被 動 語 態(tài) 的 使 用1.當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by 短語。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞的，或不想說出誰弄壞的)。 2.突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3.當漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in + 名詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。 These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 語態(tài)轉換時要注意的問題1. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday./I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. )he meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用to 也不用for, 根據(jù)動詞與介詞的搭配關系。 He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短語) 2. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構成的短語動詞，把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有： 不及物動詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物動詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. 3. 帶復合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結構中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：帶有復合賓語的句子，如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 誤：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples. 4. 還有一種短語動詞由動詞+ 名詞+ 介詞構成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，如下： 1) We take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the book. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 用于這類結構的短語動詞常見的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。 5. 當主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody. 6. 當否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 7. 以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：Who was the story written? 正：By whom was the story written? 8. (主動形式表示被動)有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫字很流暢。 對比：The books sell well. (主動句) The books were sold out. (被動句)The meat didnt cook well. (主動句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動句)9. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句： 第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 誤：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 誤：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如： I taught myself English. 誤：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 誤：Each other is loved. 10. 在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構來表示，例如： 據(jù)說It is said that 據(jù)報導It is reported that 據(jù)推測It is supposed that 希望It is hoped that 眾所周知It is well known that 普遍認為It is generally cons