Lecture2 WordFormation I 1WhatisMorpheme Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage Itcannotbedividedintoothersmallermeaningfulunits E gbarks bark ssun Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormorethanonemorphemes NumbersExamplesofmorphemes1boy desire2boy ish desir e able3boy ish ness4gentle man li ness5un gentle man li ness over5 anti dis establish ment ari an ism反對教會與國家分開學說 Morphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed e gpurify pur e ifytherule Averbcanbeformedbyadding ify toanadjective Moreexamples amplify simplify falsify intensify 2 TypesofmorphemesFreemorphemeAfreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself E gbed tree sing dance BoundmorphemeAboundmorphemeisonethatcannotappearalone Itmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme E g s in dogs al in national RootsArootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity Thatmeansitisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved E ginternationaldisheartened Rootscanbefree Theycanstandbythemselves e g black in black blackbird blackboard blacksmith Rootscanbebound usedtogetherwithotherpartsofaword e g tele in telephone television telegraph telescope Affixes usedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorphemes theroot Derivationalaffixes affixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwordsPrefix para mini un suffix ise tion InflectionalAffixes 屈折詞綴 Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationships E g s es books fees potatoes s es likes goes s Children sDay man srole er harder bigger est hardest biggest ing dancing working ProductivityandWordFormation Inflectionsandderivationalaffixesareproductive e gsubsidize subsidizes subsidizationOvertimethefullvalueofmorphememaybelost e grecount tellagainrecover coveragainrecoil coilagain Otherrestrictionsonthejoiningofrootsandaffixes ant in canonlybejoinedtoaLatinateroote g antassistant helpantsinconsiderate inhelpfulun shouldbefollowedbypositiverootse gunhappy unsadunkind uncruel 3Word formationTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword formation Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow Themostproductiveare affixation 詞綴法 compounding 合成法 conversion 轉(zhuǎn)類法 Affixation theformationofwordsbyaddingaffixestothestems Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromtheoldforms Prefixation byaddingprefixestothestem Suffixation byaddingsuffixestothestem Majorprefixes negative a dis in il im ir non un Negativeprefixes a an lackingof lackingin combinedwithn oradj usedchieflyinlearnedandscientificwordseg amoral asexual asymmetry anarchy aseptic NegativePrefixes dis combiningwithAdj Adv N andV eg dishonest disjoint disloyal disunity disuse n disambiguate in im beforelabials il ir incomplete inconsistent incorrect insane inattention imbalanced immortalilliterate illogical irrational irrelavant non non black nonscience nonbusiness nonfree withoutfreedom nongreennonperishable nontrivial non U adj BrE notoftheupperclass Newmeaningofnon nonbook abookwhichhaslittleliteracyorfactualinformationnoncandidate apersonwhohasnotannouncedorisunwillingtoannouncehiscandidacyofanofficenonhero antihero aherowhosecharacterisoppositetotraditionalonenonperson apersonregardedasnon existent unperson Difference non un non binary non gradable contrastun theoppositeendofascaleExample non scientific fieldsotherthanscienceunscientific notscientific Productiveprefixasnon 600wordswiththeprefixnon inWebster sNewCollegiateDictionary 1977 un adj participles n Unfriendly uninformative unwise unremarked unnoticed unassuming modest unease unrestOthermeaningsofun unbook abookboughtnottobeusedbuttobegivenasapresentunpeople peopleinlackofhumanityandindividualityunperson apoliticalorpublicfigurewhohaslosttheinfluenceorimportance pejorative mal malnutritionmaltreat maldevelopment malfunction mis misconduct misconceptionpseudo pseudo sciencepseudonympseudoclassic Degreeorsizearch archbishopextra extra stronghyper hyperactivemacro macroeconomicsmicro microcomputermini miniskirtout outliveunder underdevelopover overuseultra ultravioletsub subtitlesuper superhighway Germanywasoutwitted outprepared outgeneralled outfought outflown outgassed outtanked outraided outbombed andfinallybroughttoherknees 德國計窮了 裝備窮了 策略窮了 戰(zhàn)斗窮了 飛機窮了 汽油窮了 坦克窮了 攻擊窮了 炸彈窮了 終于屈膝而投降 Attitude anti anti governmentcontra contra flowpro pro AmericanPathy feeling sufferingpathetic悲搶的Pathology病理學Sympathy telepathyAntipathy憎惡Apathy漠不關(guān)心 TimeandOrder Prim firstPrimal初始的 主要的Primate首要的Primer初級讀本Primeval遠古的 Primordial原生的 原始的 基本的Primordialhumanjoys Primrose報春花 最佳部分 令人愉快的1 Theprimroseofone slife人生的最佳年華2 Primrosepath享樂之路 追求享樂使人墮落的道路3 Primeval原始的 遠古的 早期的 eval agemedieval Timeandorderex ex presidentfore foretellpost postwarpre presetre reunion Number mono uni monopoly universebi di bimonthly dialoguetri trianglesemi semifinalquar quarterhemi hemispherepent pentagoncent centuryhex hexagonkilo kilowattsept Septembermulti multipleoct octopuspoly polysemydeci decimal Suffixes age afteraverb 行為或行為結(jié)果Breakage 毀損 物 WreckageSewerage sewer 為 鋪設(shè)排污管道 Steerage操縱 領(lǐng)導(dǎo) ary ory a orium 處所auditorium audi hear 大會堂Aquarium aqua water 水族館 養(yǎng)魚缸Laboratoryfactorymanufactory tude 度量或情況Fortitude Fort strong 剛毅 不屈不撓Rectitude recti right 正直 公正Quietude安靜 寂靜 ling 1 與 有關(guān)者 有 性質(zhì)者hireling雇傭工underling走卒 聽命于人者2 幼小者 不重要者duckling幼鴨yearling一歲的幼獸sibling幼苗 兄弟姐妹 3 以某個方向 以某種方式 在某種狀態(tài) adj oradv sideling偏斜著 陡峭的darkling在黑暗中 黑暗中的 ster youngsterministergangstergamester賭徒spinster未婚女性 spin 紡線 ard derogatoryLaggardbastarddrunkardsluggardcoward SuffixesNounSuffixesProfessional er or teacher actor eer engineer ant inhabitant participantFeminine ess actress y Tommy Daddy ie auntie Statusanddomain hood childhood manhood ship friendship membership dom kingdom wisdom ery slavery cookery tion action starvation ment movement al arrival survival ness happiness ity rapidity purity VerbSuffixes ify beautify simplify ize modernize legalize en darken widen ate originate validate Adjectivesuffixes ful useful less speechless al cutural ly lovely ary imaginary like childlike ous curious y rainy cloudy ic historic ish foolish ive talkative some troublesome able readable ed pointed naked Compounding Syntacticcompoundsshoemaker washingmachine bookkeeper Lexicalcompoundsicecream sweetheart Compounding formationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorewords Nouncompounds moonwalkdeadlineAdj Compounds law abidinglion heartedVerbcompounds tohoneymoontomass produce Idiom relatedCompounds1 Hishair downtalkwithher 推心置腹的會談 2 Acompletelycards on the tableapproach 開誠布公的方式 3 Thisisacan t be put downbook 4 Hespokeinalook who s talkingtone 5 Hiseyeswereglitteringwithawe have known all your secret and you had better come out cleanlook Conversion Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofonepartofspeechtoanother