高中英語譯林版(2020)選修第三冊課件Unit2ThinkingoutoftheboxReading19Thoughtexperiments:thelaboratoryofthemind思想實驗：頭腦中的實驗室制作者：桂東一中李宇平◆內(nèi)容分析

【W(wǎng)hat】本板塊的語篇話題是“思想實驗”，通過一篇網(wǎng)站文章介紹了思想實驗的定義、歷史、不同類型以及它對人類認知和發(fā)展的意義。文章首先以愛因斯坦的一項知名的思想實驗為例引出話題，然后介紹了思想實驗的定義；接著結(jié)合歷史上著名的幾項思想實驗，闡述了這一概念的發(fā)展過程以及重要性。【W(wǎng)hy】本文通過解析“思想實驗”這一看似新穎實則歷史悠久的概念，旨在幫助我們探究其背后的意義，理解思想實驗如何促進了人類社會的進步和發(fā)展，鼓勵我們打破思維觀念的局限性，養(yǎng)成積極思考、主動創(chuàng)新的意識?！綡ow】本文的語篇類型為說明文，文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，邏輯嚴密。第一段以愛因斯坦的一項思想實驗引出話題，點明思想實驗?zāi)軌虺蔀榭茖W(xué)理論產(chǎn)生的重要影響因素；第二段闡述了什么是思想實驗，以及為什么要進行思想實驗；第三段介紹了思想實驗在不同歷史階段的發(fā)展和運用；第四段和第五段指出了思想實驗的類型和重要作用；最后一段總結(jié)全文，號召讀者大膽進行自己的思想實驗。結(jié)構(gòu)層面，前兩段以問句開頭引發(fā)思考和閱讀興趣，后四段以主題句開頭，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)每段的中心思想；詞匯層面，作者運用大量與主題相關(guān)的語境詞匯，如thought,thinking,theory,hypotheticalsituations等，幫助學(xué)生理解思想實驗的特點和意義；修辭層面，作者運用一些富有哲理的表達，如Asweexploretheworldingreaterdepth,wemayreachapoint...和stretchourmindsbyconfrontingandconsideringdifficultquestions...等來增強文章的說理性；邏輯層面，作者合理運用銜接詞，如使用putsimply進行解釋，使用instead,thus等來連接要點，從而使行文邏輯順暢，過渡自然。◆?教學(xué)目標

Bytheendofthissection,wewillbeableto:

1.identifythedefinition,functionandsignificanceofthoughtexperiments;2.analysethewritingtechniquesofthewebsitearticle;3.useexamplestointroduceaninvention;4.recognizetheimportanceofthoughtexperimentsandadoptnewwaysofthinking.Curiousbynature,humansexploretheworldwithvariousexperiments.Thewebsitearticlebelowisaboutauniquetypeofexperimentknownasthoughtexperiments.Beforeyoureadthearticle,thinkaboutthefollowingquestions:

nature天性；本性；性格1)Whatdoweneedtodoinordertoconductanexperiment?

Thereareseveralgeneralstepsneededtoconductanexperiment:makingobservations,formulatingahypothesis,designingandconductinganexperimenttotestthehypothesis,evaluatingtheresultsoftheexperiment,acceptingorrejectingthehypothesis.Ifnecessary,designadifferentexperimenttotestanewhypothesis.formulate/?f??mj??le?t/制訂,規(guī)劃,構(gòu)想,準備;確切表達,認真闡述2)Lookatthetitleandthepictures.Whatkindofexperimentdoyouthinkthoughtexperimentsare?

Thetitlestates“Thoughtexperiments:thelaboratoryofthemind”,whichmakesmethinkthattheseexperimentstakeplaceinsideourmindsinsteadofbeingdoneinreallife.Thepicturesoftheheadsshowtheprocessoftheseexperimentsandsuggestthatapossibleanswercanbefoundinthisway.Whatwouldweobserveifwetravelledatthespeedoflight?ThisisaquestionAlbertEinsteinaskedhimselfattheageof16.Imagininghimselfpursuingabeamoflight,hereasonedthatheshouldobservesuchabeamoflightasanelectromagneticfieldatrest.如果我們以光速行進，會觀察到什么？這是阿爾伯特?愛因斯坦在16歲時問他自己的一個問題。他想象自己追著一束光，并推理出，他應(yīng)該會觀察到這束光成為了一個靜止的電磁場。travel(以某速度、朝某方向或在某距離內(nèi))行進,轉(zhuǎn)送,傳播走得快,快速行進AlbertEinstein/??lb?t?a?nsta?n/阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦rea·son

v.推理,推論,推斷;思考,理解atrest(術(shù)語)靜止,不動;安息,長眠Thisintuitivethinkinglaterplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofhisspecialtheoryofrelativity,asEinsteinacknowledgedinhis1949AutobiographicalNotes.ItcametobeknownasoneofEinstein’smostfamousthoughtexperiments.正如愛因斯坦在他1949年的《自述》中所承認的那樣，這個直覺性的想法之后在他的狹義相對論的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要作用。這后來成為了愛因斯坦最著名的思想實驗之一。rela·tiv·ity

/?rel??t?v?ti/[U]相對論autobiographical/???t??ba???ɡr?f?k?l/自傳性的AutobiographicalNotes《自述》(阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦的作品)So,whatarethoughtexperiments?Putsimply,theyareexperimentscarriedoutinthelaboratoryofthemind;inotherwords,theytakeplaceintheimagination.Wesetupsomehypotheticalsituation,carryoutanoperation,seewhathappens,anddrawaconclusionfromouranalysis.那么，什么是思想實驗?zāi)兀亢唵蔚卣f，它們是在頭腦中的實驗室里進行的實驗。換句話說，思想實驗發(fā)生在想象中。我們提出某種假設(shè)情況，進行一場實驗，看看會發(fā)生什么，然后從我們的分析中得出結(jié)論。put說,表達toputitanotherway換個說法setsthup建起,設(shè)立,設(shè)置operation(數(shù)學(xué))運算Asweexploretheworldingreaterdepth,wemayreachapointwhereitisimpossibletorunanexperimentalscenariointherealworldduetophysical,ethicalorfinanciallimitations.當我們更深入地探索世界時，可能會遇到這樣一種情況，即由于物理、倫理或財務(wù)上的限制而無法在現(xiàn)實世界中運行一個實驗場景。indepth:inadetailedandthoroughway全面,深入,詳細point時刻,關(guān)頭,瞬間,階段run（使）運轉(zhuǎn),運行,操作scen·ario/s??nɑ?ri??/(藝術(shù)或文學(xué)作品中的)場景;設(shè)想,方案,預(yù)測eth·ic·al/?eθ?kl/(有關(guān))道德的,倫理的;合乎道德的Insuchcircumstances,wemoveintotheareaofthoughtexperiments,whichfunctionasavaluablemeanstotestthelimitsofourknowledgeandadvanceourunderstandingoftheworld.

在這種情況下，我們就進入思想實驗的領(lǐng)域。作為一種有價值的手段，思想實驗可以檢驗我們知識的極限，增進我們對世界的理解。in/underthecircumstances在這種情況下；既然如此functionassb/sth起…作用；具有…功能advance促進；推動,=furtherWhiletheterm“thoughtexperiment”originatedinthe19thcentury,theuseofthoughtexperimentscanbetracedmuchfurtherback,whenancientphilosophersusedthemtoexploredifficultquestions.About2,500yearsago,ChinesephilosopherZhuangzirecordedoneoftheearliestthoughtexperiments:ifyoucutalongstickinhalfandthencuttheremainingpartintwoeachfollowingday,youwillneverfinishcuttingit.雖然“思想實驗”一詞起源于19世紀，但其應(yīng)用可以追溯到更早的時候，那時的古代哲學(xué)家們用思想實驗來探索難題。大約2500年前，中國哲學(xué)家莊子記錄了最早的思想實驗之一：一尺之捶，日取其半，萬世不竭。cutsth(in/intosth)用刀等將某物）切成，割成Withthebirthofmodernscience,thoughtexperimentsbecameanimportanttoolforscientists,especiallyinphysics.Todaythoughtexperimentsareregularlyusedintheareasofphilosophy,economicsandthesciences.

