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PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11288

“IWanttoBreakFree”

HowLawsandSocialNormsOpenDoorsforWomen

AlevGurbuzCuneo

AnaMariaTribinUribe

TeaTrumbic

CarolinePerrin

WORLDBANKGROUP

DevelopmentEconomicsGlobalIndicatorsGroupJanuary2026

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fordirectaccess.

ProducedbytheResearchSupportTeam

PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11288

Abstract

Thispaperdevelopsaconceptualframeworktoanalyzehowgenderedsocialnormsmediatetheefectsoflegalframeworksonwomen’seconomicempowerment.UsingtheWorldBank’sWomen,BusinessandtheLawdomains,Safety,Mobility,Work,Pay,Marriage,Parenthood,Child-care,Entrepreneurship,Assets,andPension,asanorganizingstructure,thestudyconductsatargeted,systematicreviewof130studiesfocusedonnearly30single-countrycasesanddiverseregionalormulti-countrycontexts.Eachstudyiscodedbydomain,researchmethod,andtypeofnorm-lawinteraction,enablingtheidentificationofpatternsofevidenceandgaps.Only56percentofthereviewed

studiesestablishcausalrelationships,withmostrelyingoncross-sectionaldataandconcentratedonhigh-incomecountries.Qualitativeresearchprovidesrichcontextualinsightsbutremainsfragmented.Thereviewhighlightsascarcityoflongitudinaldata,asexistingsourcesdiferinthetypesofinformationtheyprovide,varyincountrycoverage,andareoftendiscontinuousovertime,resultinginlimitedevidenceonthelinksorcausalrelationshipsbetweenlegalreformsandgenderedsocialnorms.Althoughnotexhaus-tive,thepaperofersbothaconceptualanddata-basedmapoftheliterature.

ThispaperisaproductoftheGlobalIndicatorsGroup,DevelopmentEconomics.ItispartofalargerefortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebat

/prwp.Theauthorsmay

becontactedatagurbuz@

;

atribin@

;

ttrumbic@

;

cperrin@

.Averifiedreproducibilitypackageforthispaperisavailableat

,click

here

fordirectaccess.

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ThePolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdisseminatesthefindingsofworkinprogresstoencouragetheexchangeofideasaboutdevelopmentissues.Anobjectiveoftheseriesistogetthefindingsoutquickly,evenifthepresentationsarelessthanfullypolished.Thepaperscarrythenamesoftheauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/WorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.

“IWanttoBreakFree”:HowLawsandSocialNormsOpenDoorsfor

Women

AlevGurbuzCuneo,AnaMariaTribinUribe,TeaTrumbicandCarolinePerrin

1

AuthorizedfordistributionbyNormanLoayza,Director,GlobalIndicatorsGroup,DevelopmentEconomics,WorldBankGroup

Keywords:SocialNorms,LegalFrameworks,Women’sEconomicEmpowerment,GenderInequality,Laws.

JELCodes:Z13,K38,J21.

1AlevGurbuzCuneo:

agurbuz@

;AnaMariaTribinUribe:

atribin@

;TeaTrumbic:

ttrumbic@

;CarolinePerrin:

cperrin@.

ThispaperisaproductoftheWomen,BusinessandtheLawteam.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBankGroup,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheauthorswouldliketothankAlejandraRivera,DanielaEscobarLopez,andSakinaShibuyafortheirvaluablesupportandcollaboration.WearegratefultotheGatesFoundationforfinancialsupport.

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1.Introduction

Inthepastcentury,significantstrideshavebeenmadetowardachievinggenderequalityandrealizingwomen’srightsglobally.Women'sworkforceparticipationhasincreasedsignificantly,empoweringthemeconomicallyandprovidingaccesstoincomeandassets.Violenceagainstwomenisrecognizedasahumanrightsabuseinbothinternationalandnationallaws.Moreover,therearemorewomeninpoliticaloffice,andaccesstosexualandreproductivehealthcarehasimproved.Theseadvancementsresultfromvariousfactors,includingwomen'smobilization,labormovements,legislativechanges,andeconomictransformations(UnitedNations2023).

Advancinggenderequalityisnotonlyamatterofhumanrightsbutalsocriticalforbroadereconomicdevelopment.Boserup(1970)emphasizedthatoverlookingwomen'seconomicrolescanslowoverallgrowth,whileempoweringwomencanacceleratedevelopmentprocesses.Morerecentevidenceshowsthatreducinggendergapsinlaborforceparticipationandearningssignificantlycontributestohighereconomicgrowthandreducedincomeinequality(Gonzalesetal.2015).Thesefindingsreinforcetheimportanceofstrengtheningwomen’srightsandopportunitiesasacentralstrategyforinclusiveandsustainabledevelopment.

