1、美國聯(lián)盟命令通用版(ii )、A Man Said to the Universe、amansaidtotheuniverse : Siri exist。 “However、replied the universe、thefacthasnotcreatedinmeasenseofobligation.-stephencranecold、indifferent、and essentially godless I .美國美國工業(yè)銀行/季度，1 .后臺1 )技術(shù)協(xié)會“調(diào)制解調(diào)器美國”工業(yè)銀行smandscienceancean andculturaltransformationsofthecount

2、ry2) newideasaboutmanandmansplaceintheuniversebegantotakerootinamerica.Darwin : ee Spence thechangeoftheliteraryclimaterealists 3360 tooldfrenchnaturalism2. representatives : Stephen crane，norrisandtheodoredrane差異naturalismistheattempttoachievefidelitytonaturebyrejectingidealizedportrayalsoflife.inl

3、iteraturenaturalismmaybefurtherdefiity bjectiveviewofmanoramodewithcompleteaccuracyandfrankness.naturalisticwritersholdthatmansexistenceiii ed by heredity and environment overwhichehasnocontrol.novelsandplaysinthismovement，emphasizingtheanimalnatureofman。 portraycharactersengrossedinabrutalstrugglef

4、orsurvival.Emile zola，founderofthefrenchschoolofnaturalism。 heldthatanovelistshoulddissectandanalyzehissubjectswithdispassionateandscientificaccuracy.representativewritersofnaturaliss do Ernest Hemingway、Eugene ONeill、and William Faulkner .II. Stephen Crane史蒂芬克蘭(1871-1900 )， major works 1893360 Magg

5、ie : agirlofthestreets街頭女郎麥奇firsta.naturalistic work 18953360 theredbadgeofcourage紅色勇敢勛章黑衣騎士1898360海上扁舟A precursor of Imagist poetry，III. Frank Norris法蘭克諾里斯(1870-) Major Works McTeague麥克蒂格(1899 ) themanifestoofa.naturalismatrilogyonthe andconsumptionofwheat : the octopus章魚(1901) The Pit糧食交易所therespo

6、nsibilitiesofthenovelist小說家的責(zé)任是： Theodore Dreiser西奧多德德萊塞(1871-1945 )、Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945 )、Born in Indiana、 poor.firstnovelsistercarrie (1900 ) wasrejectedforitsrelentlesshonestyinpresentingthetruenatureofamericanlife.itisindreisersworksthatamericannaturalismissaidtthe d- visitedrussiandwrot

7、edreiserlooksatrussia (1928 ) andtragicamerica (1931 ) joinedthecommunistparty.acontroversialfigurepower buthisstyleisconsideredcrude.ledtherebellionofthe 1920 s。 andtherevivalofnaturalisminthe 1930 senthroneddreiserastheguideandpioneerforthelatter-day naturalists，主工作。 嘉莉妹(1900) Jennie Gerhardt珍妮女兒(1911) The Financier金融家(1912) The Titan大公司(1914) The Stoic斯多葛(1914 ) also called“triloged : (aboutthelifeofcowperwoodasabusinessman )天才(1915)anameeus The Bulwark要塞(1946 )、V. Other Authors of the Period， 1 .艾德威恩艾林魯賓遜(1860年1935年)2.杰克龍東(1876年1916年)3. o .亨利(1862年1910年)， ge