlowes