1、漢譯英翻譯講義,句子翻譯,1.確定主干 漢語句子的主干：主語-謂語 1.1 確定主語 A. 這個(gè)地區(qū)雨水較多 It rains a lot in this area This area sees much rain There is much rain in this area,我們恢復(fù)和采取這些貿(mào)易方式的原因很簡(jiǎn)單：我們出口商品就是為了滿足國外客戶消費(fèi)方面的需要。 The reason why we have restored and adopted these trade practices is very simple. Our export commodities are to mee

2、t the need of the consumption of our foreign customers.,B. 信不信是你自己的事 It is your concern whether you believe me or not C. 最好是等他們回來 It may be advisable to wait till they come back. 1.2 確定謂語 A. 在人際關(guān)系上我們不能太浪漫主義 We shouldnt be too romantic about human relationship. 把中文翻譯好英文后，我們是否檢查我們翻譯的英文句子的主語和賓語的單復(fù)數(shù)及冠詞使

3、用問題；謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)和語氣問題呢,B. 當(dāng)他活著一天，總要盡量多工作，多學(xué)習(xí)，不肯虛度年華，不讓時(shí)間白白地浪費(fèi)掉 As long as they are alive, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives. 3. 語序調(diào)整 1. 釣魚是一項(xiàng)能夠陶冶性情(cultivate ones mind)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，有益于身心健康 Fishing is an outdoo

4、r sport that can help cultivate your mind and it is good for our mental and physical health,3. 正反轉(zhuǎn)換 他光著腳進(jìn)了屋子 He entered the room with no shoes on 那個(gè)房間的窗戶總是關(guān)著 The windows of that room were never open 學(xué)習(xí)外語離不開好的詞典 A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language. 我不能忍受你的脾氣 Your temper

5、 is more than I can bear,4. 語態(tài)對(duì)譯 無可否認(rèn)，他是對(duì)的 It can not be denied that he is right,所謂語態(tài)變換，是指翻譯中漢英兩種語言之間的主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式的互換。 在漢語中被動(dòng)式使用較少，我們敘述一種行為的時(shí)候，常用主動(dòng)式。 英語則不然，大量的及物動(dòng)詞可以用被動(dòng)式，不少相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語也可以用被動(dòng)式。 英語中使用被動(dòng)式比漢語用得多,1）這兒講的是英語。 English is spoken here. （2）這項(xiàng)工作完成多久了？ How long has the work been done,3）這本書已經(jīng)翻譯成中文了。 Thi

6、s book has already been translated into Chinese. （4）希望你有機(jī)會(huì)來中國訪問。 It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China,英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種用法理由。 （1）著重被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作； （2）突出動(dòng)作承受者（人或事物）的重要性； （3）不知道或無需說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者； （4）便于上下文的連貫、銜接,一、關(guān)于漢語被動(dòng)句的英譯問題 漢語的被動(dòng)句子，從結(jié)構(gòu)上來說，大體可分為兩類： 一類帶有表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義的標(biāo)記； 另一類則不帶這種標(biāo)記。普通而常見的是后一類。 不論屬于哪一類，英譯時(shí)基本上仍可運(yùn)用被

7、動(dòng)語態(tài)，下面分別介紹,一）帶有被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的漢語被動(dòng)句 這類句子，一般表示較強(qiáng)的被動(dòng)意義，著重于被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。此類句子可按照英語的慣常用法，相應(yīng)地譯成英語的被動(dòng)句子，漢語這一類被動(dòng)式，用助詞“被”、“受”、“遭”、“給”、“挨”、“叫”、“讓”等為標(biāo)記。例如,1）海外華僑現(xiàn)在不再被人輕視了。 Over-seas Chinese are no longer looked down upon. （2）他被選為學(xué)生會(huì)主席。 He was elected Chairman of the Students Union. （3）他深受大家的尊敬。 He is greatly respected by every

8、one,1）辦公大樓為松樹所環(huán)繞。 The office building is surrounded by pine trees. （2）他的一位朋友被匪徒所殺害。 One of his friends was killed by bandits,1）這個(gè)問題必須在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞接枰?處理。 It (the problem) must be dealt with by appropriate means at an appropriate time. （2）該計(jì)劃將由一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)加以 審查。 The plan will be examined by a special commit

9、tee,二）不帶被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的漢語被動(dòng)句 這類句子在形式上一般都有主語，也有動(dòng)詞，但是主語在實(shí)際上是謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作承受者，而不是執(zhí)行者。 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者并未出現(xiàn)。這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)上為主動(dòng)句，而含義上是被動(dòng)句。 這一類型被動(dòng)句在漢語中大量存在，英譯時(shí)一般也要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)來處理,1）這座橋?qū)⒃诮衲昴甑捉ǔ伞?The construction of the bridge will have been completed by the end of this year. （2）有些問題還需要澄清。 Certain questions have yet to be clarified. （3）這個(gè)問題正在研究。 Th

10、e problem is now being studied/under study,二、關(guān)于漢語主動(dòng)句的英譯問題 漢語多采用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，但在英譯時(shí)有時(shí)改用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。語態(tài)的變換基于多種原因，概括起來說，主要是,一）為了強(qiáng)調(diào)接受動(dòng)作的人或事物的重要性 英語里常常運(yùn)用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)把動(dòng)作的承受者作為句子的主語，來突出它的地位，強(qiáng)調(diào)它的重要性。由于這個(gè)原因，漢譯英時(shí)，往往將漢語的主動(dòng)句變換為英語的被動(dòng)句，把原文的賓語變成譯文的主語,1）我國各族人民每年都要熱烈慶祝十月一日的國慶節(jié)。 National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct. 1 by the Ch

11、inese people of all nationalities every year. （2）中美已經(jīng)建立了外交關(guān)系。 Diplomatic relation has been established between China and the United States of America,3）他提議在各班之間開展友誼競(jìng)賽(emulation drive)。 He proposed that a friendly emulation drive be started among the different classes. （4）一群人立刻把他圍住了，向他提出一個(gè)又一個(gè)的問題。 Ver

12、y soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions,二）為了加強(qiáng)上下文的連貫性 英語中，常常為了上下文的連貫，使句子之間的銜接緊密自然而運(yùn)用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。為此目的，在漢譯英時(shí)也常常講漢語的主動(dòng)句改譯為英語的被動(dòng)句,1）他出現(xiàn)在臺(tái)上，觀眾給與熱烈鼓掌。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. （2）口試時(shí)，問了十個(gè)問題，她全答對(duì)了。 She was asked ten questions in the oral ex

13、am and answered every one of them correctly,三）為了使措辭得當(dāng)、語氣委婉 英語常出于禮貌上的考慮，不說出主事者，尤其是第一人稱，因而采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。漢譯英時(shí)也往往將漢語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，多見于講話、通知、請(qǐng)?zhí)?1）請(qǐng)你給我們表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。 You are requested to give a performance. （2）請(qǐng)全系教師和干部于星期三下午二時(shí)在會(huì)議室集合，聽報(bào)告。 All teachers and cadres of the Department are requested to meet in the conferen

14、ce room at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday to hear a speech,3）來賓請(qǐng)出示入場(chǎng)券。 Visitors are requested to show their tickets,三、關(guān)于漢語的一些習(xí)慣用語的譯法 漢語中有許多習(xí)慣用語。其中有的是用“人們”、“有人”、“大家”等作主語；有的看來是無主語句，有的則是句子里的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，如“據(jù)悉”、“應(yīng)該說”、“必須指出”、“已經(jīng)證明”，等等。漢語中的這類習(xí)慣用語，在表達(dá)方式上，則可充分利用英語中以it作形式主語的句型,1）應(yīng)該說，情況基本上是健康的。 It should be said that the situ

15、ation is basically sound. （2）據(jù)謠傳，那場(chǎng)事故是由于玩忽職守而造成的。 It is rumored that accident was due to negligence. （3） 很明顯，這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該取消。 It is obvious that the plan should be scrapped,1）人們（有人、大家）認(rèn)為 It is considered (or thought) that （2）普遍（一般，通常）認(rèn)為 It is generally (usually) accepted (or agreed, recognized) that （3）有人（

16、人們、大家）相信 It is believed that,4）大家知道（眾所周知） It is well-known that （5）據(jù)說（有人說） It is said that （6）據(jù)聞（據(jù)悉） It is learned that,7）據(jù)推測(cè) It is supposed that （8）據(jù)估計(jì)（預(yù)計(jì)） It is estimated (predicted, calculated) that （9）據(jù)報(bào)道（告） It is reported that,10）必須指出 It must be pointed out that （11）必須（應(yīng)該）承認(rèn) It must (should be

17、admitted that （12）可見（可以看出） It will be seen that,13）由此可見 It will be seen from this that （14）不用說（誰都知道） It is understood that （15）無可否認(rèn) It cannot be denied that,16）已經(jīng)證明 It has been proved (or demonstrated) that （17）可以肯定 It may be confirmed that （18）可以有把握地說 It may be safely said that,19）人們有時(shí)會(huì)問 It is some

18、times asked that （20）人們希望 It is expected (hoped) that,練習(xí)題 翻譯下列各句，注意運(yùn)用語態(tài)變換的方法： 關(guān)于這個(gè)問題，已經(jīng)說得很多 Much has been said on this question. 全國到處都在興建新的工廠和中小型水電站（hydro-electric station） New factories and hydro-electric stations of small and medium sizes are being built everywhere in our country,剛才有人在這里講了一些不該講的話。 Some things were said here just now which should not have been said. 那個(gè)孩子在街上玩，一輛摩托車把他撞傷了。 The boy playing in the stree