Anessentialmeasureofprogressingenderequalityistheevaluationoflegislationanditsactualimpactonwomen'seconomicempowerment.TheWomen,Business,andtheLaw(WBL)index,developedbytheWorldBankWBLteam,servesasacomprehensivetooltoassesshowlawsandregulationsacrossdifferentcountriesinfluencewomen'sopportunitiesandrightsintheworkforce.TheWBLindexpositivelycorrelateswithwomen'seconomicoutcomes(Hyland,Djankov,andGoldberg2020).Forinstance,strongerlegalframeworksareassociatedwithhigherfemaleemploymentandmorefavorablebeliefsaboutwomen’swork(Figure1.1).However,significantvarianceexistsingenderequalityoutcomesamongcountrieswithsimilarWBLscores,suggestingthatwhilestronglegalframeworksareessential,socialnormsandculturalattitudesplayacrucialroleinshapingtheeffectivenessoftheselaws.Understandingtheseinteractionscanhelppolicymakersdesignmoreeffectiveinterventionstopromotegenderequality.

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Figure1.1.Women,BusinessandtheLawIndexandGenderEquality

a.Women’slaborforceparticipationandWBLIndex

b.Beliefsagainstwomen'seconomicparticipationandWBLIndex

Source:Women,BusinessandtheLaw(2024),WorldDevelopmentIndicators(2024),andWorldValuesSurvey(2017-2022)

Note:Panelareportsthecorrelationbetweenfemalelaborforceparticipation,measuredasthepercentageofwomenages15-64whoareeconomicallyactive(ILOestimates)inWDI2024dataandtheWBL2024legalframeworkindexfor170economies.PanelbreportsthecorrelationbetweenthenormindexbasedontheWorldValuesSurveyquestionandtheWBLlegalframeworkindexfor60economies.Yaxisshowstheshareofrespondentsineacheconomythatagreedorstronglyagreedwiththestatement“Menshouldhavemorerighttoajobwhenjobsarescarce”.Forbothpanelsafittedregressionline(inred)isdisplayed.Theestimatedcoefficientisstatisticallysignificantatthe1percentlevel,andtherelationshipremainspositiveandstatisticallysignificantaftercontrollingforincomepercapitatakenfromWDI2024.

Despiteimportantadvancements,aparallelglobalbacklashhasunfoldedoverthepastdecade.Somecountriescontinuetomakeprogress,whileothersarereinforcingtraditionalrolesandrestrictingwomen’srights.Thistrend,presentevenamongyoungergenerations,threatenstoreversemanyoftheachievementsofthepastcentury(Dominguezetal,2023;Offetal,2022).Socialnormsplayacriticalroleinbothadvancingandhinderinggenderequality.Theyinfluence,andareinfluencedby,progressandpushbackongenderequality.Asaresult,globaldevelopmentactorsareincreasinglyturningtosocialnormsasanewprogrammaticareaofinvestment.Theyrecognizesocialnormsasaleverforchange,particularlyincontextswhereprogressongenderequalityisslow,hasstalled,orisregressing.

Inthecaseofbacklash,socialnormscanhindergenderequalityandmakelegalframeworksresistanttochange.Atthesametime,strongandequitablelawscancounteractnegativeshiftsinsocialnorms.Overtime,ifsocialnormsopposewomen'sadvancement,bothnormsandlawscanbeaffected,hinderingprogresstowardgenderequality.Thatiswhyitiscrucialtostudytheirinterplayandhavesufficientdatatotrackadvancesorsetbacks.Figure1.2illustratestherelationshipbetweenlegalframeworks,socialnorms,andwomen’seconomicoutcomes.Lawsinfluenceoutcomesthroughtwomainpathways:adirectpathway,wherelegalreformsimmediatelyaffectwomen’seconomicopportunities,andanindirect,norm-basedpathway,wherereformsshapesocialnormsthatinturninfluencebehaviorandoutcomes.Socialnormscanreinforce,weaken,orevenresisttheintended

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effectsoflaws.Therelationshipisalsoreciprocal—existingnormsinfluencewhichlawsareadoptedandhowtheyareenforced,whilechangesinwomen’seconomicoutcomescangraduallyreshapesocialnormsovertime.

Figure1.2.Relationshipbetweenlegalframeworks,socialnorms,andwomen'soutcomes

Source:Authors’elaboration

Thispaperfirstprovidesadescriptionofavarietyofmethodstocollectdataongendernorms,includingqualitativemethodologiessuchasinterviews,ethnographicfieldwork,andfocusgroups,followedbyanoverviewofthemeasurementofgender-relatedsocialnormscapturedincross-countrysurveysandthroughmicrodatacollectionconductedforimpactevaluationprojects.Collectionofsuchdataandreleaseddatasetsarecrucialandnecessaryforunderstandingtheprevalenceandimpactofgendernormsacrossdifferentsocieties.However,existingdatasetsoftenfailtocapturethenuancedwaysinwhichgendernormsevolveandinfluencedailylife.Thereisanotablelackoflongitudinaldatathatcouldprovideinsightsintolong-termtrendsandtheeffectivenessofpolicyinterventionsovertime.

Next,thepaperexplorestheinteractionbetweengendernormsandlegalframeworksinshapingwomen'slivesandtheiraccesstoeconomicopportunities.Itexaminesexistingliteratureabouthowsocietalexpectationsandlegalstructuresworktogethertoinfluencegendernorms,sometimesperpetuatingdisparitiesandatothertimesfosteringequality.Forinstance,culturalfactorssuchastraditions,religion,andhistoricalcontextsdeeplyinfluencegendernormsacrosssocieties.

Throughourreviewofliterature,weidentifysignificantgapsinthecurrentunderstandingandmeasurementofgendernormsandtheirrelationshipwithlaws.Wefindlimitedcausalevidenceonhowlegalreformsinfluencesocialnormsandeconomicoutcomes,andfewstudiessystematicallyexaminethecomplementaryreformsneededtomakelegalchangeseffective.Weobservethatresearchoftenoverlookstherisksofbacklashorcircumventionwhenreformsconfrontdeeplyentrenchednorms.Wealsoobservethattheexistingevidencebaseconcentratesheavilyonhigh-incomecountries.Addressingthesegapsisessentialfordevelopingamorecomprehensiveandeffectiveapproachtopromotinggenderequalitythroughlegalandnormativechange.

Thispaperexamineshowgendernormsandlegalframeworksinteracttoshapewomen’seconomicempowerment,drawingonexistingliterature.Itexploreshowsocialnormsandlawsjointlyinfluence

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women’seconomicoutcomes,emphasizingtheroleofnormsinlinkinglegalreformtobehavioralchange.Specifically,itasks:(i)dosocialnormsamplifyorerodetheeffectsoflaws?(ii)dotheygenerateunintendedrippleeffectsbeyondthelaw’simmediateobjectives?and(iii)canlawsthemselvesdrivechangesinsocialnorms?

Itmakestwomaincontributions.First,itprovidesacomprehensiveanalysisofgendernormsandtheirimplicationsacrossthetendomainsoftheWBLproject’sframework—Safety,Mobility,Work,Pay,Marriage,Parenthood,Childcare,Entrepreneurship,Assets,andPension.Second,itidentifiesmajorgapsindataandevidence,particularlythelimitedresearchonhowgenderedlawsandnormsinteract.Itcallsforstrongereconometricanalysis,aswellasnuancedandlongitudinaldatatobetterunderstandandaddresspersistentgenderdisparities.

Thepaperisorganizedasfollows.Followingtheintroduction,Section2reviewsthemethodologicalapproachesusedtomeasuregenderedsocialnorms,distinguishingbetweenqualitativemethodsandquantitativestrategies.Thelatterincludesbothmacro-leveldatasources—suchascross-countrysurveysliketheWorldValuesSurvey,DemographicandHealthSurveys,GallupWorldPoll,Afrobarometer,andotherglobalorregionaldatasets—andmicro-leveldatacollectionthroughnationalsurveysandexperimentalmethods.Section2alsotakesstockofthespecificsurveyquestionsusedtocapturegender-norm-relatedconceptsfromaselectionofimpactevaluations.Section3thenturnstothemeasurementoflawsforgenderequality.Section4synthesizestheevidenceontheinteractionbetweengendernorms,laws,andwomen’seconomicempowerment,includingadedicatedreviewofstudiesexaminingtheselinks.Section5discussesthemaingapsinliteratureandinavailabledataongendernormsandlegalframeworks.Section6concludes,followedbyanAppendixwithadditionalmaterial.

2.Measuringgenderedsocialnorms

Measuringgendernormscouldbechallengingduetotheirinherentlycomplexandoftensubtlenature.Thesenormsareinterwovenwithincultural,legal,institutional,andpersonalcontexts,complicatingeffortstoisolateandquantifythemeffectively.Despitethesechallenges,researchershavedevelopedavarietyofmethodstocollectdataongendernorms,whichinturnwouldhelpimprovetherobustanalysisofsuchdata.

2.1.Qualitativeresearchmethods

Qualitativeresearchmethods,includingin-depthinterviews,ethnographicfieldwork,andfocusgroups,areessentialforexaminingtheintricaciesofgendernorms.

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Theseapproachesenableresearcherstocollectdeepinsightsintoindividualexperiencesandthesocialdynamicsshapedbythesenorms.

In-depthinterviewsallowexplorationintopersonalstories,revealinghowgendernormsaffectdailylives.Forexample,HaughandTalwar(2016)employedthismethodtounderstandthepersonalexperiencesofwomenentrepreneursinIndia,highlightingthesocietalchallengestheyface.Ethnographicfieldworkprovidesaground-levelviewofthesenormsinactionwithincommunities.Plankey-Videla(2012)conductedanethnographicstudyinaMexicangarmentfactorytoexaminehowgenderandlaborareintertwinedintheworkplace.AnothernotableexampleistheworkofAbu-Lughod

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TableA.1.

inAppendixAsummarizesqualitativeresearchmethodsforstudyinggendernorms.

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(2008),whousedethnographicmethodstoexplorethelivesofBedouinwomenintheArabRepublicofEgypt,providingadetailedaccountofhowgendernormsshapetheirdailylivesandidentities.Focusgroupsalsooffervaluableinsightsintocollectiveperspectivesandsocialdynamics.Forinstance,BiancoandLombe(2017)utilizedfocusgroupstoexplorehowwomen'sentrepreneurshipchallengesandtransformsgendernormsandpractices,providingadetailedanalysisofcommunityperceptionsandtheimpactofentrepreneurialactivities.

Oneofthesignificantadvantagesofqualitativeresearchmethodsistheirabilitytouncoverdetailedinsightsintopeople'sperceptionsandopinions.In-depthinterviews,forexample,offeraplatformforindividualstosharetheirpersonalstoriesandexperiences.Ethnographicfieldworkimmersesresearchersinthedailylivesofcommunities.Thismethodenablestheobservationofgendernormsintheirnaturalcontext,providingaholisticunderstandingofhowthesenormsoperateandaremaintainedorchallengedovertime,thereforeavoidingdesirabilitybias.Focusgroupsalsoofferasettingwhereparticipantscandiscusstheirviewsandexperiencescollectively,revealingsocialdynamicsandgroupnormsthatmightnotemergeinindividualinterviews.

Despitetheirstrengthsinrevealingdetailed,contextualunderstanding,thesemethodsalsohavelimitations.Theyoftenlackgeneralizability,canbetime-consuming,andtheirsubjectivenaturemightintroducebiasesintotheresearchfindings.Oneoftheprimarylimitationsisthelackofgeneralizability.Becausethesemethodsofteninvolvesmaller,non-randomsamples,thefindingsmaynotbeeasilyextrapolatedtolargerpopulations.Additionally,qualitativeresearchcanbetime-consumingandresourceintensive.Itrequirestimeandeffortfrombothresearchersandparticipants.Moreover,thesubjectivenatureofqualitativeresearchisanotherdrawback,becauseresearchers'interpretationscanintroducebiasesintothefindings,andparticipants'responsesmaybeinfluenced.

2.2.Quantitativeresearchmethods

Inthissection,weexaminehowgendernormsarecapturedthroughbothcross-countryandnationalsurveysthatareconductedasapartofimpactevaluationstudies.

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Weexplorethebroader,comparativeinsightsprovidedbyinternationaldatasetsandcontrastthesewiththemoredetailed,context-specificfindingsfromnationalsurveys.

2.2.1.Macrodatacollection:Cross-countrysurveys

Surveysandstructuredinterviewsarecommonlyusedtocollectdataongendernormsatalargerscale.Thesemethodsoftenemploystandardizedquestionnairesthatmeasureattitudestowardgenderrolesandexpectations.Suchinstrumentsaredesignedtocapturedataacrossdiversepopulations,providingabroaderviewofhowgendernormsarearticulatedandadheredtoacrossdifferentdemographics.Quantitativedataareessentialforassessingtheprevalenceofcertaingendernormsandforanalyzingandreachingconclusionsabouttheirimpactonvariousoutcomes,suchashealth,education,andeconomicparticipation.Intherestofthissection,wepresentcross-countrysurveysthatincludequestionstomeasuresuchgendernorms.

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TableA.2.

inAppendixApresentstheoverviewofthecross-countrydatasetscoveredinthissection.

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a)WorldValuesSurvey

The

WorldValuesSurvey

(WVS)isawidelyutilizedtoolforgatheringindividualleveldataonsocietalattitudesandvaluesfromrespondentsacrossnumerouscountries(Inglehartetal.,2000).Itoffersacomprehensiverangeofquestionsconcerninggenderroles,perceptions,andexpectations,enablingcross-nationalcomparisons(Table2.1).Respondentsareaskedtostatetheirresponsesona5-pointLikertscaletostatementssuchas“Whenjobsarescarce,menshouldhavemorerighttoajobthanwomen”.DatacollectedthroughWVShavebeenincorporatedintonumerousstudies,suchasthoseconductedbyAlesina,Giuliano,andNunn(2013).OneoftheprimarystrengthsoftheWVSisitsextensivecoverageandlongitudinaldatacollection,allowingtheanalysisoftrendsovertime.However,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatitsrelianceonself-reporteddatacanbeinfluencedbysocialdesirabilitybiasandvariationsinresponsestylesacrossdifferentcultures.

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Table2.1.SummaryofWorldValuesSurveyVariables

Dimension

Description

LegalandPoliticalRights

Assessesbeliefsaboutgenderequalityinlegalrightsandpoliticalparticipation,includingwomen'sabilitytorunforofficeandenjoyequalrightsinademocracy.

SocietalBeliefsandStereotypes

Capturesgenderstereotypesaboutleadership,particularlyviewsonwhethermenareinherentlybettersuitedfor

businessorpoliticalleadershipthanwomen.

EconomicRolesandIndependence

Measuresattitudestowardwomen’seconomicautonomyandroleinthelabormarket,includingviewsonwomen

earningmorethanmenandtheimportanceofemploymentforwomen'sindependence.

FamilyandDomesticRoles

Assessesbeliefsaboutwomen'srolesinthefamily,

includingpreferencesfortraditionalrolesfocusedonhomeandchildren.

Source:WorldValuesSurvey

Note:

TableA.3.

inAppendixAprovidesafulllistofvariables.

b)DemographicandHealthSurveys

Ontheotherhand,the

DemographicandHealthSurveys

(DHS),whileprimarilyfocusedonreproductivehealthandfamilyplanning,alsocollectsdataongendernormsandrelatedtopics(Table2.2).Questionssuchas“Wifebeatingisjustifiedifshegoesoutwithouttellinghim”havebeenemployedinstudieslikeBecker(2021)togaugesocialnorms.Covering90low-andmiddle-incomecountries,theDHSdataofferstandardizedindicatorsformeasuringgender-relatedoutcomes.OnenotableadvantageoftheDHSdataisitsrigoroussamplingmethodologyandlargesamplesizes,whichbolsterthereliabilityandgeneralizabilityofthefindings.However,thelimitationoftheDHSprogram

4Socialdesirabilitybiasreferstothetendencyofrespondentstoprovideanswerstheybelievearesociallyacceptableorviewedfavorablybyothers,ratherthanreportingtheirtrueattitudesorbehaviors.Thisbiasisespeciallyrelevantinsurveysonsensitivetopicssuchasgendernormsordiscrimination.

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liesinitsrestrictedcoverageofhigh-incomecountries,whereimportantsocialnormsexist,potentiallylimitingitsapplicabilityforcomprehensivecomparativeanalyses.

Table2.2.SummaryofDHSGender-relatedVariables

Dimension

Description

AttitudesTowardsDomesticViolence

Measuresbeliefsaboutwhethervariousbehaviorsbyawifejustifydomesticviolenceandawarenessoflegalprotectionsagainstabuse.

MarriageandSexuality

Capturesnormsandperceptionsaboutsexualbehavior,fidelity,andexpectationsregardingsexandmarriageformen,women,andyouth.

Decision-MakingPower

Assesseswhohasthefinalsayindifferentareasof

householddecision-making,includingfinances,healthcare,andfertility.

FemaleCircumcision

Examinesattitudestowardfemalecircumcision,includingsupportforcontinuation,perceivedbenefitsandharms,

culturalandreligiousjustifications,andopinionsonstoppingthepractice.

Source:DemographicandHealthSurveys

Note:

TableA.4.

inAppendixAprovidesafulllistofvariables.

c)GallupWorldPoll

Third,the

GallupWorldPoll

isalarge-scalerepeatedcross-sectionalsurveycoveringmorethan150countries.Throughquestionslike“Shouldwomenhavethefreedomtoworkoutsidethehome?”and“Shouldwomenbeprioritizedforleadershippositionsbygovernmentandcompanies?”,itgaugesgendernorms(Bursztynetal.2023)(Table2.3).Althoughthecoverageofthisdatasetislarge,itsharesacommonlimitationwiththeWVS:susceptibilitytosocialdesirabilitybias.

Table2.3.SummaryofGallupWorldPollGender-relatedVariables

Dimension

Description

AttitudesTowardsGenderEquality

Measuressupportforgenderequalityacrosslegalrights,education,politicalparticipation,workplaceopportunities,andfamilyrights(e.g.,divorce,financialindependence).

GenderRolesinSociety

Capturesbeliefsaboutfairnessatwork,genderrolesin

employment,perceptionsofwomen’sperformancein

politics,andsocietalshiftsliketheriseofhousehusbands.

GenderedLegalandSocialNorms

Assessesopinionsonwomen'slegalrights,suchastheabilitytoserveasjudgesorpassoncitizenship.

CulturalandMoralPerspectives

Gaugesmoralviewsonissuessuchasunmarried

motherhoodandcrimesofpassionrelatedtoinfidelity.

FemaleCircumcision/GenitalMutilation

Measuresattitudestowardthepracticeoffemale

circumcision/genitalmutilation,includingitsperceivednecessity,normalcy,andlegality.

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MarriageNorms

Assessesviewsontheappropriateminimumageforgirls'marriage.

ExperienceofDiscrimination

Capturesself-reportedexperiencesofgender-,caste-,orreligion-baseddiscrimination.

ImportanceofMarriage

Measuresthepersonalimportanceplacedonfindingahusbandorwife.

Source:GallupWorldPoll

Note:

TableA.5.

inAppendixAprovidesafulllistofvariables.

d)Ipsos

Ipsos

isaglobalmarketresearchcompanythatoperatesinover90marketsworldwide,providinginsightsonpublicopinionandvariousmarketsegments.The"IpsosInternationalWomen’sDay2023"surveycovered32countries,includingArgentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada,China,France,Germany,India,Japan,Mexico,theRepublicofKorea,theUnitedStates,andothers.Thesurveygathereddataonpublicperceptions,beliefs,andbehaviorsrelatedtogenderequality.Thisincludedaskingrespondentsabouttheiractionstopromotegenderequality,witnessingdiscrimination,andtheirviewsoncurrentgenderinequalities.Ipsossurveyshaveextensiveglobalreachandprovidenuancedinsightsbysegmentingdatabygender,age,andregion,allowingforacomprehensiveunderstandingofgendernorms.Ipsosuseslongitudinalstudiestotrackchangesovertime.Ipsossurveyshaveextensiveglobalreachandprovidenuancedinsightsbysegmentingdatabygender,age,andregion,allowingforacomprehensiveunderstandingofgendernorms.Thepotentialforbiasesinself-reporteddata(especiallyasitisanonlinesurvey)andculturaldifferencesininterpretingsurveyquestionsmayaffecttheaccuracyoftheresults.MoredetailsaboutthevariablesrelatedtogenderedsocialnormsinIpsosdataareprovidedinTable2.4.

Table2.4.SummaryofIpsosGender-relatedVariables

Dimension

Description

ActionsTakentoPromoteGenderEquality

Capturesself-reportedbehaviorsreflectingindividual

activismandadvocacyforgenderequality,suchastalkingaboutequality,signingpetitions,orconfronting

harassment.

PerceptionsofGenderEquality

Measuresbeliefsaboutthecurrentstateofgender

inequality,therisksorfearsofspeakingout,andoptimismaboutfutureprogress.

AttitudesTowardsGenderEquality

Assessespersonalviewsongenderequality,including

perceptionsofprogress,responsibilityofmen,

identificationasfeminist,andbeliefsaboutgenderroles.

WhoBenefitsfromGenderEquality?

Exploresperceptionsofwhogainsfromgenderequalityandwhetherthelivesofyoungmenandwomentodayareimprovingacrossgenerations.

Experiencesof