園藝學(xué)原理導(dǎo)論1目錄前言園藝的歷史園藝系簡(jiǎn)介園藝與生活園藝的進(jìn)展園藝的影響遍及人類的身心靈各層面，若能了解或親身接觸，必能從中獲得許多的生活樂趣與智慧。

2一、前言3園藝HORTICULTUREHORTICULTUREHortus+Cultura

園圃生產(chǎn)栽培4HORTICULTUREDEFINEDThewordhorticulture(園藝)wasfirstusedinthe1600s.Itisderivedfromtwolatinwords:hortus,whichmeansgarden(庭園),andcultura,whichmeanscultivation(栽培).Therefore,initsstrictestsense,horticulturemeans“cultivatedgarden,”ormorecommonly,“cultureofgardenplants.“(庭園植物的栽培)5何謂「園藝」？園藝（Horticulture）是生產(chǎn)水果、蔬菜、花卉等作物及其利用的一種事業(yè)；它是農(nóng)業(yè)的一支，也是環(huán)境及生命科學(xué)中重要的部門，更是日常生活上不可或缺的科技常識(shí)。園藝事業(yè)不但可以作企業(yè)性的經(jīng)營，還可作副業(yè)性的生產(chǎn)和娛樂性的栽培。6whatisthisfieldcalledHorticulture?It‘sthescienceandartofproducingnutritiousfoodforthebody(身體的補(bǔ)品)－fruit,nut,andvegetablecrops－andbeautifulfoodforthesoul(心靈的美食)－flowersandornamentalplants,landscapes,andlawns.Inshort,horticultureimpactsusalleveryday,dayinanddayout(Figure1-1).78園藝的影響Ishorticultureascienceoranart?Thisisanage-oldquestionandhorticultureisundoubtedlyboth.(既是科學(xué)又是藝術(shù))Thisiswherepracticalexperience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))willbehelpful.Theartofhorticultureandpianoplaying.Beethoven.Grafting(嫁接)isanexampleofcombiningtheartandscienceofhorticulture.Seldomdoallhorticulturistsagreeoneverythingrelatingtoplants.Surprisingly,however,twoscientistscanbothbecorrect.9園藝的重要性水果、蔬菜、花卉是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，可增加農(nóng)民的收入，亦可賺取外匯。水果、蔬菜可提供維生素、無機(jī)鹽、纖維素等，有益健康。花卉及觀賞植物可美化環(huán)境、凈化空氣、減少噪音、調(diào)節(jié)大氣溫度及濕度。從事園藝活動(dòng)可以陶冶性情，亦可用來醫(yī)療病患。10NoHorticulture?Noorangejuiceforbreakfast,nostrawberriesonyourcereal,noblueberrymuffins.Noflowersonthetable,noMonetorvanGoghprintsframedonthewall.Noshrubberyorlawntoenhancetheaestheticsandvalueofyourhome(didyouknowthatlandscapingenhancesthevalueofahomebyasmuchas20%?).Nofruitsorvegetablestoenrichyourdiet(diseasessuchasscurvyandnightblindnesswouldberampantbecauseofalackofvitaminsCandA).Noalternativestocerealsassourcesofthebasicneedsforcaloriesandprotein,sincepotatoes,cassava,beans,andpeaswouldbeunavailable.Nogolfcoursesforyourleisuretime,nosports-turfsforfootball,soccer,croquet,andlawntennis.Nocoffeebreaks,nochocolatebars,noafternoontea!11園藝在農(nóng)業(yè)上扮演的角色園藝作物的生產(chǎn)與其他農(nóng)業(yè)不同，它需要較為精細(xì)的技術(shù)和集約的管理。種類與品種既多，質(zhì)量的差異性也大；而且園藝作物的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益又較一般的農(nóng)作物為高。近年來，在經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化趨勢(shì)下，農(nóng)業(yè)亦已進(jìn)入國際性劇烈產(chǎn)銷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，為因應(yīng)此一發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)科技化、農(nóng)業(yè)品質(zhì)高級(jí)化、以及農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)扎實(shí)化，發(fā)展精致農(nóng)業(yè)是目前政府積極推動(dòng)之施政重點(diǎn)及努力方向。一般而言，都會(huì)區(qū)周遭之農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營型態(tài)，由于受到土地資源不足之限制，必須朝向高經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值作物（即園藝作物）之精致農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展并與市民生活休閑、都市美化等功能結(jié)合，才能永續(xù)發(fā)展。12園藝在農(nóng)業(yè)中的分野13園藝動(dòng)物農(nóng)藝林業(yè)農(nóng)業(yè)植物RELATIONSHIPOFHORTICULTURE

TOOTHERAGRICULTURALDISCIPLINESANDSCIENCES園藝系與植物系的差別？主要在于研究的對(duì)象不同。園藝系研究的對(duì)象是經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，而植物系研究的對(duì)象是非經(jīng)濟(jì)作物（一般植物）。另外，園藝系較著重于應(yīng)用科學(xué)方面的研究，而植物系較重學(xué)理。

15園藝系與農(nóng)藝系的差別？主要在于研究的作物類別不同。園藝系主要研究非糧食類作物，且栽培方式為集約栽培；(精致農(nóng)業(yè))農(nóng)藝系主要研究糧食類作物，栽培方式偏向粗放栽培。16HORTICULTUREDEFINEDHorticultureisabranchofagriculturethatisdifferentfromagronomyandforestry.(1)Horticulturerequiresmoreintensivemanagement(集約管理)andhigherlaborinputsthantheotherbranches.(2)Horticultureoffersahighergrossreturn(高經(jīng)濟(jì))perunitareaperunittime.Agoodgreenhousegrowercanobtaintotalsalesofover$20persquarefoot($215/squaremeter)ofbenchspaceperyear.17Horticulturalcropornot?Thepurposeforgrowingthecropoftendeterminesintowhatcommodityareaorfieldofstudyitisplaced.(依用途決定是否為園藝作物)Forexample,Kentuckybluegrass(肯塔基藍(lán)草)grownasaforageorpasturecropisconsideredanagronomiccrop,whereasKentuckybluegrassinalawnisconsideredhorticultural.Amaple(楓樹)grownforitswoodisconsideredunderforestry,whereasamaplegrownasashadetreeisconsideredahorticulturalplant.18Thebranchesofhorticulture(1)OLERICULTURE(蔬菜園藝學(xué))：Thegrowingandstudyofvegetables.POMOLOGY(果樹園藝學(xué))：Thegrowingandstudyoffruitsandnuts(fromPomonatheRomangoddessoffruittrees).VITICULTURE(葡萄栽培學(xué))：Thegrowingandstudyofgrapesorvines.VitisisLatinforvine,henceviticultureisvineculture.Viticulturemaybeincludedunderpomology.FLORICULTURE(花卉園藝學(xué))：Thegrowingandstudyofflowers(fromFloratheRomangoddessofflowers).Floraldesignandproductionofindoorfoliageplantsareusuallyincludedunderfloriculture.19Thebranchesofhorticulture(2)GREENHOUSEMANAGEMENT(溫室管理)：Thegrowingandstudyofplantsingreenhouses.Theprinciplesofgreenhousemanagementarealsoemployedinothercontrolled-environmentgrowingsystems.TURFGRASSMANAGEMENT(草坪管理)：Thegrowingandstudyofturfgrasses.Thisincludeshome,municipalandcommerciallawns;sportsturfmaintenance;highwayrights-of-way;andseedandsodproduction.NURSERYMANAGEMENT(苗圃管理)：Thegrowingandstudyoftreesandshrubsthatareproducedprimarilyforlandscapepurposes.ARBORICULTURE(樹藝學(xué))：Thegrowingandstudyoftrees(arbormeanstreeinLatin,so"arboriculture"meanstreeculture;itistermedsilvicultureinforestry).Arboricultureisessentiallysynonymouswithurbanforestry.20Thebranchesofhorticulture(3)LANDSCAPEHORTICULTURE(景觀園藝)：Theapplicationofdesignandhorticulturalprinciplestotheplacementandcareofplantsinthelandscape.Thistermimpliestheclosetiebetweenhorticultureandlandscapearchitecture.INTERIORSCAPING(室內(nèi)造景)：Theapplicationofdesignandhorticulturalprinciplestoplacementandcareofplantsinindoorenvironments.HORTICULTURALTHERAPY(園藝治療)：Theuseofhorticulturalplantsandmethodsastherapeutictoolswithdisabledanddisadvantagedpeople.21園藝與其他學(xué)科的關(guān)系22園藝植物學(xué)植物生理學(xué)化學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)細(xì)胞學(xué)微生物學(xué)昆蟲學(xué)營養(yǎng)學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)資源管理美學(xué)心理學(xué)建筑學(xué)商業(yè)經(jīng)營國際貿(mào)易營銷通路地理學(xué)氣候?qū)W土壤學(xué)RelatedSciences(1)Inthepast,horticulturehassometimesbeencalled“appliedbotany.”