Throughouthistory,thoughtexperimentshavecontributedtothedevelopmentofscientifictheories.Withlogicalreasoning,thoughtexperimentsarecapableofputtingforwardanewtheoryandsupportingordisprovinganexistingtheory.ex·ist·ing

/?ɡ?z?st??/現(xiàn)存的；現(xiàn)行的dis·provevt.反駁;證明…是錯誤（或虛假）的AclassicexampleofthisisGalileoGalilei’sthoughtexperimentwithtwofallingballs.InGalileo’sday,Aristotle’sbeliefthataheavierballshouldfallfasterthanalighteronewaswellaccepted.Doubtful,Galileoaskedwhatwouldhappenifthetwoballsweretiedtogether.

這方面的一個經(jīng)典例子是伽利略?伽利雷關(guān)于兩個下落球體的思想實驗。在伽利略的時代，人們普遍接受亞里士多德的觀點，即一個較重的球應(yīng)該比一個較輕的球下落得更快。伽利略對此持懷疑態(tài)度，他問道，如果把兩個球綁在一起，會發(fā)生什么？GalileoGalilei/?ɡ?l??le???ɡ?l??le?/伽利略·伽利雷day時期；時代Aristotle/??r??st?t?l/亞里士多德Hethenfiguredouttwocontradictoryoutcomes:becausethetwoballsfellatdifferentspeeds,thelighterballwouldslowdownthefalloftheheavierone;butifthetwoballswereconsideredasawhole,togethertheyweighedmoreandshouldfallfasterthaneachindividualball.Usingthepowerofthemind,GalileowasabletoexposetheparadoxandproveAristotlewrong.接著他想出了兩種互相矛盾的結(jié)果：因為兩個球下落的速度不同，較輕的球會減慢較重的球的下落速度；但如果把這兩個球作為一個整體來考慮，它們加在一起的重量更大，應(yīng)該比每個單獨的球下落得更快。伽利略運用思想的力量揭露了這一悖論，證明了亞里士多德是錯誤的。asawholes作為一個整體,總體上expose揭露；揭穿

However,thoughtexperimentsarenotalwaysaboutprovingsomethingrightorwrongwithadefiniteanswer.Instead,bymakingabstract,complexideasmoreconcreteandaccessible,thoughtexperimentscanstimulatedebateandleadtoamorethoroughunderstandingofthetopicinquestion.然而，思想實驗并非總是要用一個明確的答案來證明某件事是對還是錯。相反，通過使抽象、復(fù)雜的概念變得更加具體和易于理解，思想實驗?zāi)軌蛞l(fā)辯論，讓人們對所討論的問題有更透徹的理解。definite/?d?f?n?t/明確的,肯定的,確定的,不會改變的ac·cess·ible/?k?ses?bl/容易理解的,易懂的inquestion討論(或議論)中的;有疑問,不確定AfamousexampleistheShipofTheseus,whichwasfirstwrittendownbytheancientGreekphilosopherandbiographerPlutarchinthe1stcentury.Hementionedthatformanycenturies,thepeopleofAthenskepttheoldshipoftheancientGreekheroTheseus.這種思想實驗的一個著名例子是“忒修斯之船”，最早由古希臘哲學(xué)家和傳記作家普魯塔克在公元1世紀所記錄。他提到，幾個世紀以來，雅典人一直保存著古希臘英雄忒修斯的舊船。theShipofTheseus/?θi?si?s/忒修斯之船(普魯塔克記錄的思想實驗)biog·raph·er

/ba???ɡr?f?(r)/傳記作家Plutarch/?plu?tɑ?k/普魯塔克(古羅馬時代希臘哲學(xué)家、傳記作家)Overtheyears,alltheoriginalwoodenpartsoftheshipweredamagedandreplacedbythelocalpeople.PlutarchquestionedwhetherthisshipwasstillTheseus’soldship,orwhetheritwasanentirelynewone.Manycenturieslater,theEnglishphilosopherThomasHobbestookthethoughtexperimentonestepfurther:whatifsomeonecollectedalltheoriginalpartsandrebuiltanothership?WhichoftheshipswouldthenbetheshipofTheseus?

多年來，船上所有的原始木制部件都已受損并被當?shù)厝颂鎿Q了。普魯塔克質(zhì)疑這艘船是否仍是忒修斯的舊船，還是一艘全新的船。許多世紀之后，英國哲學(xué)家托馬斯?霍布斯將這項思想實驗進一步延伸：如果有人收集了所有原始部件，重建成另一艘船呢？那么哪條船才是忒修斯的船呢？Eventoday,theShipofTheseusstillsparksintensedebateandcontinuestoraisemanyquestionsaboutthenatureofidentity.仍然引發(fā)著激烈的爭論，并繼續(xù)提出許多與身份的本質(zhì)相關(guān)的問題。Withhypotheticalsituations,thoughtexperimentsallowustoexploretheoutcomeofagivenhypothesiswhichhasreal-lifesignificance.Theyalsohelpusstretchourmindsbyconfrontingandconsideringdifficultquestions.在假設(shè)的情況下，思想實驗使我們能夠探索具有現(xiàn)實意義的某一給定假設(shè)的結(jié)果。它們也幫助我們通過面對并思考難題來拓展思維。stretch使竭盡所能,使全力以赴,使發(fā)揮出全部本領(lǐng)confront處理,解決(問題或困境);面對,對抗Whynotaskourown“Whatif...”questions?Byadoptingnewandinnovativewaysofthinking,wemayarriveatsurprisingconclusions.為什么不提出我們自己的“如果……將會怎樣”的問題呢？通過運用全新且創(chuàng)新性的思維方式，我們也許會得出意想不到的結(jié)論。A.UnderstandingthetextPage18A1.?Readthewebsitearticleandcompletethechartbelowwiththemainideaofeachparagraph.Thoughtexperimentsaredefinedasexperimentscarriedoutintheimagination.Thoughtexperimentshavealonghistoryandareusedinmanyareas.Thoughtexperimentscanstimulatedebateandleadtoamorethoroughunderstandingofthetopicinquestion.Participatinginthoughtexperimentscanhelpusstretchourminds.

A2.Readthewebsitearticleagaincarefullyandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1.Whyisitsometimesimpossibletocarryoutexperimentsintherealworld?

2.Inwhatareasarethoughtexperimentsregularlyusedtoday?Duetophysical,ethicalorfinanciallimitations.

Theyareregularlyusedintheareasofphilosophy,economicsandthesciences.3.WhatwastheparadoxexposedbyGalileo?Ifaheavierballandalighteroneweretiedtogetherandfelltotheground,thefalloftheheavierballshouldbesloweddownbythelighterone;however,thetwoballs,whenconsideredasawhole,shouldfallfasterthaneachindividualball.4.WhatquestionsdidThomasHobbesputforwardabouttheshipofTheseus?A3.?Inpairs,discussthefollowingquestions.1.Howdoyouthinkthoughtexperimentsaredifferentfromandsimilartoreal?lifeexperiments?Whatifsomeonecollectedalltheoriginalpartsandrebuiltanothership?WhichoftheshipswouldthenbetheshipofTheseus?Thoughtexperimentsdifferfromreal-lifeexperimentsinthattheyareperformedintheimagination,whilereal-lifeexperimentsaredoneinthephysicalenvironment.Thoughtexperimentscantesttheoriesoutsideoftheboundariessetbythephysicalworld,whereasreal-lifeexperimentsarelimitedbythephysical,ethicalorfinancialfactorsoftheworld.Whenconducted,real-lifeexperimentsareinfluencedbyvariousfactorsinanenvironment,unlikethoughtexperimentsthatareusuallysetinanidealenvironment.

However,thetwotypesofexperimentsharesimilarities.Inbothtypesofexperiment,wesetupasituation,observewhathappens,andthendrawaconclusion.Moreover,bothmustfollowtheacceptedscientificprinciplesofanexperiment,thatis,theymustbesupportedbyindependentlyconfirmedfactualobservationsandtakeplaceinthecontextofwell-developedbackgroundtheory.此外，這兩種實驗都必須遵循公認的實驗科學(xué)原則，即必須有經(jīng)獨立證實的事實性觀察作為支撐，并且要處于完善的背景理論的框架內(nèi)進行。accepted/?k?s?pt?d/公認的confirmed堅定的，根深蒂固的；已被證實的well-developed精心制作的;發(fā)展良好的

2.Theauthorgivesexamplesofsomefamousthoughtexperiments.Whichofthemisthemostimpressivetoyou?Why?

Tome,Galileo’sthoughtexperimentismostimpressive.NotonlydoesitdisproveAristotle’sbeliefthataheavierballshouldfallfasterthanalighterone,butitalsoencouragesustoquestiontheso-called“accepted”truthswhenwedisagreewiththem.Galileo’slogicalreasoningprovidestwoscenariosthatAristotledidnotthinkabout.Bydoingthis,Galileo’sthoughtexperimentshowsusthepowerofthemindandthatwemustnotbeafraidtouseit,evenifitmeansprovingawell-acceptedtheorywrong.3.Whatmightbethedisadvantagesofthoughtexperiments?Supportyouropinionwithreasons.

Thoughtexperiments,especiallyinphysics,donottakeintoconsiderationanyphysicalfactorsfoundintheenvironmentthatmayinfluencetheoutcomeoftheexperiment.Thismeansthatwhatisbeingmentallyobservedmaynotberealisticorapplicabletotherealworld.思想實驗，尤其是在物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的此類實驗，并不會考慮實驗所處環(huán)境中存在的任何可能影響實驗結(jié)果的物理因素。這意味著在頭腦中所觀察到的情況可能并不符合實際情況，也不適用于現(xiàn)實世界。ap·plic·able(tosb/sth)

/??pl?k?bl/適用；合適Also,thoughtexperimentscanunintentionallyreachincorrectconclusionswhenincorrectassumptionsaremadeorrelevantonesomitted,evenbycapablescientistsorphilosophers.此外，思維實驗若在假設(shè)設(shè)定上出現(xiàn)錯誤，或者遺漏了關(guān)鍵的假設(shè)條件，即便是由經(jīng)驗豐富的科學(xué)家或哲學(xué)家來進行，也可能無意中得出錯誤的結(jié)論。unintentionally無意地；非故意地；非存心地in·cor·rect

不準確的,不正確的,不真實的;(說話或舉止)不合規(guī)矩的,不當?shù)?不端的as·sump·tion假定,假設(shè);(責(zé)任的)承擔,擔任,(權(quán)力的)獲得omit

sth/sb(fromsth)/??m?t/(-tt-)刪除,忽略,漏掉,遺漏cap·able能力強的；足以勝任的B.BuildingyourlanguagePage19B1.ThepassagebelowisaboutathoughtexperimentcreatedbyIsaacNewton.Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsofthewordsandphrasesintheboxbelow.meansdepththoroughbecapableofoutcomeaccessiblecarryoutfigureoutIsaacNewton/?a?z?k?nju?t?n/艾薩克·牛頓（英國物理學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家）depth淵博；深刻；洞察力Wehaveallheardaboutgravity.Weknowthatgravitymakesapplesfalltothegroundandstopsusfromflyingoffintospace.Buthaveyoueverwondered,whenlookingattheMoon,whyitdoesnotcomecrashingdowntotheEarth?Well,thisisaquestionthatalsopuzzledIsaacNewton.Tofindtheanswer,he(1)__________athoughtexperimentwhichisnowknownasNewton’sCannon.carrysth.out履行,實施,執(zhí)行,落實;完成(任務(wù))Newton’sCannon牛頓大炮(艾薩克·牛頓設(shè)計的思想實驗)carriedout

Inhisbookpublishedin1687,Newtonimaginedshootingacannonballhorizontallyfromthetopofaveryhighmountain,wheretherewasnoairandconsequentlynoairresistance.Withouttheforceofgravity,thecannonballwouldgoinastraightline.However,astheforceofgravitypullseverythingearthwards,thecannonballwouldtravelinacurveandfinallyreachtheground.

在1687年出版的著作中，牛頓設(shè)想從一座非常高的山頂水平發(fā)射一枚炮彈，那里沒有空氣，因此也就沒有空氣阻力。由于沒有重力的作用，炮彈會沿直線飛行。然而，由于重力會將一切物體向地球引力方向拉去，炮彈會呈曲線飛行并最終落到地面。horizontally/?h?r??z?nt?li/水平地；地平地Whenthecannonballwasfiredathigherspeed,itwouldtravelfartherandfartherbeforeithittheground.ThenNewton(2)__________thatattherightspeed,thecannonballwouldfollowexactlythecurveoftheEarth’ssurface,neverfallingtotheground.The(3)________wasthatthecannonballsuccessfullywentintoorbitaroundtheEarth.當炮彈以更高的速度發(fā)射時，它會飛得越來越遠，直到最終觸地。隨后牛頓得出結(jié)論：在適當?shù)陌l(fā)射速度下，炮彈會沿著地球表面的曲線飛行，永遠不會掉到地面。結(jié)果就是炮彈成功地進入了繞地軌道。hit到達（某地）figuredoutoutcomeThespeedrequiredforthecannonballtoorbittheEarthis7.9kilometrespersecond.InNewton’sday,therewassimplyno(4)______tofireacannonballatthatspeed.However,Newtonconstructedthisbrilliantthoughtexperimentwithaclevercombinationofhisimaginationandknowledgeofphysics,whichcontributedtoamore(5)_________understandingofgravityasauniversalforce.炮彈繞地球運行所需的速度為每秒7.9公里。在牛頓的時代，根本沒有任何辦法能將炮彈發(fā)射到那樣的速度。然而，牛頓憑借其豐富的想象力和物理學(xué)知識巧妙地構(gòu)建了這一精妙的思維實驗，這有助于人們更深入地理解引力這一普遍存在的力。meansthoroughNewton’sCannonalsobecamethefirstandmost(6)_________explanationfororbitalmotion.Itwasnotuntilcenturieslater,whenspacerocketswereinvented,thatwe(7)______________testingNewton’sideainreallife.ThankstoNewton’s(8)______ofthinking,manysatellites,routinelyusedforcommunicationandnavigation,orbittheEarth.JustliketheMoon,younowknowwhytheydon’tfallonyourhead!牛頓的“大炮模型”也成為了解釋軌道運動的首個且最為通俗易懂的理論。直到數(shù)百年后，當太空火箭被發(fā)明出來時，我們才得以在實際生活中驗證牛頓的這一觀點。多虧了牛頓深刻的思考，許多用于通信和導(dǎo)航的衛(wèi)星圍繞地球運行。就像月球一樣，現(xiàn)在你明白了為什么它們不會掉到你的頭上了吧！routinely/ru??ti?nl?/例行公事地，常規(guī)地；慣常地，毫不意外地accessiblewerecapableofdepthB2.Thewebsitearticleusesanexampletointroducethetopicofthoughtexperiments,whichmakestheintroductionmoreappealingandaccessibletothereader.Findtheexampleinthearticleandwriteasimilarintroductiontoanarticleaboutinventions.Usetheinformationbelowabouttheinnovationofpapertohelpyou.Theexampletointroducethetopicinthewebsitearticle:

Whatwouldweobserveifwetravelledatthespeedoflight?ThisisaquestionAlbertEinsteinaskedhimselfattheageof16.Imagininghimselfpursuingabeamoflight,hereasonedthatheshouldobservesuchabeamoflightasanelectromagneticfieldatrest.Thisintuitivethinkinglaterplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofhisspecialtheoryofrelativity,asEinsteinacknowledgedinhis1949AutobiographicalNotes.ItcametobeknownasoneofEinstein’smostfamousthoughtexperiments.InventorCaiLun(theEasternHanDynasty)Process?Lettingsheetsofwetfibrefloatinthewater?Slowlydrainingthemoistureuntilthepaperwasbonedrydrain/dre?n/使瀝干;瀝干mois·ture/?m??st??(r)/潮氣,水汽,水分bonedry完全干燥SignificanceLeadingtoarapidincreaseinpaperproductionTheinventionofpaperintheformwerecognizetodaywasthebrainchildofCaiLun,wholivedduringtheEasternHanDynasty.Thistypeofpaper,calledCaiLunPaper,wasinventedbyusingmaterialsthatwerecheapandeasilyavailable,whichreducedthecostofpaperproduction.CaiLunhadtheideaoflettingsheetsofwetfibrefloatinthewaterforawhile.我們?nèi)缃袼熘募垙埿问降陌l(fā)明，是由生活在東漢時期的蔡倫完成的。這種被稱為“蔡倫紙”的紙張，是通過使用價格低廉且容易獲取的材料而發(fā)明的，這降低了紙張的生產(chǎn)成本。蔡倫的構(gòu)想是讓濕纖維片在水中漂浮一段時間。brain·child(個人或小群體的)主意,發(fā)明,智慧結(jié)晶Thesheetsofwetfibrewerethenpressedslowlytodrainthemoistureuntilthepaperwasbonedry.Thismethodprovedtobeasuccessfulandpopularwaytomakepaper.TheinventionofCaiLunPaperledtoarapidincreaseinpaperproduction.然后，這些濕纖維片被緩慢壓平以排出水分，直到紙張完全干燥。這種方法被證明是一種成功且受歡迎的造紙方式。蔡倫紙的發(fā)明導(dǎo)致了紙張產(chǎn)量的迅速增長。WorkbookPage62ExploringlanguageA.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsofthewordsandphrasesintheboxbelow.alternativetackleoutcometakeprideindisturbingexposeinquestionbesuperiorto1.Thelatestmodel____________previousones,soitissellinglikehotcakes.beselling/goinglikehotcakes非常搶手，非常暢銷issuperiorto2.Consideringthemanydrawbacksoffossilfuels,wemustlookfor__________sourcesofenergy.替代能源3.Headoptedatop-downapproachto________theproblem,whichprovedtobeeffective.4.The________ofthenegotiationwasbynomeanssurprising.這次談判的結(jié)果實在不出所料。draw·backof/to(doing)sth缺點;不利條件;障礙top-down(計劃、項目等)從總體到具體的,自上而下的,先總后分的;與高層有關(guān)的bynomeans/notbyanymeans絕不,一點也不alternativetacklingoutcome5.Myheadteacheralways_________________everybitofprogressmadebyhisstudents.6.Peoplewithmoremusclemassarelesslikelytoloseheatwhen________toseverecold.肌肉量較多的人在暴露于嚴寒環(huán)境中時，散熱的幾率會更低。7.Thereportcontainssome__________informationandsetspeoplethinkingaboutwhatcanbedonetoimprovethesituation.dis·turb·ing引起煩惱的,令人不安的,引起恐慌的set使處于某種狀況；使開始takes/tookprideinexposeddisturbing8.I’mafraidwe’vebeentalkingaboutirrelevantdetails.Let’sgobacktothetopic___________.恐怕我們一直在談?wù)撘恍┎幌嚓P(guān)的細節(jié)問題了。咱們還是回到正題上來吧。

C.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.Usethewordsandphrasesinthebrackets.Page63inquestion

1.一家有責(zé)任感的公司不應(yīng)該僅僅追求經(jīng)濟上的成功，它還應(yīng)該致力于對社會作出貢獻。(financial)2.過去幾十年里，這座城市已經(jīng)變得讓人認不出來了。(recognition)

Aresponsiblecompanyshouldnotaimforfinancialsuccessonly.Itshouldalsomakeacommitmenttomakingcontributionstosociety.

Thecityhaschangedbeyondrecognitionoverthepastdecades.change/alterbeyond/outofrecognition變得面目全非,滄海桑田3.考慮到這個包是手工制作的，它的價格很公道。(consideringthat...)4.那時他發(fā)明了一種新的游戲，但遺憾的是，它沒有流行起來。(catchon)

Consideringthatthebagishandmade,itspriceisreasonable.

Heinventedanewgameatthattime,butunfortunatelyitdidnotcatchon.un·for·tu·nate·ly不幸地,遺憾地,可惜地,可悲地,=regrettably5.我不太喜歡悲劇，但昨晚我試著看了一下。(giveitashot)6.在關(guān)鍵時刻，我們應(yīng)該有能力獨自應(yīng)對困難。(becapableof)

Idon’treallyliketragedy,butIgaveitashotlastnight.shotat(doing)sth嘗試；努力Atcriticalmomentsweshouldbecapableofdealingwithdifficultiesonourown.7.當你進行體育運動時，心臟會跳得更快，以增加供血。(participatein)8.優(yōu)秀的建筑師總是很搶手。(indemand)

Whenyouparticipateinsport,thehearthastobeatquickertoincreasebloodsupply.

Goodarchitectsarealwaysindemand.in(great)demand受歡迎的,需求大D.Fillintheblankswithproperwordsorthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebrackets.TheDujiangyanIrrigationSystemislocatedontheMinjiangRiver,inthewestern