考點(diǎn)分類(lèi)練(十一)主旨大意題(2)高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025Passage

1(2024江蘇蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)二模)主題:軟貼片

詞數(shù):334

難度:★★★☆☆

Thehumanvoiceisadelicatething.Eachperson’sdistinctivevoiceisproducedwhenairfromthelungscausesthevocalcords(聲帶)tovibrate(震顫).Thesevocalcordscaneasilygetdamaged.Accordingtoa2005study,30%ofthepopulationwillexperienceavoicedisorderatsomepointintheirlife.InastudypublishedinthejournalNature

Communicationsthisweek,agroupofbioengineeringresearchersfromtheUniversityofCaliforniahaveputforwardanattractivesolution.Theyhavedesignedandtestedasoftpatch(小片)thatcanbestuckontoaperson’sneck,whereitwillpickupmusclemovementsand,withthehelpofmachine-learningalgorithms(算法)thatprocessthesignals,translatethemintospeech.Whenapersonlosestheirvoicetoday,theeasiestfixistoturntotyping,

texting,orwritingnotestocommunicate.Typingcanbeslowandconvenient,

saysJunChen,thepaper’sleadauthor,andwritingnotesisonlypossibleingoodlighting.Thenewsolutionwouldthereforebeabletoclearallthesehurdles.Dr.Chen’sdeviceworksbasedonsomethingcalledthemagnetoelasticeffect.Essentially,whentinymagnetic(磁性的)bitsareplacedintosoftmaterials,theirmagneticpropertiescanchangeasthematerialisstretched.Whenthethroatmusclesmoveunderthesoftpatch,theresultingmagnetoelasticeffectscanbechangedintoelectricalsignals.Inatestwitheightparticipants,thevariationscanbechangedbyelectricalsignals.Researchersrecordedthesignalsasthesubjectsspokeandmouthedfivedifferentsentences.Theythentrainedamachine-learningmodelwhichwasthenabletopredictwhichofthefivesentencestheparticipantsspoke—whetheraloudorinsilence—withmorethan90%accuracy.Thereisawaytogoyet,fornowthedevicecanonlyrecognizethefivephrasesitwastrainedon.Plus,tomakeitpracticalatscale,theresearcherswillneedtocollectalotmoredata.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)最新的科學(xué)研究成果,即一種可以貼在人脖子上的軟貼片,能夠通過(guò)捕捉肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng)并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為語(yǔ)言。1.What

does

the

author

mainly

want

to

tell

us

in

paragraph

1?A.Lungs

are

easily

damaged.B.The

human

voice

is

unique.C.Vocal

cords

vibrate

to

produce

sound.D.Voice

disorders

are

a

problem

worthy

of

attention.答案

D解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段可知,本段主要想告訴我們聲音障礙是一個(gè)值得關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。2.Why

does

the

author

mention

the

magnetoelastic

effect?A.To

explain

the

working

principle.B.To

present

a

solution.C.To

introduce

the

challenge.D.To

make

a

comparison.答案

A解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“They

have

designed

and

tested

a

soft

patch...the

signals,translate

them

into

speech.”、第三段和第四段的“Dr.Chen’s

device

works

based

on

something

called

the

magnetoelastic

effect.”可知,作者提到magnetoelastic

effect是為了解釋貼片的工作原理。3.What

is

the

function

of

the

soft

patch?A.

Predicting

five

different

sentences.B.Destroying

the

background

magnetic

field.C.Slowing

the

movements

of

throat

muscles.D.Helping

turn

muscle

movements

into

electrical

signals.答案

D解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Essentially,when

tiny

magnetic

(磁性的)

bits

are

placed

into

soft

materials,their

magnetic

properties

can

change

as

the

material

is

stretched.”以及第五段的“When

the

throat

muscles

move

under

the

soft

patch,the

resulting

magnetoelastic

effects

can

be

changed

into

electrical

signals.”可知,軟貼片的功能是幫助將肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為電信號(hào)。4.Which

of

the

following

is

a

suitable

title

for

the

text?A.Predicting

the

Importance

of

Voice

RestorationB.Using

Algorithms

in

Bioengineering

ResearchC.

Overcoming

Voice

Loss

with

an

Innovative

PatchD.Finding

the

Principle

of

Communication

Devices答案

C解析

主旨大意題?？v觀(guān)全文可知,本文主要講述了一種可以貼在人脖子上的軟貼片,能夠通過(guò)捕捉肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng)并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為語(yǔ)言,所以C項(xiàng)“Overcoming

Voice

Loss

with

an

Innovative

Patch(用創(chuàng)新的貼片克服失聲)”是本文最好的標(biāo)題。Passage

2(2024福建莆田二模)主題:刻意學(xué)習(xí)

詞數(shù):306

難度:★★★☆☆Theyearis1763,anda7-year-oldMozartisabouttosetoffonatouraroundEuropethatwilljump-starttheMozartlegend.Mozarthadatrickuphissleeve.WhenyoungMozartheardanoteplayed—anynote—hecouldimmediatelyidentifyexactlywhichnoteitwas.Itwasanabilitynowweknowas“perfectpitch”,anditseemedtobeanexampleofthemysteriousgiftsthatyounggeniuseshadbeenbornwith.Butisthatreallyso?Overmyyearsofstudyingexpertsinvariousfields,likeMozart,Ihavefoundthatthere’snosuchthingasapredefinedability.Actually,thosepeoplealldeveloptheirabilitiesthrough“deliberatepractice”,apurposefulandsystematictypeofpracticethatmakesitpossibleforthemtodothingstheyotherwisecouldnot.Inthem,potentialisanexpandablevessel,shapedbythevariousthingstheydothroughouttheirlives.OneofmytestimoniescamefromRayAllen,aten-timeAll-StarintheNBA.Allen’sjumpshotwasnotnoticeablybetterthanhisteammates’backinhighschool;infact,itwaspoor.Butwithhardworkanddedication,hetransformedhisjumpshotintoonesogracefulandnaturalthatpeopleassumedhewasbornwithit.Butitdoesn’tmean“Justkeepworkingatit,andyou’llgetthere”.

Heartfeltdesireandhardworkalonewillnotleadtoimprovedperformance.

Therightsortofpracticecarriedoutoverasufficientperiodoftimewillleadtoimprovement.Nothingelse.Andthisistruewhetherourgoalistobecomeaconcertpianistorjustplaythepianowellenoughtoamuseourselves,tobethegreatestthree-pointshooterorjustbuildourselvesup.Deliberatepracticeisthegoldstandardforanyoneinanyfieldwhowishestobuildnewskillsandabilities.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家似乎具有某種與生俱來(lái)的神秘能力,但作者通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這些人都是通過(guò)“刻意練習(xí)”來(lái)發(fā)展他們的能力的,刻意練習(xí)是任何人在任何領(lǐng)域希望建立新的技能和能力的黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。5.Why

is

Mozart’s

perfect

pitch

mentioned

in

paragraph

1?A.To

introduce

an

inborn

talent.B.To

explain

reasons

for

success.C.To

lead

to

reflection

on

gifts.D.To

define

a

brilliant

trick.答案

C解析

推理判斷題。第一段中的“It

was

an

ability

now

we

know

as‘perfect

pitch’,and

it

seemed

to

be

an

example

of

the

mysterious

gifts

that

young

geniuses

had

been

born

with.But

is

that

really

so?”提到年輕的莫扎特具有似乎是天生的神秘天賦——“絕對(duì)音高”的能力,接著提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題,事實(shí)真的是這樣嗎?接著第二段中的“Actually,those

people

all

develop

their

abilities

through‘deliberate

practice’”提到實(shí)際上這些人都是通過(guò)“刻意練習(xí)”來(lái)發(fā)展他們的能力的,故作者提到莫扎特的“絕對(duì)音高”能力是為了導(dǎo)入對(duì)天賦的思考。6.Which

is

the

most

important

in

making

an

expert

according

to

the

writer?A.Affection.

B.Experience.C.Training.

D.Gifts.答案

C解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“The

right

sort

of

practice

carried

out...wishes

to

build

new

skills

and

abilities.”可知,在作者看來(lái),成為專(zhuān)家最重要的是刻意練習(xí)。7.What

does

the

underlined

word

“testimonies”

mean

in

paragraph

3?A.Challenges.

B.Proofs.C.Comments.

D.Puzzles.答案

B解析

詞句猜測(cè)題。第二段中的“Actually,those

people

all

develop

their

abilities

through‘deliberate

practice’,a

purposeful

and

systematic

type

of

practice

that

makes

it

possible

for

them

to

do

things

they

otherwise

could

not.”提到,這些非凡的能力并非天生,而是通過(guò)“刻意練習(xí)”來(lái)發(fā)展的,結(jié)合畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞下文可知,本段是通過(guò)Ray

Allen的例子佐證上文的說(shuō)法,由此推知畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞所在句意為“我的一個(gè)佐證來(lái)自Ray

Allen,一個(gè)十次入選NBA全明星的球員”,testimonies意為“證據(jù)”。8.Which

of

the

following

is

the

best

title

for

the

text?A.Secret

of

Great

TalentsB.Born

to

Stand

OutC.A

Surprising

DiscoveryD.Start

When

Young答案

A解析

主旨大意題。結(jié)合第一段中的“It

was

an

ability

now

we

know

as‘perfect

pitch’,and

it

seemed

to

be

an

example

of

the

mysterious

gifts

that

young

geniuses

had

been

born

with.But

is

that

really

so?”和最后一段中的“Deliberate

practice

is

the

gold

standard

for

anyone

in

any

field

who

wishes

to

build

new

skills

and

abilities.”可知,各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家似乎具有某種與生俱來(lái)的神秘能力,但作者通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這些人都是通過(guò)“刻意練習(xí)”來(lái)發(fā)展他們的能力的,刻意練習(xí)是任何人在任何領(lǐng)域希望建立新的技能和能力的黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),A項(xiàng)“偉大天賦的秘訣”為最佳標(biāo)題。Passage

3

(2024陜西渭南二模)主題:研究新發(fā)現(xiàn)

詞數(shù):340

難度:★★★☆☆Doyouwanttoensureyourchildhitstheirexpecteddevelopmentalmilestones?NewUBCresearchsuggestslivinginareaswithhighexposuretogreenspacecanhelpsetthemupforsuccess.Forthestudy,theresearchersatUBCanalyzedthedevelopmentalscoresof27,372childreninMetroVancouverwhoattendedkindergartenbetween2005and2011.Theyestimatedtheamountofgreenspacearoundeachchild’sresidencefrombirthtoagefive.Theyalsoassessedlevelsoftraffic-relatedairpollutionandcommunitynoise.Theresultshighlightthefundamentalimportanceofnaturalgreenspaceslikestreettrees,parksandcommunitygardens.“Mostofthechildrenweredoingwellintheirdevelopment,intermsoflanguageskills,cognitive(認(rèn)知的)capacity,socializationandotheroutcomes,”saysIngridJarvis,aPhDcandidateinthedepartmentofforestandconservationsciencesatUBC.“Butwhat’sinterestingisthatthosechildrenlivinginaresidentiallocationwithmorevegetationandrichernaturalenvironmentsshowedbetteroveralldevelopmentthantheirpeerswithlessgreenspace.”Accordingtotheresearchers,thereasonforthisispartlygreenspaces’abilitytoreducetheharmfuleffectsofairpollutionandnoise-environmentalchallengesthathavebeenshowntoadversely(不利地)affectchildren’shealthanddevelopmentthroughincreasedstress,sleepdisturbancesandcentralnervoussystemdamage.“Fewstudieshaveinvestigatedthispathwaylinkinggreenspaceanddevelopmentaloutcomesamongchildren,”addsJarvis.TheresearchersassessedearlychildhooddevelopmentusingtheEarlyDevelopmentInstrument(EDI),asurveycompletedbykindergartenteachersforeachchild.Thetoolmeasuresachild’sabilitytomeetage-appropriatedevelopmentalexpectations.“Moreresearchisneeded,butourfindingssuggestthaturbanplanningeffortstoincreasegreenspaceinresidentialneighbourhoodsandaroundschoolsarebeneficialforearlychildhooddevelopment,withpotentialhealthbenefitsthroughoutlife,”saysthestudy’sseniorauthorMatildaBosch.“Timeinnaturecanbenefiteveryone,butifwewantourchildrentohaveagoodheadstart,it’simportanttoprovideanenrichingenvironmentthroughnaturecontact.”【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。加拿大一所大學(xué)研究所開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)研究表明,居住地環(huán)境的綠地面積對(duì)孩子們的學(xué)業(yè)水平以及未來(lái)事業(yè)成功都起到了重要的作用,并且會(huì)影響他們的一生。9.Which

is

a

key

factor

in

the

researchers’

study?A.The

kids’

scores

from

school

exams.B.The

average

IQ

score

of

the

subjects.C.The

green

space

where

the

kids

lived.D.The

air

pollution

level

of

the

whole

city.答案

C解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段可知,研究人員分析的關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)之一就是這些孩子們居住地的綠地面積。故選C項(xiàng)。10.What’s

the

message

implied

in

paragraph

4?A.Air

pollution

is

largely

to

blame

for

kids’

failures.B.Kids

living

in

a

noisy

area

tend

to

feel

more

stressed.C.Pollution

ha