(應(yīng)用植物學(xué))Botany(植物學(xué)),includingthestudyofplantstructure-morphologyandanatomy.Plantphysiology(植物生理學(xué)),anotherdivisionofbotany,thatexplainshowplantsfunction.Chemistry(化學(xué)),becausechemicalreactionsareimportantforunderstandingwhyweuseparticularculturalpractices,suchasfertilizerapplicationandspecificpestcontrolpractices.Biochemistry(生物化學(xué)),helpsthehorticulturisttoexplainmetabolicreactionswithinandamongcellstounderstandhowplantswillrespondtoexternalstimuli.23RelatedSciences(2)Mathematics(數(shù)學(xué)),incalculatingsprayratesandforahostofothercomputations;Physics(物理學(xué)),tounderstandlightandplantstructure;Plantpathology(植物病理學(xué)),tounderstandandcureorpreventplantdiseases;Soilscience(土壤學(xué)),becauseplantsarecommonlygrowninthesoil;Genetics(遺傳學(xué)),becausethegenesinaplantinteractwiththeenvironmenttocontrolthemakeupoftheorganism.24二、園藝的歷史25HISTORYOFHORTICULTUREFirststudiesofplantsconsideredpracticalquestions.＊Isitedible?Poisonous?＊Doeseatingitmodifywell-being(福利)?＊Doesittastegood?＊Canitbeusedtokeepmewarm?Asfuel?Asclothing?＊Isitusefultocombatpain?Disease?26園藝簡(jiǎn)史

文明躍進(jìn)與園藝的關(guān)系27人類文明史的開始B.C.8000農(nóng)業(yè)革命B.C.3000園藝已有成熟發(fā)展園藝簡(jiǎn)史

文明躍進(jìn)與園藝的關(guān)系28B.C.3000希臘時(shí)期相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)著作出現(xiàn)A.D.900中世紀(jì)修道院A.D.1400大航海時(shí)代的香料貿(mào)易園藝簡(jiǎn)史

文明躍進(jìn)與園藝的關(guān)系29A.D.1800工業(yè)革命科技時(shí)代園藝研究大突破A.D.1970網(wǎng)絡(luò)革命A.D.1990基因革命30園藝的起源與發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史

公元前9000-8000年在西亞的新月形地帶（現(xiàn)約旦和敘利亞的西部和北部）最早開始了原始農(nóng)業(yè)；公元前7000-5000年，中國長(zhǎng)江、黃河流域開始種植葫蘆、白菜、芹菜、蠶豆、西瓜、甜瓜等，園藝作物的栽培已成為原始農(nóng)業(yè)的一個(gè)組成部分。一、世界園藝業(yè)的形成31

公元前3000年，埃及人開始種植棗椰子、無花果、洋橄欖、洋蔥及葡萄等，并于公元前十五世紀(jì)建立了世界上第一個(gè)植物園。

公元前500年到公元500年，羅馬人使用的園藝技術(shù)包括嫁接、多種水果和蔬菜的利用。在當(dāng)時(shí)的文獻(xiàn)中還發(fā)現(xiàn)以云母片所蓋的原始型溫室，用于黃瓜的促成栽培。322003-9-2732

圖1-11900年埃及BeniHasanis出土的古墓中所描繪的古埃及及園藝（左圖）采收無花果，右上圖）圓形葡萄架，（右下圖）菜園灌溉1900年埃及出土的古墓中所描繪的古埃及園藝

歐洲園藝業(yè)始于文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的意大利，后經(jīng)法國傳入英國。到公元十五、六世紀(jì)，果園和菜園在修道院外已經(jīng)很普遍，菜園成為香料和調(diào)味品的重要來源。

十六世紀(jì)末法國人利用溫水灌溉，促進(jìn)櫻桃提早成熟。法國路易十四年代（1640-1710）創(chuàng)建了玻璃溫室，用于多種園藝作物的促成栽培，推展了設(shè)施園藝的普及和發(fā)展。

十九世紀(jì)末，農(nóng)耕機(jī)出現(xiàn)，化學(xué)肥料工業(yè)產(chǎn)生，化學(xué)農(nóng)藥被人工合成，極大地提升了農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，同時(shí)也明顯地促進(jìn)了近代園藝業(yè)的發(fā)展。34莒縣浮來山古銀杏樹二、中國園藝業(yè)的興起與發(fā)展

春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，農(nóng)圃有了進(jìn)一步的分工，出現(xiàn)了專門栽植果樹的園和專門種植蔬菜的圃，園藝業(yè)已不再作為大田種植業(yè)的補(bǔ)充部分，獨(dú)立的園藝業(yè)初步形成。戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期的《山海經(jīng)》記載了觀賞樹木14處、花卉5處、蔬菜5處和果樹14處，同時(shí)扦插技術(shù)在當(dāng)時(shí)的文獻(xiàn)中也有記載。

秦、漢時(shí)期，果樹和蔬菜生產(chǎn)已從園圃擴(kuò)大至山野，出現(xiàn)了一些具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模的果園和菜圃，成為農(nóng)業(yè)的重要組成部分。開通西域后，經(jīng)絲綢之路，從西方引進(jìn)葡萄、無花果、石榴、核桃、扁桃等果樹，以及黃瓜、西瓜、胡蘿卜、菠菜和豌豆等蔬菜。

南北朝時(shí)期，中國南方栽培果樹明顯增多，如柚、枇杷等，且出現(xiàn)了一些大面積的果園。栽培的蔬菜種類也從東漢時(shí)期的20多種增加到30多種。唐代中國從國外引進(jìn)了不少果樹和蔬菜；嫁接技術(shù)更加完善；促成栽培技術(shù)有了新的發(fā)展，可使黃瓜在二月采收；開始了食用菌的人工栽培；小型盆景出現(xiàn)；茶葉生產(chǎn)技術(shù)具有世界性的影響；興起了花卉業(yè)。38

宋元時(shí)期原來主要在嶺南種植的橙、桔、香蕉、荔枝、龍眼等果樹分別向閩、浙、贛、川、蘇等地推移，擴(kuò)大了種植區(qū)域；對(duì)花卉的觀賞已從上層人士向民間普及。

明清時(shí)期中國主要透過海路從歐洲和美洲引進(jìn)了芒果、鳳梨、番木瓜、蘋果、西洋梨、西洋李和西洋櫻桃等果樹，以及西紅柿、辣椒、結(jié)球甘藍(lán)、花椰菜、洋蔥、南瓜（包括西葫蘆、筍瓜等）、馬鈴薯、軟莢豌豆和菊芋等蔬菜，極大地豐富了中國園藝作物的種質(zhì)資源，促進(jìn)了中國園藝業(yè)的發(fā)展。HorticultureinAmericaEuropeancolonistsbroughtseeds,cuttings,andplantsoffamiliarhorticulturalandagriculturalspecies.Orchardsandotherhorticulturalplantingswereestablished.ManyearlyAmericansexperimentedwiththecultivationofawiderangeofspecies.JeffersonmadeexhaustiveattemptstoestablishvineyardsinVirginiafortheproductionofwinegrapes.HorticultureintheUnitedStatesreceivednewstimulusfollowingthecreationoflandgrantuniversitiesbytheMorrillActof1862.Theseinstitutionsencouragedgrowthofallagriculturalknowledge,withhorticultureemergingasanearlybeneficiaryofeducationalopportunities.39"FatherofAmericanHorticulture"

LibertyHydeBailey(1858-1954)Graduatedin1882fromtheMichiganAgriculturalCollege(nowMichiganStateUniversity),andthenstudiedunderAsaGrayatHarvardUniversityfrom1883to1885.HebecameProfessoroftheHorticultureDepartmentatMichiganAgriculturalCollegein1885-1888,andbecomeProfessorofGeneralandExperimentalHorticultureatCornellUniversityin1888-1913.Hortus,ataxonomicindexofhorticulturalplants.CyclopediaofHorticulture,whichcontainsculturalaswellastaxonomicinformation.HehelpedfoundthefirsthorticulturedepartmentdistinctfromabotanyprogramintheUnitedStates.4041LibertyHydeBailey(1858-1954)Bailey'sphilosophywastoliveonthe"25-yearplan":devotingthefirst25yearsofhislifetohiseducation,thesecond25yearstogainfulemploymentandpublicservices,andthelast25yearsofhislifetoretirement,doingashepleased.Fortunatelyforhorticulture,thelast25yearsextendedtomorethan40,andwereaperiodofintenseactivity－ofwriting,editing,plantexplorationanddescription,andtheestablishmentoftheBaileyHortorium,"thingsofthegarden".LibertyHydeBailey,alongwithseveralotherleadinghorticulturistsoftheday,wasinstrumentalinfoundingtheAmericanSocietyforHorticulturalScience(ASHS)in1903.42LibertyHydeBailey(1858-1954)

【中國大百科全書智慧藏】美國植物學(xué)家﹑教育家和作家。1882年畢業(yè)于密西根農(nóng)學(xué)院﹐曾任哈佛大學(xué)植物學(xué)家格雷的助教﹐密西根州立農(nóng)學(xué)院﹑康乃爾大學(xué)教授﹐紐約州立農(nóng)學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)。退休后仍致力于所收集的20萬份以上的植物標(biāo)本進(jìn)行研究。1935年把所集的全部標(biāo)本及專業(yè)圖書館贈(zèng)送給康乃爾大學(xué)﹐學(xué)校因此建立了貝利園藝園。貝利主要從事對(duì)栽培植物的系統(tǒng)研究﹐其研究成果使美國的園藝學(xué)從樸素的技術(shù)上升為一門應(yīng)用科學(xué)﹐并對(duì)遺傳學(xué)﹑植物病理學(xué)和農(nóng)學(xué)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了直接的影響。他還建立美國第1個(gè)特有的園藝學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。貝利共寫有科學(xué)論文700篇和著述66冊(cè)﹐還編纂了《美國園藝百科全書》(4卷﹐1900～1902)﹑《美國農(nóng)業(yè)百科全書》(4卷﹐1907～1909)﹑《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)園藝百科全書》(6卷﹐1914)﹑《栽培植物手冊(cè)》(1923)等。43三、園藝暨景觀系簡(jiǎn)介44園藝暨景觀系的范疇及使命園藝暨景觀系教學(xué)研究的范圍相當(dāng)廣泛，包括果樹、蔬菜、花卉等園藝作物的生產(chǎn)與品種改良、園產(chǎn)品處理、加工以及造園景觀。園藝暨景觀系的教學(xué)目標(biāo)系培育從事園藝科學(xué)研究、教學(xué)與推廣以及園藝事業(yè)經(jīng)營之各階層之人才，包括各行政及研究機(jī)關(guān)、學(xué)校、園藝企業(yè)公司或農(nóng)場(chǎng)、游樂區(qū)、風(fēng)景區(qū)及造園公司等。研究方向兼顧傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)與新興生物技術(shù)，開發(fā)改良園藝作物之品種、生產(chǎn)、管理與利用，以因應(yīng)國家現(xiàn)代化之需要。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)起飛、工商業(yè)的發(fā)展、人民生活質(zhì)量的提高，園藝研究的方向更朝向多元化、精致化發(fā)展。45園藝暨景觀系簡(jiǎn)介

跨領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的園藝暨景觀系作物科學(xué)群生物技術(shù)學(xué)群(處理)加工學(xué)群造園景觀學(xué)群46園藝暨景觀系作物科學(xué)群有機(jī)化學(xué)生物化學(xué)遺傳學(xué)植物生理園藝作物育種學(xué)園場(chǎng)操作與經(jīng)營園藝植物分類學(xué)植物繁殖常綠果樹落葉果樹蔬菜各論47果樹蔬菜花卉花卉各論植物病理農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲土壤學(xué)探討果樹、蔬菜、花卉、以及其他園藝作物的栽培、生理、運(yùn)用等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域。園藝暨景觀系生物技術(shù)群有機(jī)化學(xué)生物化學(xué)遺傳學(xué)植物生理園藝作物育種學(xué)植物解剖學(xué)分析化學(xué)微生物學(xué)植物基因轉(zhuǎn)殖基礎(chǔ)分子生物學(xué)48園藝生物技術(shù)細(xì)胞學(xué)園藝植物生理生長(zhǎng)與分化遺傳分生利用生物技術(shù)建立無病毒種苗及大量繁殖品種技術(shù)、分離園藝性狀相關(guān)基因，并建立基因轉(zhuǎn)殖系統(tǒng)。

園藝暨景觀系(處理)加工群生物化學(xué)園產(chǎn)品分析園產(chǎn)品加工各論園產(chǎn)加工微生物學(xué)園產(chǎn)品酵素學(xué)食品化學(xué)有機(jī)化學(xué)分析化學(xué)普通物理學(xué)49以園產(chǎn)品蔬菜、水果類為材料，研究其加工、利用、貯藏與提高價(jià)值的各種可能性。加工處理園藝暨景觀系造園景觀群基本設(shè)計(jì)造園描繪造園設(shè)計(jì)景觀規(guī)劃畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)景觀生態(tài)學(xué)造園材料與施工園景之演變與發(fā)展造園工程學(xué)造園專業(yè)實(shí)務(wù)造園之維護(hù)與管理苗圃學(xué)50觀賞樹木學(xué)植栽設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)在造園上之應(yīng)用造園校外實(shí)習(xí)基地計(jì)劃庭園結(jié)構(gòu)物培養(yǎng)我省優(yōu)秀景觀人才，并針對(duì)戶外空間、游憩心理、景觀生態(tài)、及景觀相關(guān)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行研究。

設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃工程園藝暨景觀系介紹系所設(shè)備：園藝(四號(hào)館)、花卉、園產(chǎn)品加工與造園等四座系館精密溫室附屬實(shí)驗(yàn)室與部分同位素館(已移至轉(zhuǎn)殖溫室)實(shí)習(xí)場(chǎng)所制圖室、冷藏庫、加工廠、精密及一般溫室農(nóng)業(yè)試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)園藝分場(chǎng)、及山地實(shí)驗(yàn)農(nóng)場(chǎng)(梅峰)等橫跨海拔2000公尺與半個(gè)我省重要教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)單元果樹、蔬菜、花卉、生理、遺傳、育種電子顯微鏡、組織培養(yǎng)、分子生物、同位素技術(shù)園產(chǎn)品處理、園產(chǎn)品加工造園景觀51CareeropportunitiesHorticultureisafieldofstudyinwhichcareeropportunitiesabound;(就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)多)owningandmanaginghorticulturebusinesses(自我創(chuàng)業(yè))suchasorchardsandvegetablefarms,nurseries,floralshops,andlandscapebusinesses.professionalhorticulturiststofillpositioninpublichorticulture(公共園藝服務(wù)),suchasgolfcoursesuperintendentsandmanagersof,parks,publicgardensandarboreta.communicatinghorticulturalinformationtothepublic(園藝推廣)-writingforthevarious-newspapers,journals,andtelevisionandradioprograms—andinthepursuitofcareersinteaching,extension,andhorticulturalsales.52現(xiàn)代園藝職場(chǎng)新機(jī)遇特色：就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)多樣：研究、實(shí)務(wù)、推廣研發(fā)工作：研究生、研究助理、研究學(xué)者專家自我創(chuàng)業(yè)：果園、菜園、苗圃、休閑農(nóng)場(chǎng)、有機(jī)農(nóng)場(chǎng)、設(shè)施栽培、花店園藝行私人園藝公司服務(wù)：園藝種苗、資材公司、造園景觀公司、綠色事業(yè)、園產(chǎn)加工廠公共園藝服務(wù)：公務(wù)人員、公園綠地維護(hù)人員、高爾夫球場(chǎng)管理園藝教育推廣：教師、推廣人員、園藝作家53ChallengingcareeropportunitiesinresearchThefirstpracticalapplicationsofbiotechnologyweredevelopedandcommercializedwithhorticulturalplantsbyhorticulturalscientists,(生物技術(shù)最早應(yīng)用在園藝作物)Robotsandcomputers,geneticengineering,andbasicscience－allwillcometogetherashorticulturalscientistsleadthewaytowardabetterfuture.(結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)、遺傳工程和基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)應(yīng)用于園藝科技上)54四、園藝與生活5556生產(chǎn)生活園藝與生活熱量與營養(yǎng)的來源工商業(yè)原料、經(jīng)濟(jì)資源飲食的樂趣助益健康改善環(huán)境、提升生活質(zhì)量美與藝術(shù)性57首爾清溪川改善環(huán)境、提升生活質(zhì)量59杜鵑花節(jié)美與藝術(shù)性60陽春三月，緣山行，忘路之遠(yuǎn)近，忽逢桃花林，路徑數(shù)百步，中無雜樹，芳草鮮美，落英繽紛梅峰桃花緣美與藝術(shù)性61五、園藝的進(jìn)展62(1)NEWCULTIVARS.新品種Breedershavedevelopednewcultivars(開發(fā)新品種)withimprovedquality,greateryieldpotential,improvedgrowthcharacteristics,increasedpestresistance,andgreatertolerancetoenvironmentalextremes(seeFigure1-3).Geneticengineering(遺傳工程)andothermoderntechnologiesemployedforcultivardevelopmentandimprovementarecoveredinChapter4.6364(2)PLANT-WATERRELATIONSHIPS.植物與水分關(guān)系

Wehaveabetterunderstandingofirrigation(灌溉)(Figure1-4)andplant-waterrelationships,andofnewapplicationmethodssuchastrickleordripirrigation.(點(diǎn)滴灌溉)Intermittentmistandfogsystems(噴霧系統(tǒng))haveaidedplantpropagation.Improvementsalsohavebeenmadeinhydroponicplantproduction(水耕生產(chǎn)),whichstillremainsaminor,butimportant,horticulturalindustry.6566(3)TEMPERATURE.溫度Bottomheat(底部加熱)isnowusedwithmanycropstoincreasetheirgrowth.Vernalization(春化作用)isthedirecteffectoflowtemperatureonflowerinitiation.Understandingthetemperatureanddormancy(休眠)hasenabledcommercialproducerstoscheduletheircropsmoreeffectively.Newdevelopmentsintemperatureandenergymanagement(能源管理)havehelpedhorticulturiststousefuelreservesmorewisely(Figure1-5).Recentadvancesintheadjustmentofnightanddaytemperatures(日夜溫差)enablethegrowertoincreasetheproductionefficiencyofgreenhousecrops.Wealsonowhaveamuchbetterunderstandingofstressescausedbyextremesoftemperature(極端溫度).6768蝴蝶蘭水墻溫室

(4)LIGHT.光線Lightinfluencestheall-importantprocess,photosynthesis,andhowlightcantriggerordelayflowering.(光線可加速或延遲)Manycropscanthereforebeprogrammedtoflower(花期調(diào)節(jié))inatimelyfashionortheycanbemanagedtoavoidfloweringwhennoflowersaredesired(Figure1-6).Supplementallighting(補(bǔ)充光照)canbeutilizedtoincreaseyieldsofsomespeciesduringperiodsoflowlight.Becauseofourknowledgeoflight,wenowhavesuccessfulindoorgardening(室內(nèi)園藝)andinteriorscaping(室內(nèi)造景)tobeautifyandenhancelargepublicareassuchasshoppingmalls.6970圣誕紅減少日照可提早開花(5)PLANTNUTRITION.植物營養(yǎng)

Manynewanddifferenttypesof

fertilizers(肥料種類繁多)havebeendevelopedinrecentyears.Formulationsarenowavailableforvaryingneeds,includingdifferentratesofavailabilitytoplants.However,itwasn‘tuntilabout1920thattraceelementfertilization(微量元素)begantobebetterunderstood.Greatstridesinourcomprehensionofthefixationofatmosphericnitrogen(固氮作用)withinplantrootsbymicroorganisms(symbiosis).71(6)THERHIZOSPHERE

(ROOTZONE).根圈區(qū)Propertiesofsoils,thevalueoforganicmatter,andinteractionamongsoilcomponents,soilmicroflora,andmicrofauna(土壤微生物)haveledtoadvancesincommercialandhomehorticulture.Increasedcontainerplantproduction(容器生產(chǎn))hasbeenfacilitatedbythedevelopmentofimprovedpots,flats,multipacks,andstarterblocks.Rootaeration(根通氣性)hasbeenimprovedbythedevelopmentanduseofpeat-litemedia,barkmixes,andothersoil-lessmixes(無土介質(zhì))(Figure1-7).Ourknowledgeoftheimportanceoforganicmatter(有機(jī)質(zhì))infieldsoilshasimprovedalongwitherosioncontrolpracticessuchasreducedtillage.Mulches(覆蓋)havebeendevelopedtocontrolsoilmoisture,temperature,erosion,andweeds.7273(7)INTEGRATEDPESTMANAGEMENT(IPM).綜合病原管理Themanagementandcontrolofinsects,diseases,andweedsinvolvesaprogram(綜合防治)utilizinggeneticpestresistancewithinplants,aknowledgeofpests'lifecyclesandepidemiology,cropscoutingreports,growingplantsunderappropriateenvironmentalconditions,andtheproperuseofpesticides.Thisintegratedapproachcanemphasizethecontroloreliminationofplantpestsandminimizenegativeimpactontheenvironment.(既有效防治病蟲害，又減少對(duì)環(huán)境的沖擊)Thestrategyofintegratedpestmanagementhasledtosubstantiallyincreasedyields(實(shí)質(zhì)增產(chǎn))andhasgiventhepublicamuchhigherqualityofagriculturalproducts(質(zhì)量提升)(Figure1-8).7475培養(yǎng)瓢蟲防治蚜蟲(8)PLANTGROWTH